Combined Affixed Vocabulary in the Text Book of Indonesian
Language in Junior High School
Atikah Solihah
1
, Yumna Rasyid
2
, Siti Gommo Attas
3
1
Doctor Student of Language Education of Graduate Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta (UNJ), Indonesia
2
Language Education of Graduate Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
3
Language Education of Graduate Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
Keyword: vocabulary, combined affixed, frequency, text book
Abstract: Indonesian language textbooks have important functions for teachers and students. For teachers the textbook
is the main teaching material in the class. For students the textbook is an important learningmaterial for
understanding the subject matter delivered by the teacher. With this important function, the choice of words
contained in the textbook must be in accordance with the student's grade level so that the vocabulary that
has been learned can support the understanding of the material at the next level. At the moment there is no
grading in the vocabulary in the textbook, specifically the grade in words that have been formed from
several affixes or referred to as combined affixed vocabulary. The formation and use of vocabulary is more
complex when compared to words that only have prefixes, suffixes, or confixes.The focus of this to discuss
combined affixed vocabulary with more than two affixes. The corpus of this study is grade VII, VIII, and IX
Indonesian Language textbooks. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach and content analysis
method. The data used are Grade VII Indonesian Language Textbooks, Grade VIII, and Grade IXwhich
refer to the 2013 Curriculum. The study was conducted in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia.The results show that
there were 12 patterns of words that had more than two affixes, namely [di-(per-(D-kan))], [di-(per-D-i)],
[(di-(ber-D)-kan))-lah], [(di-(per-D-kan))-nya], [mem-((per-D)-i)], [mem-(per-D-i)-nya], [mem-(per-(D-
kan))], [(pe-(ber-D)-an], [pe-(per-D))-an], [(per-(ber-D)-an)-nya], [ke-(ber-D)-an], and [ke-(ter-D)-an].
Some of them are accompanied by clitics. This study reveals the frequency of the twelve patterns at each
level. Based on the frequency, a special gap can be proposed for the pattern of combined affixed
vocabulary.
1 INTRODUCTION
Indonesian, like most languages in the world,
recognizes patterns of word formation. One pattern
of word formation is by affixing. Affixing
recognizes various forms. There are some forms
which only add prefixes, suffixes, infixes, or
confixes. Affixing can also put several affixes
together in the form of combined affixes. Combined
affixes which contain more than two affixes can be
termed complex combined affixes. This complexity
increases when affixes are combined with clitics.
Both have differences that can also be combined in
one condition (Anderson, Stephen R., 2005). The
differences between both forms have also been
examined by Zwicky who found at least six
differences between the two (Zwicky and Pullum,
1983). To understand the complex combined affixes,
one needs an introduction to other simpler forms.
For example, the wordpembelajaran. One must
know the form of ajar and belajar first, then he or
she can understand the form of pembelajaran. The
technique to understand vocabulary, in this case
word formation by affixation, is the one thing that is
needed by students.
Considering the diversity of word formation
patterns, classifying word formation patterns is very
important. Especially when it comes to textbooks.
For teachers, textbooks are the main teaching
materials in the classroom. Teachers can use
Solihah, A., Rasyid, Y. and Attas, S.
Combined Affixed Vocabulary in the Text Book of Indonesian Language in Junior High School.
DOI: 10.5220/0008994000630070
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language and Society (ICELS 2019), pages 63-70
ISBN: 978-989-758-405-3
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
63

textbooks to guide them in giving subject matter.
For students, textbooks are important learning
materials for understanding the subject delivered by
the teacher. Because of this important function, the
choice of words contained in the textbook must be in
accordance with the student's level so that the
vocabulary that has been learned can support the
understanding of the material at the next level. Very
important to present classifying in word formation
patterns that should appear in Indonesian textbooks.
Word formation can be done through several
processes, 1) merging words, 2) derivation of zero,
3) affixation, and 4) other forms of derivation. Word
formation that is done by affixation produces
derivative words. Affixation is a productive process
in Indonesian language. Affixation is the addition of
affixes, either prefixes, suffixes, confixes, or infixes
to the primary base, secondary base, and tertiary
base (Badan Bahasa, 2017: 118). Affixation,
according to the Indonesian Language Standard
Grammar, is carried out by four components of
affixes, namely prefix, suffix, confix, and infix.
Matthews stated that there are five types of affixes,
namely prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix, and superfix
(1997: 11). The modern linguist Katamba claimed
that there are three types of affixes, namely prefix,
suffix, and infix (1994: 44). However, not all types
of affixes that exist in the languages of the world are
found in Indonesian, for example, the circumfix
type.
