Women’s Experiences in Kompas Selected Short Stories:

Transformative Ecofeminism Review

Aji Septiaji

, Zuriyati

, Aceng Rahmat

Student of Doctoral Language Education Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Rawamangun Muka,

Jakarta, Indonesia

Lecturer of Doctoral Language Education Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Rawamangun Muka,

Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Women’s Experiences, Various Life, Transformative Ecofeminism, Short Stories

Abstract : Women have relationships not only with nature but also in the ecosystem such as cultural, social, and

spiritual aspects. Ecofeminism transformative influences feminism and ecology movements that give access

to gender issues about male superiority. The method used in this study is qualitative content analysis.The

objects of the study are fourteen short stories in an Indonesian newspaper, Kompas, from 2010-2015. The

selection of the short stories is based on (1) the short stories that have ecology content (2) the short stories

that prioritize female leaders; (3) the short stories that are written by the authors who have been actively

involved in literary writing for long time; (4) the short stories that are written by the authors who write the

story with emphasises on gender perspective; and; (5) the short stories that have morality themes that

represent human relations. The data were analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and data

conclusion or interpretation based on the relevant theories and themes. The results of this study indicate that

the various women’s experiences are not only related to human beings but also related to social and natural

environment. This result of study is expected to enrich literature that related to language and socio – culture.

1 INTRODUCTION

Women are symbolized as natural carers, fighters,

while men are of as natural destroye

This problem is related to the role of the characters

based on their functions and it will determine the

gender (male or female) of a nonbiological

perspective. Dials (2017: 187) states that women in a

number of short stories have certain characteristics

that change a lot in terms of their roles and images

as independent, intelligent, assertive and strong

figures that are able to control emotions and regulate

their lives. They are no longer burdened by domestic

or traditional roles as a wife / mother. Meanwhile,

Harvester and Blenkinsop (2010: 122) revealed that

women are identified as individuals who play an

important role in education, social and natural terms

for their generations.

The problems of women which are related to

discrimination that caused various forms of

resistance are no longer the main discussion. This

happens because when such things are compared to

the issue of ecology, it can create a caring

relationship between nature and its surroundings.

Regarding to the environmental issues,

ecofeminism as a part of feminism leads to

environmental aspects as a movement which is

dominated by women in managing, caring, and

maintaining nature as an access to a better human

that is free from the impact of the environmental

crisis.

Ecofeminism focused not only on women and

nature but also on the relationship of the entire

ecosystem. The word 'transformative' refers to a

situation or condition that changes or is not static.

Therefore, transformative ecofeminism leads to a

movement of feminism and ecology that gives

access to gender issues. Women accept the presence

of men as a counterweight in maintaining the

integrity of the ecosystem. The form of women's

resistance to men is a reaction to actions that harm

and damage the environment.

Ecofeminism transformative has a key role in

reconstructing gender (male or female). As for a

Septiaji, A., Zuriyati, . and Rahmat, A.

Women’s Experiences in Kompas Selected Short Stories: Transformative Ecofeminism Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0008993100130019

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language and Society (ICELS 2019), pages 13-19

ISBN: 978-989-758-405-3

number of statements regarding ecofeminism

transformative, there are limitations to the problems

revealed, including (1) oppressive relations system;

(2) the variety of

women's experiences; (3) reject the logic of

domination; (4) rationality of women's relations with

nature; (5) feminine ethics; and (6) representation of

knowledge and technology. However, this study

only focuses on the variety of women's experiences

because women have distinctive characteristics

compared to men in their life with all the responses

towards their feelings.

The variety of women's experiences in Kompas

selected short stories from 2010 until 2015 was

examined. They are chosen because Kompas is one

of the newspapers in Indonesia that acts as a

barometer in publishing literary works. Akun (2010:

14) states that Kompas had become a consistent

media in publishing short stories periodicaly. There

were about 50 short stories that had been published

and around 15 short stories were selected as the best

choice stories. Then, the best one was chosen as the

collection title to be organized and published.

