Emotional Languages by the President Candidates in Indonesian

Online News Texts: Appraisal Analysis in the Protagonism

Perspective

Benedictus Sudiyana

, Emzir

, Sabarti Akhadiah

Language Education, Postgraduate Program, State University of Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia

Language Education, Postgraduate Program, University of Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka Jakarta

Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: appraisal analysis, emotional language, protagonism, news text

Abstract: This research aims to investigate the emotional languages uttered by the Indonesian presidential candidates

in the online news texts. This study discusses types of languages used by the two presidential candidates,

describes language using the positive emotion for their groups, and describes the use of negative emotion of

language towards opponent groups. The method used was a content analysis. Data consisted of words,

phrases, clauses integrated in sentences from each candidate in their direct quotations. Data sources are in

the form of online news texts taken from Kompas, Media Indonesia, Republika, Sinar Harapan, and Suara

Pembaruan that were published from February-March 2019. Data was collected by coding to sort out what

was relevant directly to the reserach focus. Data analysis was performed using the appraisal theory with the

protagonist's perspective in Lazarus and Martin view. The results of the study showed that the type of

language used was positive and negative speech categories that were intended for feelings, behaviours, and

goods; the use of emotional language for the their self group was widely used positive orientation languages

such as happiness, security, satisfaction, and inclination; the language used toward opponent group tend to

use negative orientation languages, such as unhappiness, insecurity, and disinclination.

1 INTRODUCTION

The idea of analyzing political discourse has been

carried out with a variety of disciplinary approaches

and perspectives. The focus of the researchers' uses

a linguistic perspective with a language approach as

a social semiotic from the aspect of appraisal

analysis related to the issue of emotional language in

political discourse. Politics is understood as a

struggle to gain and maintain power (Al-Faki, 2014;

Dunmire, 2012).

In general, language has a close relationship with

the subject to the speaker's awareness so that it is

natural for the language to be subjective

(Sudaryanto, 1990; Setyonegoro, 2012; Castillo,

2015). As a result of this subjective language,

speakers can randomly choose language symbols

and language codes, but still pay attention to aspects

of the convention as the basic characteristics of the

language in general. On the other hand, the

subjectivity of language that speakers choose relates

to their interests as a community, as well as

emotions when they respond to the context that

emerges. Therefore, it can be said that language and

emotion cannot be separated, especially in the

political constellation, to gain sympathy from the

masses.

The language that contains emotions is

commonly used in political campaign activities such

as presidential elections. The language chosen by

based emotions is not only carried out by

presidential candidates, but also by the ranks of

supporters. Supporting groups of interest groups will

use the language of positive emotions and also

reduce negative things for the group, on the

contrary, they will use the choice of language to

express negative things to the opposing group, and

also reduce the positive things that exist in the

opposing group (van Dijk, 2000).

Research on the language of emotions

concerning presidential elections in particular and

Sudiyana, B., Emzir, . and Akhadiah, S.

Emotional Languages by the President Candidates in Indonesian Online News Texts: Appraisal Analysis in the Protagonism Perspective.

DOI: 10.5220/0008994100710081

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language and Society (ICELS 2019), pages 71-81

ISBN: 978-989-758-405-3

general elections has often been carried out by

previous researchers. Regarding anxiety, enthusiasm

and direction of voice to uncover emotional

considerations during presidential campaigns in the

United States (Marcus & Mackuen, 1993). There is

analysis of twitter sentiment for president election

in 2016 between Trumps and Hillary (Tiwari &

Kapoor, 2017); emotional analysis in American

elections between Democrats and Republicans

(Ridout & Searles, 2011); emotions in politics

(Marcus, 2000); eve of the election from the aspect

of the role of emotions in political participation

(Valentino, Brader, Groenendyk, Gregorowicz,

Hutchings, 2011); the influence of candidate's

partiality and emotionality on voter preferences

(Stroud, Glaser, Salovey, 2005); understanding

emotional choice (Bruter, Michael and Harrison,

Sarah, 2017).

The novelty of this study compared to the

previous studies is on the use of emotional language

that is directly quoted by journalists from speakers

as presidential candidates in the 2019 Election.

While previous studies raised the twitter sentiment

of the president candidates during campaign

between Trumps and Hillary (Tiwari & Kapoor,

2017); emotion in politics has been active, as it

relates to the personality (Marcus, 2000). The

emotion of language towards activities, people, and

goods intended for their groups and the opposing

group is seen using the appraisal analysis approach

(Martin & White, 2005) and Martin's protagonism

perspective (1989).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the

emotional language spoken by the presidential

candidates in Indonesia in online news texts. This

study discusses the types of emotional language used

by the two presidential candidates, describes the use

of the language of positive emotions intended for

their groups and describes the language of negative

emotions for the opposing groups.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The term emotion is used in some literature to refer

to affect (Brownlow, Beach, Silver, 2017), feelings

or emotions (Suprapti, Iswardani, Sadli, 1992;

Widhiarso & Hadiyono, 2010; Gumulya & Nastasia,

2015; Pippin, Odasco, De Jesus, Tolentino,

Bringula, 2015; Suparno, 2017), sentiment (Tiwari

& Kapoor, 2017), and feeling related to the heart

(Marisa, 2013). Emotion is a product of cognitive

processes (Lazarus, 1982). Emotional responses

originate from evaluative perceptions of an event,

which can occur in animals at a lower level and in

humans at a more complex level (Lazarus,

1982). Directly, hearing the word emotion generally

refers to the words angry, happy, and sad (Majid,

2012). It turns out that in reality, emotional language

is far more complex (Suprapti, Iswardani, Sadli

(1992) This research was identified emotional words

in Indonesian to 310-word entries grouped into 28

groups .