Theaffixed words research done by Grangé,
Philippe (2013)discusses free forms and bound
forms in Indonesian. Grange found 72 combinations
of free forms and bound forms. All bound forms are
not classified into simple or complex forms.
However, we can easily sort out that an affixed word
that contains more than two bound forms is a form
that can be categorized as complex rather than a free
form that only gets one bound form.
2 METODOLOGY
The focus of this study is to discuss combined
affixed vocabulary with more than two affixes. The
corpus of this study is the Indonesian Language
textbooks of grade VII, grade VIII, and grade IX.
The study was conducted using a qualitative
approach and content analysis method, while the
design of the study is combined affixed vocabulary
with more than two affixes. Creswell (2009) stated
that qualitative inquirers use theory in their studies
in several ways. This research also belongs to
descriptive study since it just collected and analyzed
the combined affixed vocabulary with more than two
affixes in Indonesian Language textbooks. The
subjects of the study are photographs, art objects,
videotapes, or any forms of sound (Creswell, 2009).
Here the researchers use textsfrom the Indonesian
Language textbooks of class VII, class VIII, and
class IX. Data refers to a collection of organized
information, usually the result of experience,
observation, and experiment. These may consist of
numbers, words, or images, particularly as
measurements or observations of a set of variables
(Yin, 2011). The data in this study was collected
using the following steps: first, researchers chose the
textbook. Second, the researchers described and
listed all the words containing combined affixed
vocabulary with more than two affixes in each class.
Third, the researchers described word formation
pattern. Fourth, the researchers compared the data of
each class. Fifth, the reseacher proposed the
distribution of forms of combined affixes in each
class.
3 RESULT
The results show that there are 12 forms of complex
affixes in Indonesian Language textbooks ofgrade
VII, VIII, and IX. These combined affixes have
more than two affixes so that in their formation
patterns they also go through several stages.
Table 1 : 12 forms of complex affixes in Indonesian
Language
No.
Complex Combined
Affix Pattern
Grade
VII
Grade
VIII
Grade
IX
1
[di-(per-(D-kan))]
√
√
√
2
[di-(per-D-i)]
√
√
-
3
[(di-(ber-D)-kan))-
lah]
-
√
-
4
[(di-(per-D-kan))-
nya]
-
-
√
5
[mem-((per-D)-i)]
√
-
√
6
[mem-(per-D-i)-nya]
√
√
-
7
[mem-(per-(D-
kan))]
√
√
√
8
[(pe-(ber-D)-an]
√
√
√
9
[pe-(per-D))-an]
√
√
√
10
[(per-(ber-D)-an)-
nya]
-
√
-
11
[ke-(ber-D)-an]
√
√
√
12
[ke-(ter-D)-an]
√
√
√
ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society
64

3.1 Combined Affix[di-(per-(D-kan))]
The combined affix pattern [di- (per- (D-kan))]
contains the basic form (D), prefix di-,prefix per-,
and suffix -kan. The first stage of affixation is
adding suffix -kan to the basic form. For example,
the word siap becomes siapkan. This form becomes
the base for the next form by adding the prefix per-
so that the word becomes persiapkan. The form
persiapkancan be the base for other form by adding
the prefix di-, resulting in dipersiapkan. The
formation of the word can be modeled as follows.
Figure 1: Combined Affix[di-(per-(D-kan))]
Some basic words apparently cannot follow this
pattern because the resulting form is not always
common. For example, the words hatikan, soalkan,
kirakan and kenankan. The suffix -kan in that form
does not appear on its own, but together with the
prefix per- so that the basic form
becomesperhatikan, persoalkan, perkirakan,
andperkenankan.
The words with the pattern [di- (per- (D-kan))]
are found in the textbooks of each class.In class VII
textbooks there are 9 words, in class VIII 13 words,
and in class IX 5 words. Such composition conveys
that the vocabulary with this pattern has been
introduced since class VII and repeated in class VIII
and class IX. With this repetition, students can
obtain examples of these patterns from various
contexts of use.
The basic words that are often attached to the
affixes di-, per-, and kan- are the words siap, guna,
anugerah, boleh, dengar, hati, kenan, bantu, hitung,
kenal, kira, laku, tanya, temu, timbang, rebut, and
soal.