Kompas has the excellence of publication and

became one of the leading media that was widely

approached by the writers of short stories. Since

1992 Kompas has presented selected short stories

based on the published year as a form of

documentation of creativity to readers and writers.

Fourteen short stories are selected out of 130

short stories then published from 2010 until 2015

were analyzed with the provisions of (1) ecology

short stories; (2) female figures domination short

stories; and (3) productive writer.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Ecofeminism is formed from the concept of

feminism which refers to a thought or ideology that

supports justice and gender equality. Meanwhile,

ecology has meaning is that related to the reciprocal

relationship between living things and the

surrounding conditions (environment). Ecofeminism

not only discusses women as people who experience

discrimination and have resistance to liberation but

women also have a major role in environmental

issues. The issue of discrimination is related to

environmental damage done by men. Ross (1990:

23) mentions that women and ecological or

environmental issues expand their views on behavior

or act with other ecosystems in life. Meanwhile, in

some cases men are related to the environment

exploitation such as logging and burning forests.

This is as expressed by Clara (2018: 583) that when

women exist in environmental issues, women as

conservationists are different from men as destroyer.

Men are motivated by their masculinity which

demands firm, independent and courageous attitude

as a source of morality that represents social

relations that prioritize men in society. However, in

an environmental or ecological context, men are

dominated by destructive roles. Whereas, women

with their femininity attitude become superiority in

carrying out their responsibilities as the person who

are closest to nature and the surrounding

environment. As for women doing a resistance

against men is as a protection and contribution to

solving ecological problems. However, feminism in

general women is considered as the ideology of

women's liberation against male domination.

Hannam (2007: 22) divides the definitions of

feminism into three parts, namely (1) imbalance

recognition between women's roles and men's roles;

(2) belief that women's conditions are socially

formed and can be changed; and (3) women's

autonomy. Meanwhile, Banerjee (2017: 275) argues

that women's identity in the 20th century was

ordered to protect other people (men) and leave their

freedom as women while men learned about

independence.

The concept of feminism that presents women as

a whole is a movement in shaping women based on

the hope that feminism movement opens the view of

society that women can be equal with men through

all their potential.

The recognition of equality is due to the

condition that women experience discrimination by

men. One of the aims of feminism is to fight for the

rights and dignity of women above the dominance of

patriarchy. When feminism believes in equality,

ecofeminism believes that in women there is an

attitude of ecosystem caring.

Shiva and Mies (2005: 128) mention that in their

point of view if ecofeminism prioritize the role of

women to be more "sensitive" and "close" to nature.

In society, the relationships that are created not only

about material but also intimate connections

between the earth and its people. However, Tong

(2006: 350) argues that ecofeminism views women

as culturally associated with nature. There are

conceptual, symbolic, and linguistic relationship

between feminism and ecological issues.

Women's issues that become the center of

feminism attention, in this case, are related to

ecological issues including issues on women’s

oppression. Then, it is associated with the issue of

ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society

ecological oppression. Thus, it forms a concept of

eco-feminism based on women and the environment.

Women have a very big duty and role in

maintaining family survival, including family’s food

stock. In a family, a woman (i.e. mother) is

responsible to provide whole family members’ need.

Therefore, water and air pollution will greatly

disturb women in carrying out their duties. The

dominance of women in ecological issues becomes

the advantage for women to have an important role

in concept of ecofeminism. The involvement can be

stated as part of a change or transformation.

According to Mezirow (2000: 11),

transformative is defined in four stages, namely (1)

disorienting dilemma; (2) critical reflection; (3)

reflective discourse; dan (4) action. Relevant with

this statement, the first stage is a personal dilemma

or crisis experienced by someone in facing the

reality of life that is not in line with expectations.

The second stage is a critical reflection on himself

and his surroundings. The third stage is conducting

reflective dialogue with other people or

communicating to get new things or solutions to the

problems that are happening to them. Then, the

fourth stage is carry out understandings that have

been obtained from various problems in the

surrounding environment to be applied as new

perspectives in life.

