A Tensile Test of Bio-board Made from Bamboo - Pineapple Fiber -
Coconut Fiber as Nonvolatile Material
Suryani Salim
1
, Teuku Rihayat
1
, Shafira Riskina
1
, Nurhanifa Aidy
1
, Mawaddah Razali
1
, Ana Siti
Nurmasyitah
2
, Murni
2
, Fitria
3
, Yuhanis Yunus
4
1
Departement of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, 24301, Aceh Indonesia
2
Departement of Information Technology, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, 24301, Aceh Indonesia
3
Departement of Dermato Venereology , Medical Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111, Aceh
4
Departement of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, 24301, Aceh Indonesia
Keywords: Bio Board, Natural Fiber, Sustainable, Bamboo and Mechanics.
Abstract: The Bio board is considered superior to fossil fuel plastic derived from conventional plastics in terms of
energy efficiency, petroleum consumption and carbon emissions, but is inferior in its application. Any
breakthrough in improving bio board manufacturing capabilities can help reduce dependence on petroleum-
based polymers, plastic waste accumulation and better control of CO
2
emissions in the environment.
Therefore, this research investigates bio fiber based natural fiber materials to achieve non-volatile,
antimicrobial, biodegradability and good mechanical strength such as hardness and impact strength. In this
case, bio board characterization is also carried out through techniques such as Thermo Gravimetry Analysis
and Spectrofotometry Infrared Transformation Fourier and structure morphology through Scanning Electron
Microscopy.
1 INTRODUCTION
In recent years, composites are more environmentally
friendly while synthetic fibers can be a source of
environmental pollution. Composite is currently
considered the most promising material in the
community because of its distinctive mechanical
properties, biodegradable and abundant availability
of raw materials. Many researchers have shown
increased interest in the development of reinforced
polymer biodegradable fibers (BFRP) as a substitute
for conventional materials, especially in the fields of
automotive, marine, packaging, furniture and
building construction industries. The production of
natural fiber composite materials is very interesting
and widely applied, because of the problem of global
warming and the reduced availability of petroleum.
Natural fibers play an important role in developing
biodegradable composites to solve ecological
problems and current environmental problems
(Kasim et al, 2016).
Natural fibers such as bamboo, flax, sisal,
pineapple, abaca and coir have been studied as
reinforcement and fillers in composites. Bamboo is a
plant that can grow quickly, so it is potentially a
source of abundant fiber included in the Bambuseae
family, under the genus Gramineae. Pineapple leaf
fiber (pineapple leaf fiber), which is rich in cellulose,
is relatively inexpensive and widely available has the
potential to strengthen polymer composites (Yusri
Yusof et al, 2016). Coconut coir (coir) is a residue
from coconut production in many areas, which
produces coarse coir fibers. Coir is a ligno-cellulose
natural fiber. This is a fruit fiber obtained from the
outer skin, or the skin of a coconut fruit. This fiber is
widely used to make various kinds of flooring,
furniture, yarn, ropes and others. Therefore, research
and development efforts have been made to find new
uses for coir, including the use of coir as an amplifier
in polymer composites (Yashwanth et a, 2016).
Several studies have shown that the mechanical
properties of polymers such as tensile strength and
stiffness can be improved by the combination of three
types of plant fibers that differ in mechanical
52
Salim, S., Rihayat, T., Riskina, S., Aidy, N., Razali, M., Nurmasyitah, A., Murni, ., Fitria, . and Yunus, Y.
A Tensile Test of Bio-Board Made from Bamboo - Pineapple Fiber - Coconut Fiber as Nonvolatile Material.
DOI: 10.5220/0008852800520056
In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation (ICOCSTI 2019), pages 52-56
ISBN: 978-989-758-415-2
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All r ights reserved

properties, thus indicating the potential to switch to
100% plant fiber composites (Yusoff, B.R. et al.,
2016). A combination of two or more plant fibers in
a matrix is known as a hybrid green composite. This
high composite mechanical property has shown
progress in material design because it is able to
overcome failures of old products.
To improve some of the good qualities that have
been possessed by bamboo fiber, pineapple leaves
and coconut fiber, several treatments have been
carried out such as extracting fiber using the hand-lay
up method or contact moulding which is used as a
reinforcing polymer in unsaturated polyester resin to
be tested for increased tensile strength and flexural
properties of fibers using the Universal Testing
Machine (UTM) tool and observe the effects on
composite microstructure through optics and electron
microscopy scanning. Therefore, it is expected that
the third combination of composite bamboo fibers,
pineapple leaves and coir (B = bamboo, PLF =
pineapple leaf fiber and C = coir) BPLFC / polyester
can increase the strength of high E-modulus and good
flexibility in the resulting composite.