Table 2 : Words with [ di-(per-D-kan)] Pattern GradeVII,
VIII, and IX
No
Words
Grade VII
No
Words
Grade VIII
No
Words
Grade IX
1
dipersiap
kan
1
diperbantuka
n
1
diperebutka
n
2
dipergun
akan
2
diperbolehka
n
2
dipergunak
an
3
dianuger
ahkan
3
diperdengark
an
3
diperhatika
n
4
diperbole
hkan
4
dipergunaka
n
4
dipersiapka
n
5
diperden
garkan
5
diperhatikan
5
dipersoalka
n
6
diperhati
kan
6
diperhitungkan
7
diperken
ankan
7
diperkenalkan
8
dipersiap
kan
8
diperkirakan
9
dipertem
ukan
9
diperlakukan
10
dipersiapkan
11
dipertanyakan
12
dipertemukan
13
dipertimbangkan
3.2 Combined Affix [di-(per-D-i)]
The combined affix pattern [di- (per-D-i)] contains
the basic form (D), prefix per-, prefix di-, and suffix
-i. However, the presence of the prefixper- and
suffix i-together thus forms a confix per-...-i. The
first stage of affixation is addingconfix per-...- i to
the basic form. In the textbook, there are basic word
baik which becomes perbaikiand basic word
baharuwhich becomes perbaharui. The word
baharu is not a standard form. If baharu is replaced
with the word baru, a reference in the dictionary,it
becomes perbarui. Then the form is added with the
prefix di-, resulting in diperbaiki and diperbaharui
(diperbarui). The formation of the word can be
modeled as follows.
Figure 2: Combined Affix[di-(per-(D-i)]
The words with the pattern [di- (per-D-i)] appear
only in class VII and class VIII, each of which has
two words. The vocabulary is the same, diperbaiki
and diperbaharui, whosebasic words are baik and
baru, respectively. In class IX the vocabulary with
that pattern does not appear. With this fact, it can be
said that the pattern is not productive. Even so, in
other corpus we will find a variety of other
vocabulary patterns, such as words diperlengkapi,
diperingati, dipersenjatai, dipergauli, diperlucuti,
dan diperantarai.
per-...-i
D-
(per-D-i)
+
+
di-
[di-(per-D-i)]
Combined Affixed Vocabulary in the Text Book of Indonesian Language in Junior High School
65

Table 3: Words with[di-(per-D-i)] PatternGradeVII, VIII,
and IX
N
o.
Grade Class
VII
N
o.
Word Grade
VIII
N
o.
Word
Grade
IX
1
diperbaharui
1
diperbaharui
0
2
diperbaiki
2
diperbaiki
3.3 Combined Affix [(di-(ber-D)-kan))-
lah]
The combined affix pattern [(di- (ber-D) -kan) -lah]
contains the basic form (D), the prefixber-,
suffixkan-, prefix di- and clitic -lah. The first stage
of affixation is adding prefix ber- to the basic form.
For example, the wordlaku becomes berlaku. In
addition, another possible form is adding-kanto the
basic form, resulting in lakukan. When the two
affixes are used, the word becomes berlakukan. The
word berlakukan can act as a basic word for other
forms by adding the prefix di-, resulting in
diberlakukan. This form is added with the clitic-lah
and becomes diberlakukanlah. The formation of the
word can be modeled as follows.
Figure 3: Combined Affix [(di-(ber-D)-kan))-lah]
Table 4 :Words with [(di-(ber-D)-kan))-lah] patternClass
VII, VIII, and IX
No
.
Word
Grade VII
No
.
Word
Grade VIII
No
.
Word
Grade
IX
0
1
diberlakukanla
h
0
The word with the pattern [(di- (ber-D) -kan) -
lah] is only found in class VIII, which has one word.
There are no such patterns in other classes, both in
class VII and in class VIII. This fact conveys that the
pattern is not productive. Even so, we will find other
forms in other corpus, such
asdiberhentikanlahanddiberdayakanlah.
3.4 Combined Affix [(di-(per-D-kan))-
nya]
The combined affix pattern [(di-(per-D-kan))-nya]
contains the basic form (D), the prefix per-, suffix -
kan, prefix di- and clitic -nya. The first stage of
affixation is adding the confix per-...-kan to the basic
form. For example, the word juangsimultaneously
gets the prefix per- and suffix -kan, resulting in the
word perjuangkan. After that, there isan addition of
prefix di-, which results indiperjuangkan. The form
diperjuangkan can be the basis for other forms by
adding clitic -nya, resulting in the word
diperjuangkannya. In terms of syntax, the word
diperjuangkannya is a form of a clause because it
has two functions, as a predicate and an object. The
formation of the word can be modeled as follows.