Ecofeminism transformative is determined as a

problem of women, nature, and its relationship with

the transformation process in the realm of life

problems when women and nature experience

oppression from men. In other words, when women

experience the ecological crisis. Through this

transformation process, characteristics of women as

feminine even masculine can be identified.

Among the concepts of ecofeminism, women

have a relationship with nature and the surrounding

environment. Tong (2006: 353) classifies the

concept into four parts namely (1) natural

ecofeminism: (2) spiritual ecofeminism; (3) social

eco-feminism; and (4) transformative ecofeminism.

Ecofeminism transformative is related to demand

of changes in human lifestyles. The oppression that

occurs is not something that should be continually

maintained but it should be reduced and changed

into a better direction. In ecofeminism

transformative, the focused aspect is about the

variety of women's experiences. It can be interpreted

that this aspect is a representation of various

experiences of women as carers of nature, family

and their role in social relations.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

The purpose of this study is to comprehend and have

a deep understanding about women's experiences

that are found in Indonesian contemporary short

stories that were published from 2010 untill 2015.

The short stories were reviewed based on

transformative ecofeminism approach. The

procedures are described through the stages of

identification, exploration, and presentation. To

determine the morality which exists in the stories as

the focus of this study, this study employs

qualitative method specifically content analysis by

using transformative ecofeminism theories relevant

to this study. As a qualitative study, data were

obtained from the morality which exists in the short

stories published in Kompas newspaper from 2010

until 2015. There were fourteen short stories

selected by the researcher out of 130 short stories.

The selection of short stories is based on (1) the

short stories that have ecology content (2) the short

stories that prioritize female leaders or women's role

that is more dominant than men; (3) the short stories

that are written by authors who have been actively

involved in literary writing for a long time; (4) the

short stories that are written by the authors who

write the story with emphasises on gender

perspective which are published every year in

Kompas newspapers; and; (5) the short stories that

have morality themes that represent human relations

(women and men) with the nature or environment.

The data were collected through selective stages

including data reduction, data presentation, and

conclusion or verification. These stages started from

the process of selecting, determining, simplifying,

summarizing, and changing raw data. Dealing with a

large number of data sources, only the most

adequate and relevant data are analysed (Miles &

Huberman, 1992). Meanwhile, there are four steps in

analysing data including doing intensive reading,

identifying the motives in the stories, sorting all of

the data, and interpreting research findings and

drawing conclusion.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The variety of women's experiences is interpreted as

events that occur only to women in various

situations and in each short story the role of women

are dominant. There were 14 short stories of Kompas

from 2010 until 2015 which were analyzed. The

titles are (1) There is a Story at the Tuak Martohap’

Women’s Experiences in Kompas Selected Short Stories: Transformative Ecofeminism Review

Store by Timbul Nadaek (2010); (2) Gemblong Cake

Mak Saniah by Ana Mardjani (2010); (3) At the Foot

Hariara Twenty Years Later by Martin Aleida

(2010); (4) Soliloquy Frangipani Flower by Cicilia

Oday (2010); 5) Pray of Leaves by Yanusa Nugroho

(2011); (6) Miss Ros by Gus Tf. Sakai (2011); (7)

Mother’s Patchwork by Andrei Aksana (2011); (8)

When the Tree Blooms by Doni Jaya (2011); (9)

Tree of Life by Mashdar Zainal (2012); (10) Angel

Caller by Noviana Kusumawardhani (2012); (11)

Madam Sobir by A. Mustofa Bisri (2012); (12)

Nobel’s Oath by Gde Aryantha Soethama (2013);

(13) The Striped Tigers by Guntur Alam (2014); and

(14) Judge Sarmin by Agus Noor (2015). The results

of the analysis are presented based on its’

publication year.

a. Soliloquy Frangipani Flower –

Cicilia Oday (2010)

This short story focuses on frangipani flower that

can talk to itself. It is cared by a woman. Every day

the woman is always watched by frangipani flower.

Every flower that blooms always looks beautiful. Its

beauty becomes an encouragement for the woman's

heart. This can be seen in the following quotation.