2 EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Material
Materials needed in the manufacture of fiber
composite materials are bamboo fiber (Bambusaa
Sp), pineapple leaf fiber (Ananas comosus L. Merr)
and coconut fiber (coir), Unsaturated matrix Polyester
type 157 BQTN, hardener methyl ethyl ketone
peroxide (MEKPO), alkali solution (NaOH) and
H
2
O
2
. The main equipment used in this study is
tensile testing equipment, electronic scales, ovens,
universal testing machines, calipers, digital cameras
and other supporting equipment. The composite
matrix is also very influential on the strength of the
composite material. One type of composite matrix
that is easily obtained and used by people from the
general and industrial circles on a small or large scale
is polyester resin. Polyester resin has the ability to
bind to natural fibers without causing reaction and
gas. However, one disadvantage of polyester is the
high shrinkage volume.
2.2 Bamboo fiber extraction
Cut bamboo and crusher using a crusher machine to
obtain bamboo powder. Wash bamboo powder using
water and soak it in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at a
concentration of 6% of the water volume for 3 hours
at room temperature. The fiber is then washed twice
with water. The washed fiber is dried at room
temperature for 8 hours and then heated at 50
o
C for 2
days. Dry fiber is stored in a sealed plastic bag to
avoid contamination of atmospheric moisture before
composite is formed (Rihayat, 2018).
2.3 Extraction of Pineapple Leaf Fibers
Pineapple leaf fiber is extracted manually. The
extraction process is carried out to get fiber by
breaking down pineapple leaves. First stage,
pineapple leaves are broken down to obtain fibers
with blunt objects and crucible fibers. Pineapple leaf
fiber powder is then soaked in 5% NaOH solution for
1 hour at room temperature. After the fiber powder
has been rinsed several times, then dried at room
temperature for 48 hours (Kasim et al, 2016).
2.4 Coconut coir (Coir)
Coconut coir fiber is washed with water and dried.
Then the coir fiber is cut short and in the crusher.
Fiber that has become powder is soaked in 5% NaOH
solution for 2 hours. The fiber is then washed
thoroughly with water to remove excess NaOH
attached to the fiber. After that the coir fiber powder
was dried at room temperature for 3 hours for
composite formation (Attanda, 2015).
2.5 Fiber Preparation
Bamboo fiber before being processed into a
composite product is carried out by alkali chemical
by immersing it in 6% NaOH concentration for 3
hours to eliminate the content of lignin and
hemicellulosa contained in bamboo fiber. The
reduction of these substances is very important
because the natural fiber structure is open and can join
or glue optimally with the polymer. Pineapple leaf
fiber is also one of the natural fibers of leaves that
have a high mechanical value. Various efforts to
improve mechanical properties have also been
investigated by researchers such as immersing leaf
fibers into NaOH (Akil, 2011). In this study the
pineapple leaf fiber was also carried out by the alkali
treatment process by soaking in 5% NaOH for 1 hour.
This in addition to increasing the value of Tensile
Strength can also remove impurities and water
content and the adhesion properties between
hydrophilic and hydrophobic pineapple leaf fibers.
Furthermore, coconut coir obtained from North Aceh
plantations is very abundant, coconut husk is first
washed with water, then cut into short size, then
A Tensile Test of Bio-Board Made from Bamboo - Pineapple Fiber - Coconut Fiber as Nonvolatile Material
53

immersion process in 5% NaOH alkaline solution for
2 hours. The effect of alkali treatment on the surface
properties of cellulose natural fibers has an effect on
the natural properties of hydrophilic fibers which can
optimally provide interfacial bonds (Bachtiar Dandi,
et.al, 2015).
2.6 Static Tensile Strength Analysis
Testing of mechanical properties was carried out by
tensile strength test of composite specimens using
ASTM D 638 Type I. Tensile testing equipment was
conditioned at a load of 200 kgf with a drawing speed
of 20 mm / minute, the specimens were observed to
break, the maximum stress (max F) and strain.
Tensile strength (σ) = Load/A (1)
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Tensile Test
Figure 1: Tensile Test Curve
Effect of bamboo polyester (A / Ps) fiber and
composite matrix fraction on tensile test
characteristics as shown in Figure 1. where in the
filler fiber mixture: the matrix produces the maximum
value at a ratio of 45%: 55%, which is 252 MPa while
in the ratio 30%: 70 % and 15%: 85% each has 184
MPa and 118.6 MPa. Composite stiffness increased
significantly with increasing fiber content as a result
of the addition of high rigidity material. This shows
that the addition of bamboo fiber to the filler
composition which produces higher tensile properties
of composite materials also proves that theoretically
polyester fiber reinforced bamboo fiber has good
tensile properties because of the high cellulose
content in bamboo fiber.