Figure 4: Combined Affix [(di-(per-D-kan))-nya]
Table 5 :Words with [(di-(per-D-kan))-nya] PatternClass
VII, VIII, and IX
No.
Grade
VII
No.
Word
Grade VIII
No.
Word
Grade IX
1
diperjuangkannya
The word with the pattern [(di-(per-D-kan))] is
only found in class IX, which has one word. There
isno such pattern in other classes, both in class VII
and in class VIII. This fact conveys that the pattern
is not productive. Even so, in other corpus we will
find other forms, such as diperhatikannya,
diperlihatkannya, dan diperlakukannya.
3.5 Combined Affix [mem-((per-D)-i)]
The combined affix pattern [mem - ((per-D) -i)]
contains the basic form (D), the prefix per-, suffix -i,
and prefixmem-. The first stage of affixation is
adding the prefix per- to the basic form. For
example, the word ajar becomes pelajar. After that,
there is an addition of the suffix -i, resulting in the
word pelajari.The form pelajari can be the basis for
other forms by adding prefix me-, resulting in the
per-...-kan
-nya
-D-
(per-D-
kan)
di-
+
+
di-(per-D-kan)
+
(di-(per-D-kan)-
nya)
ber-
(ber-D)-
kan)
D
-
(ber-
D)
D-kan
+
+
-di
+
(di-(ber-D)-
kan))
+
-
la
h
[(di-(ber-D)-
kan))-lah]
-kan
ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society
66

word mempelajari. The formation of the word can
be modeled as follows.
Figure 5: Combined Affix [mem-(per-D-i)]
Table 6: Words with[mem-(per-D-i)] Pattern Class VII,
Class VIII, and Class IX
No.
Word
Grade VII
No.
Word
Grade VIII
No.
Word
Grade IX
1
mempelajari
0
1
memperbaiki
2
memperbaiki
2
mempelajari
The word with the pattern [mem - ((per-D) -i)] is
only found in class VII and class IX. This pattern is
not found in class VIII. Even so, in other corpus we
will find other forms, such as memperbodohi,
mempermaklumi, dan memperlindungi.
3.6 Combined Affix [mem-((per-D)-i)-
nya]
The combined affix pattern [mem-(per-D-i)-nya]
contains the basic form (D), the prefix per-, suffix -i,
the prefixmem-, and the clitic -nya. The first stage of
affixation is adding the prefix per- to the basic form.
For example, the word ajar becomes pelajar. After
that, there is an addition of the suffix -i, resulting in
the word pelajari.The form pelajari can be the basis
for other forms by adding prefix me-, resulting in the
word mempelajari. This form is added with clitic -
nya, resulting in the word mempelajarinya The
formation of the word can be modeled as follows.
Figure 6: Combined Affix [mem-(per-D-i)-nya]
Table 7: Words with[mem-(per-D-i)-nya] Pattern Grade
VII, VIII, and IX
No.
Word
Grade VII
No.
Word
Grade VIII
No.
Word
GradeIX
1
mempelajari
nya
1
mempelajari
nya
The word with the pattern [mem - ((per-D) -i)] is
only found in class VII and class VIII. This pattern
is not found in class IX. It can be said that this form
does not have many applications. Even so, in other
corpus we will find other forms, such as
mempermakluminya dan memperbaikinya.
3.7 Combined Affix [mem-(per-(D-
kan))]
The combined affix pattern [mem- (per-(D-kan))]
contains the basic form (D), suffix-kan, prefix per-,
and prefixmem-. The first stage of affixation is
adding the suffix -kan to the basic form. For
example, the word dengar becomes dengarkan.
After that, there is an addition of the prefix per-,
resulting in perdengarkan. Next, this form becomes
the base for the other forms by adding the prefix
mem-, which results in memperdengarkan. The
formation of the word can be modeled as follows.
Figure 7: Combined Affix [mem-(per-D-kan)-nya]
Words with the pattern of [mem-(per- (D-kan))]
are found in all classes. This pattern can be said to
be productive. In class VII there are 10 words found,
class VIII 8 words, and class IX 8 words. The basic
words using the pattern are dengar, guna, hati,
ingat, kenal, siap, tahan, taruh, timbang, tonton,
juang, kira, lihat, tanya, danmalu.