Every morning in the terrace of this house, the

woman always opens the door for the first time

with the watering can in her hand, with the

passion of giving me food. Several weeks ago,

the scene never looked again, but I guarantee

this morning my decision to bloom again can

restore her passion that had dimmed (SFF,

2010: 90).

From the quotation above, the treatment of

women in caring for frangipani flowers is very good.

Every day she is always eager to water her

frangipani flowers. The women's experiences in this

short story is a woman who is always faithful, full of

affection, being gentle towards the plants (frangipani

flowers) that she has on the terrace. The woman's

treatment was revealed by frangipani flowers when

she was watered and cared for every day.

b. Miss Ros – Gus Tf. Sakai (2011)

This short story focuses on a female character

named Ros. She owns a boarding house for students

and has a number of plants in her yard. A student

always pays attention to what is done by her. She

always waters the plants every day and takes care of

them. Before he met her, Miss Ros already had had

various plants. Then, one day, his friend said about

his admiration towards Miss Ros. This can be seen

in the following quotation.

That I, for three years, have also planted and

cared for many plants. Like and love various

leaves. Yes, like Miss Ros (SR, 2011: 30)

Admiration of Miss Ros seems to be the

inspiration for the man in caring plants and even a

number of plants he has like Miss Ros. This can be

seen in the following quotation.

All plants in this yard, “tapak dara”,

“sangitan”, “salam”, “sinyo nakal”,

“tempuyung”, “suruhan”, “sidaguri”,

“srikaya”, “tahi kotok”, I also have. Also

various other plants, “temu giring”, “siantan”,

“sosor bebek”, “daun dewa”, “sente”, “sereh

wangi”, “senggani”, and many more. Yes, I

like Miss Ros (SR, 2011: 30)

The quotation above explains that a man can also

like herbs plants that can be used as medicine for

any diseases. The variety of women's experiences in

this short story is a middle-aged woman who

admired the variety of herbs she planted on the

porch of the house. Her admiration for plants makes

a man fond of similar things.

c. Madam Sobir – A. Mustofa Bisri

(2012)

This short story focuses on a woman named Madam

Sobir. She is a wife of a Kiai (Islamic leader) who is

respected by the villagers and owns an Islamic

boarding school. The death of Kiai Sobir left a

wound for the family, the students and the villagers.

So far, his presence has benefits a lot. Madam Sobir

does not want her husband death but fate cannot be

prevented and be regretted. She should accept it

sincerely. Among the thousands of mourners,

Madam Sobir felt alone. She received less attention

than Kiai Sobir did. This can be seen in the

following quotation.

They all mourn themselves. Only my parents

and some family members kept guarding me so

I would not faint like many students who were

not at all ready to be left behind by the

deceased (MS, 2012: 95).

Someone who is left by the family member will

be sad, especially a wife or husband who always live

together. Madam Sobir remembers her past

memories with Kiai Sobir since she was a student in

his Islamic boarding school until she was favored by

Kiai Sobir. The role of a wife should be appreciated

from others even after her husband death. This is

ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society

what is felt by Madam Sobir that she is not being

appreciated anymore. This is found in the following

quotation.

40 days commemoration after the death of the

deceased man, thousands of people came to

our school. After that, visitors who visit the

pilgrimage decreased. I don't know whether

people began to remember me as Madam

Sobir, their companion or not; what is clear is

that I myself remember when the first wife of

my husband, died. I remember that a few

months later, I, who was at that time attending

the Islamic boarding school and was only 20

years old, was proposed by him who was a

leader in my village (MS, 2012: 97).

Memories are one of the things that are always

used as comforting for someone's departure in life.

Madam Sobir dissolves in the memories of the past

when she was favored by Kiai Sobir. Since she was

20 years old, her feelings was chaos but she can no

longer did anything instead of obey her parents’

decisions. Then, she became a well-known and

respected wife of a great Kiai in many cities. This

can be seen in the following quotation.