Polyester composite reinforced with pineapple
leaf fiber (B/Ps) shows the highest tensile test
characteristic values in a mixture ratio of 45%: 55%,
106 MPa. Furthermore, along with the reduced
fraction of fiber volume, the tensile properties of the
material also decrease as shown by the mixture ratio
of 30%: 70% i.e. 82.9 MPa and 60.5 MPa in the ratio
of the mixture of fiber volume fraction and matrix
15%: 85%. The use of polymers in forming fiber
composites is also very influential on the
characteristic values as research of pineapple leaf
fibers mixed with polypropylene polymers only
produces the highest value of tensile strength 70.22
MPa with fiber : matrix ratio of 70%: 30% (Kasim et
al, 2016).
Unlike the case with bamboo and pineapple leaves
which have a higher tensile strength price, coconut
coir fiber has a low tensile characteristic value. This
can be seen as shown in Figure 1. that in the mixture
of fiber: matrix 45%: 55% produces tensile test value
of 94.5 MPa. While in the mixture ratio of 30%: 70
and 15%: 85% each produces a value of 76 MPa and
59.4 MPa.
In general, the mechanical performance of fiber /
polymer composites depends on the strength and
modulus of strengthening, strength and toughness of
the matrix, and the effectiveness of surface tension
transfer between fiber and matrix. the surface bond
between fiber and matrix plays an important role in
determining the mechanical properties of composites.
Composite Hybrid is a combination of two or
more plant fibers in the matrix. Research on hybrid
composites has been investigated in the development
of polymer composites. In research conducted by
(Jaafar, 2018). Single fiber composite kenaf, bamboo,
and PLA coconut coir showed lower Tensile Strength
values than hybrid composites. Based on Figure 1.
from the tensile strength testing of hybrid polyester
composite material reinforced with bamboo fiber,
pineapple leaves and coconut fiber with a ratio of
45% fiber and 55% binder having a tensile strength of
89.65 MPa. Tensile strength 85.4 MPa obtained by
hybrid composites at a ratio of 30%: 70% and 68.85
with a ratio of 15%: 85. This shows that hybrid
composites are able to produce better tensile strength
values compared to a mixture of coco fiber (C:
Matrix) and pineapple leaf fibers (B: Matrix). The
shortcomings of single fiber composites that have less
optimal characteristic properties can be increased by
combining two or more types of fibers in the matrix
so that they will produce composites that have better
mechanical characteristics (Oerbandono et.al, 2015).
ICOCSTI 2019 - International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation
54

This effect is caused by the good mechanical
properties of bamboo fibers associated with the
composition of natural fibers. So that the hybrid
polyester composite can produce a value of 109.6
MPa (Tara et.al, 2011). Indeed, the value is still below
the price of bamboo fiber / Polyester (A / Ps) and this
is due to the difference in volume fraction between
mixing three fibers (A: B: C / Ps) less than the single
fiber volume fraction as polyester matrix
reinforcement so that it shows different properties
tensile strength between single fiber composite and
hybrid composite (Rihayat et.al, 2019).
Recent studies have yielded promising results
with the hybridization of natural fibres as reinforcing
mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexure
and the impact of hybridization of bamboo, pineapple
leaves and coconut fibre as reinforcing polymer
composites which greatly influences the formation of
composites (Manalo et.al, 2015). Evaluation of the
effects of hybridization on the mechanical
performance of hybrid bamboo, pineapple leaves and
polyester fibre reinforced coconut fibres found that
the attractive nature of NFC was enhanced by the
addition of bamboo fibre. The mechanical properties
of natural fibers are highly dependent on the content
of cellulose. In other words, different cellulose
content affects the mechanical properties of natural
fibers. Therefore, it can be said that natural fibres with
a higher cellulose content produce better tensile
properties (Suryani, 2017).
4 CONCLUSION
Based on this research it can be concluded that, in
general, the mechanical performance of fibre/
polymer composites depends on the tensile
properties. Based on the analysis result, it can be
concluded that each natural fiber produces different
strengths compiling with polyester matrices. Of the
three natural fiber used in this studio (bamboo,
pineapple, and coconut fiber), bamboo has the best
level of tensile strength and the worst coconut fiber.
The best composition of the filler mixture: the matrix
is at 45%: 55%.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Author would like gratefully and
acknowledgement thanks to Directorate of student
Affairs and Education Ministry of Research
Technology and Higher Education of Indonesia and
Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe.
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