Table 8: Words with[mem-(per-(D-kan))] PatternGrade
VII, VIII, and IX
N
o.
Word
Grade VII
No.
Word
Grade VIII
No.
Word
Class IX
1
memperden
garkan
1
memperguna
kan
1
memperhati
kan
2
mempergun
akan
2
memperhatik
an
2
memperinga
tkan
3
memperhati
kan
3
memperjuang
kan
3
memperjuan
gkan
4
mempering
atkan
4
memperkirak
an
4
memperken
alkan
Combined Affixed Vocabulary in the Text Book of Indonesian Language in Junior High School
67

5
memperken
alkan
5
memperlihat
kan
5
memperlaku
kan
6
mempersiap
kan
6
mempersiapk
an
6
mempermal
ukan
7
mempertah
ankan
7
mempertahan
kan
7
mempertaha
nkan
8
mempertaru
hkan
8
mempertanya
kan
8
mempertim
bangkan
9
mempertimbangka
n
10
mempertont
onkan
3.8 Combined Affix [pe-(per-D))-an]
The combined affix pattern [(pe- (per-D)) - an]
contains the basic form (D), prefix per-,prefixpe-,
and suffix -an. The first stage of affixation is adding
the prefix per- to the basic form. For example, the
ajar becomes pelajar. After that, there is an addition
of prefixpem-,which results in pemelajar. The form
then becomes the base for other forms by adding
suffix -an and it becomes pemelajaran. The
formationof the word can be modeled as follows.
Figure 8: Combined Affix [(pem- (per-D)) -an]
The word with pattern [(pem- (per-D)) -an] is
found in all levels of the class despite being in a
limited number. This pattern can be said to be
unproductive. In class VII, there are 2 words, class
VIII 1 word, and class IX 1 word. The basic words
used in the pattern are ajar and oleh.
Table 9 : Words with [(pem- (per-D)) -an] Pattern Grade
VII, VIII, and IX
No.
Word
Grade VII
Word
Grade VIII
.
Word
Grade IX
1
pemelajaran
pemelajaran
pemerolehan
2
pemerolehan
pemerolehan
3.9 Combined Affix [(pe-(ber-D)-an]
The combined affix pattern [pe-(ber-(D))-an]
contains the basic form (D), the prefixber-, prefixpe-
, and suffix-an. The first stage of affixation is adding
the prefix ber- to the basic form. For example, the
wordajar becomes belajar. After that, there is an
addition of prefixpem- and it becomes pembelajar.
This form then becomes the base for other forms by
adding suffix -an, resulting in the word
pembelajaran. The formationof the word can be
modeled as follows.
Figure 9: Combined Affix [(pe- (ber-D)) -an]
Words with pattern [(pem-(ber-D)) -an] appearin
all gradesdespite being in a limited number. This
pattern can be said to be unproductive. In grade VII
there are 2 words, grade VIII 2 words, and grade IX
3 words. The basic words used in the pattern areajar,
daya, andlaku.
Table 10 : Words with [(pem-(ber-D)) -an] Pattern Grade
VII, VIII, and IX
Grade VII
Grade VIII
Grade IX
No.
Word
No.
Word
No.
Word
1
Pembelajaran
Pembelajaran
1
pembelajaran
2
pemberdayaan
Pemberdayaan
2
pemberdayaan
3
pemberlakuan
3.10 Combined Affix [(pe-(ber-D)-an)-
nya
The combined affix pattern [pe-(ber-(D)-an)-nya]
contains the basic form (D), the prefixber-, prefixpe,
suffix -an, and the clitic -nya. The first stage of
affixation is adding the prefix ber- to the basic form.
For example, the word ajarbecomes belajar. After
that, there is an addition of prefixpem-, which results
in the word pembelajar. The form then becomes the
base for other forms by adding suffix -an, resulting
in the word pembelajaran. The form is added with
the clitic -nya and it becomes pembelajarannya. The
formation of the word can be modeled as follows.
pem-(per-D)
D-
per-
(per-D)
pem-
+
+
-an
[(pem-(per-D))-an]
pem-(per-
D)
D-
per-
(per-D)
pem-
m
+
+
-an
[(pem-(per-D))-
an]
+
ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society
68

T
Figure 10: Combined Affix [(pem- (ber-(D)-an)-nya)]
The word with the pattern [(pem- (ber-(D)-an)-
nya)] appears only in class VIII. This pattern can be
said to be unproductive and appears very limited.
The basic word used in the pattern is ajar.