My feelings are mixed up. Shocked, distrustful,

proud, and whatever else. However, because

my parents seemed to be supportive, I ended up

just following it like a stupid one. As a result, I

became Madam Sobir. The wife of a respected

great kiai, not only in our city but also in many

other cities. Eventhough, a great person from

other cities will never be forget to visit Kiai.

(MS, 2012: 97).

Since she was left by Kiai Sobir, she always

lived in loneliness and solitude. One night she

remembered the memories with Kiai Sobir. There

will be no shoulder to lean on, listen to stories, and

provide solutions to every problem. It is found in the

following quotation.

Everything is like usual, dear. Only every night

when I'm alone, I always remember you. It was

painful not to have a man to talk like you; the

faithful listener to my talk even though it was

trivial, who was ready to help solve the

problem that I have. Oh, dear. Now I have a

big problem and you are not here beside me

(MS, 2012: 99).

A year after her husband's departure, Madam

Sobir got temptations from men who were ready to

marry her. Men from various professions

approached her by attaching a proposal and a

complete CV. However, she refused the men who

came because there were no men who were

comparable to Kiai Sobir in her life. This is found in

the following quotation.

Only a year after you left, there was already a

temptation that I had to face. An ustadz who

already has two wives, openly proposed to me.

Then a rich widower sent a proposal, complete

with his CV. Later a bachelor police officer

also expressed his serious desire to marry me. I

refused everything smoothly (MS, 2012: 99).

Madam Sobir's refusal towards a number of

men who came to propose her proved her loyalty to

her husband. The variety of women's experiences in

this short story is the experience of a woman who is

a wife of a great Kiai. The death of Kiai caused

various problems, one of which was that many men

approached and even made her his second wife.

Many memories in her life with the Kiai after he

died that there was no male figure to share stories

even she remembered when she was 20 as a student

in his islamic school. As a child who is devoted to

parents, she is finally willing to marry, and she

became the wife of a great Kiai who is respected.

d. Noble’s Oath – Gde Aryantha

Soethama (2013)

This short story focuses on a woman named Ayu

Meriki, a child of Biang Buni, who is forced to

marry a noble man. Ayu cannot refuse Biang Buni's

decision because Ayu is a only daughter who always

obeys the wishes of her parents. At the time of this

problem, Ayu remembers her father who is gone.

She wants to talk about all the problems she is

facing. This can be seen in the following quotation.

Father, if you are still alive, you might be able

to help, maybe you don't. They are very

conservative fanatics, taking refuge behind

masks of dignity, and feel as humans are most

responsible for the properity and power (NO,

2013: 40).

The quotation above explains about a woman

who always gets trouble with others people because

she always thinks that she is right. She missed her

father so much and wanted him to help her.

e. The Stripped Tiger – Guntur Alam

(2014)

This short story focuses on women who believe that

if a striped tiger who lives in the forest is hunted by

humans, bad fate will come to their families,

especially a woman who is pregnant. This can be

observed in the following quotation.

Women’s Experiences in Kompas Selected Short Stories: Transformative Ecofeminism Review

The twenty-six-year-old woman still believes

that if someone is pregnant, she may not do

anything to animals (ST, 2014: 12).

Belief in it becomes stronger when it has taken

tolls. For example, there is a child who was born

with a paralyzed body and a four-year-old child who

has cleft lip. It can be observed in the following

quotation.

This belief is stronger because this taboo is not

a myth. Ceok's first child was born with a

crippled body, unable to move, lying on the bed

even though he was five years old. In the past,

when his wife was pregnant, Ceok had a

chance to beat the black snake he met in his

rubber garden. The snake fled, did not die but

was battered by a wooden blow from Ceok.

When his child was born, his child was

paralyzed. People say, Ceok is cursed because

of the black snake. Not only Ceok’s child.

Genepo's daughter who is now four years old

also suffered unfortunate fate. Her lips are cleft

and her tongue slightly split at the end, and a

beautiful child is mute (ST, 2012: 12).