Table 11 : Words with [pe-(ber-(D)-an)-nya] Pattern
Grade VII, VIII, and IX
Grade VII
Grade VIII
Grade IX
No.
Word
No.
Word
No.
Word
pembelajarannya
3.11 Combined Affix [ke-(ber-D)-an]
The combined affix pattern [ke-(ber-D)-an]contains
the basic form (D), the prefix ber-and confix ke-...-
an. The first stage of affixation is adding the prefix
ber- to the basic form. For example, the word hasil
becomes berhasil. After that, there is an addition of
confixke-...-an, which results in the word
keberhasilan. The formation of the word can be
modeled as follows.
Figure 11: Combined Affix [ke-(ber-D)-an]
Words with the [ke-(ber-D)-an] pattern are found
at all grades even though there are not many. In
grade VII there are 4 words, in class VIII 3 words,
and in class IX there are 2 words. The basic words
used in the pattern arehasil, limpah, sama, ada,
ragam, irama, andmanfaat.
Table 12 : Words with [ke-(ber-D)-an] Pattern Grade VII,
VIII, and IX
No
.
Grade VII
Word
No
.
Grade VIII
Word
No
.
Grade IX
Word
1
Keberhasila
n
1
keberagama
n
1
keberhasilan
2
Keberlimpa
han
2
keberiramaa
n
2
kebermanfaa
tan
3
Kebersamaa
n
3
kebersamaa
n
4
Keberadaan
3.12 Combined Affix [ke-(ter-D)-an]
Words with the [ke-(ter-D)-an]pattern are found at
all levels of the class even though there are not
many. In grade VII there are 4 words, in class VIII 3
words, and in class IX there are 2 words. The basic
words used in the pattern arehasil, limpah, sama,
ada, ragam, irama,andmanfaat.
Figure 12: Combined Affix [ke-(ter-D)-an]
Words with the pattern [ke-(ter-D)-an] are found
in all levels of the class even though there are not
many. In grade VII there are 2 words, in class VIII 5
words, and in class IX there are 6 words. The basic
words used in the pattern arekejut, lambat, libat,
padu, rinci, puruk, tarik, asing, baca, paut,
pengaruh, and tindas.
Table 13 : Words with [ke-(ter-D)-an] Pattern Grade VII,
VIII, and IX
Grade VII
Grade VIII
Grade IX
Word
No.
Word
N
o.
Word
keterkejutan
1
keterlibatan
1
keterasingan
keterlambatan
2
keterpaduan
2
keterbacaan
3
keterperincian
3
keterpautan
4
Keterpurukan
4
keterpengaruh
an
5
Ketertarikan
5
keterpurukan
6
ketertindasan
pem-(per-D)
D-
per
-
(per-
D)
pem-
+
+
-nya
[(pem-(per-D))-an]
[(pem-(per-D))-an)-nya]
-an
+
[ke-(ber-D)-an]
-D
ber-
(ber-D)
(ke-...-an)
+
+
[ke-(ter-D)-an]
-D
ter-
(ter-D)
(ke-...-
an)
+
+
+
Combined Affixed Vocabulary in the Text Book of Indonesian Language in Junior High School
69

4 CONCLUSION
The most complex form with regard to the number
of affixes and clitics attached is supposed to be at
the end of class IX. In textbooks, complex forms
appear without levels.
For example, the form [mem - ((per-D) -i)] does
not appear in class VIII textbooks. However, the
[mem- (per-D-i)] form appears in class VIII. On the
contrary, the complex form [per-D-i]) does not even
appear inclass IX. In fact, the pattern [mem- (per-D-
i)-nya] is more complex than the pattern [mem-
((per-D) -i)].
What happens with the pattern [(per- (ber-D) -
an) -nya] and the pattern [(di- (ber-D) -kan)) -lah]is
similar. Both patterns only appear in grade VIII. It is
better that the combined affix patterns appear in
grade IX after firstintroducing simpler formsin
gradeVII and grade VIII.
This study mapped the complex combined affix
patterns found in the secondary school textbooksThe
researchers describe complex combined affixes
which are ascertained to appear in higher levels, in
the form of complex combined affixes. Regarding
the basis for the levels, the affixation should have
been examined first, especially the affixes that exist
in the textbooks of the elementary school level.
However, because the data not yet availabel, the
sutdy start from all vocabulary contained in the
midle school textbook.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to the promoters of the research, to
Universitas Negeri Jakarta (UNJ), and friends who
have helped in this research.
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