The quotation above explains a woman who

believes in myth, that if hunting and killing a striped

tiger, the family members will get hurt and have bad

fate. Children who are born and are still toddlers will

experience a sad fate such as a disability in their

parts of body.

f. Judge Sarmin – Agus Noor (2015)

This short story focuses on a woman who was

sentenced for two years in prison because she

murdered five men who raped her. A Judge named

Sarmin felt sorry for a woman who has been accused

of being the defendant. This can be observed in the

following quotation.

Justice is easier to obtain outside the court,

judge Sarmin thought as he looked at the

woman sitting in the defendant's seat. During

the trial the woman was only silent, as if

convinced that whatever she said would not

make her get justice (JS, 2015: 33).

Justice in that woman’s view is revenge that

must be resolved. However, even if you are a victim,

if you kill the defendant you will certainly get a risk.

For her, that was a way to survive and ask for

justice. The murder was planned for two years. This

can be seen in the following quotation.

No one would have thought she killed five men,

after holding her grudge for so long. The

murder was so neat, with details of a near-

perfect plan, lasting for two years, from the

murder of the first man to the fifth man (JS,

2015: 37).

Her revenge to the five men who raped her then

ended up making her as a defendant. She was

sentenced for two years in prison. Judge Sarmin did

not think that she would do so. In addition, Judge

Sarmin gave a decision to a 70-year-old woman. She

was sentenced for two years when she stole a packet

of biscuits at a convenience store. She stole because

she did not have money for her grandson who had

not eaten for several days. At the trial, she begged

not to be punished. However, for Judge Sarmin , the

law can not be broken, someone will be given a

punishment due to to his actions. Even though,

Judge Sarmin was deeply sorry. It can be observed

in the following quotation.

Judge Sarmin ever adjudicated a 70-year-old

grandmother who stole a packet of biscuits at a

convenience store. During the trial the

grandmother kept crying and begging, wailing,

and even prostrating for mercy. She was forced

to steal the biscuit for her baby grandson and

who had not eaten for two days. Judge Sarmin

always remembered the old woman's helpless

eyes when he finally sentenced her to two years

in prison (JS, 2015: 37).

The quotation above explains the women’s

experiences as a victim who were raped by five men.

She was sentenced for two years in prison because

she had killed the five men. Then, a grandmother

was sentenced for two years in prison because she

stole biscuits at a store. She had to steal the biscuit

for her baby grandson that had not eaten for a long

time.

5 CONCLUSION

The role of women is proof that their duty is not

only as ordinary women. The variety of women's

experiences takes the form of a variety of

experiences experienced by women in relation to the

social and natural environment.

Through this aspect, women’s experiences

various kinds of problems that occurred in the past

or present. Based on the short stories that have been

analyzed, the women’s experiences are as follow: a

woman who has experienced long solitude; live a

simple life and continue to struggle by selling cakes;

teaching honesty to others; compassion and caring

for plants; the sincerity of a grandmother in cleaning

the mosque’s yard from fallen leaves; a woman who

becomes an inspiration for a man in caring plants;

tradition passed down in one family by bequeathing

ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society

kebaya (Indonesian traditional cloth) to the first

daughter and storing clothes from deceased family

members; a wise grandmother and her philosophy to

her grandson about human age and fallen leaves; a

woman who is in charge as an Angel caller for the

inhabitants so that they can live happily; a wife who

is left by her husband (a great kiai) who owns a

Islamic boarding school; a woman who works as a

rubber tapping gum who has long been abandoned

by her husband; daughter who refused to be

betrothed by her mother to a noble; a woman who

believes in myths about striped tigers that if it is

hunted and killed they will get punishment; the

woman who was raped received a two-year sentence

and a grandmother was sentenced for two years in

prison because she stole biscuits at the mini market.

The women’s experiences in the story tell not

only tells the role of women in general but also

women that can break the morality. Women as

characters who are categorized as gentle, loving, and

caring can also be antagonist figures because of the

treatment from others (men).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to thank to Indonesia

Endowment Fund for Education for funding this

research and providing scholarships for my doctoral

studies in language education study program,

Universitas Negeri Jakarta.

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