At the animal level, emotional responses cannot

be separated from language (vocalization) and

behaviour, whereas at the human level, between

behaviour and language (vocalization) can be

separated. It means humans’ emotional responses are

complex and we are able to control behavioural

emotional responses, language emotions,

behavioural and language emotions at the same time,

or others, such as silence without language and

without behaviour, other behaviours based on

cognitive and cultural considerations (Zhu,

2016). Furthermore, emotion refers to a person's

affective state that is brief, intense, with calm or

chaotic behavior, with a clear orientation to objects,

for people, or certain situations, through information

processing at a conscious and or unconscious level

(Andries, 2011). Emotional aspects can be detected

through the following factors: intensity, hedonic

tone, duration, direction, expressiveness,

motivational value, and cognitive (Andrieș, 2011).

In this study, emotion is directed at the

phenomenon of language and more specifically in

the language of politics. Political language or

political discourse includes six domains, namely

cognition, actors, relations, ideology, groups, and

discourse itself (van Dijk, 1998; Sajjad, Malghnai, &

Khosa, 2018). Meanwhile, emotions lead to two

orientations, namely positive and negative. It is said

that emotions are positively oriented when

facilitating the development of harmony actions and

relations for all actions towards the same goal;

integration; facilitating and building social

connections and relationships (Frederikson, 1998;

2001; Kjell and Thompson, 2013), such as joy,

interest, satisfaction, and love. Conversely, the

negative orientation is characterized by situations

that threaten the survival of life (Frederickson,

2003), meanwhile other opnion statet that class

signals danger or loss, promote caution, and

mobilize the energy needed to escape or fend off

serious threats to him (Shiota, Neufeld, Danvers,

Osborne, Oliver, and Yee, 2014).

Emotional languages related to psychological

events are basically divided into six categories,

namely (a) fear, (b) sadness, (c) disgust, (d) surprise,

ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society

(e) anger, and (f) joy (Aman & Szpakowicz, 2007;

Bhowmick, Basu and Mitra, 2010; Li, Wang, Lu,

Long, 2016; Gaind, Roorkee, Syal, 2018). While

Martin and White (2005) in appraisal theory divide

emotional assessment in aspects of attitude, which

includes affect, judgment, and appreciation.

Emotions in the appraisal are commonly known as

sentiments (Khoo, Nourbakhsh, & Na , 2012 ;

Svetlana, Zhu, Mohammad, 2014). Of the two

general models of emotional classification,

the first emotional categorization is more

appropriate for general emotional assessment as well

as the study of emotions for expressions of gratitude,

improvement in relationships, humility, feeling of

debt of mind, guilt, the feeling of discomfort

(Armenta, Fritz, Lyubomirsky, 2017). These

emotional studies are outside the discussion of the

language in the field of political communication. For

this reason, the other emotional categorization is

used, namely emotions based on appraisal systems,

which are more suitable for analyzing emotions in

the needs of social communication, especially power

relations with language instruments.

The position of affect, judgement, and

appreciation in appraisal theory is described as

follows:

Table 1: Overview of Appraisal Theory (Martin & White,

2005)

Attitude

Affect;

Judgement;

Appreciation

Appraisal

Graduation

Force;

Focus

Engagement

Monogloss;

Heterogloss

Appraisal refers to the system of choice using

language that contains an assessment of something

discussion. Attitude is related to negative and

positive thinking about feelings, people, and

goods. Affect is the part of the attitude that explains

the emotions/feelings of the speaker/writer about

something that is expressed/discussed. Judgment is

the part of the attitude that assesses a person's

behavior by considering social norms. The

appreciation is the part of attitude that assesses the

object of goods or products by considering the

principles of beauty and other social value

systems (Martin & White, 2005).

Speaking the language of emotions in social

communication is not limited to the level of

words. At a higher level in the form of speech they

often appears. The language of emotion can be in the

form of direct oral text in the form of (a) sound, (b)

prosody, (c) special phonetics, (d) words

(interjection, ideophone or mimesis namely sound

words), (e) metaphor (Majid, 2012). Fraser (1990)

points out that expressive words indicate an

emotional charge.They are: (a) receiving new

information (Ah! Oh! Aha! I see.), (b) desire to be

noticed (Ahem! Psst! Hey!), (c) pleasure (Hurray!

Wow! Ooh! Really?), (d) inconvenience (Damn it!

Damn! Phooey! Pooh! Ugh! Yuk! Ow / Ouch! Boo!),

(e) making an appointment (Uh-yes. Yes! Yes!

Yes! Yes! No problem!), (g) the desire for

clarification (Huh? Huh? What?),(h) apologies

(Oops![Also to express disappointment]), (i) the

desire for noise reduction (Shhhh!), (j) lightning

assistance (Wow)! Besnier (1990) records more fully

the categories of language that present emotions,

namely connotations, languages for persuasion,

pronouns, respectful forms of pronouns, lexical

processes such as synecdoche, metaphors,

ideophones, exclamations, expletives, interjections,

curses, insults. Identification of the word emotion in

the language is characterized by the presence of

eight elements: (anger, fear, anticipation, trust,

surprise, sadness, joy, and disgust); and two positive

and negative polarity sentiments (Markov, Nastase,

Strapparava, Sidorov, 2018 ).

In the speech of the language of power in the

political field, there are two classifications based on

two factors, namely the holder of the issue and the

challenger of the issue (Martin, 1989).

Participants who are in a position to hold the issue

are called "right", while those in positions challenge

the issue are called "left". The issue holders and

challengers of the same issue are termed

"antagonists", while those around them as supporters

on their respective sides are called "protagonists"

(Martin, 1989). By Martin (1989) such relations are

introduced as models of dynamic ideology,

visualized in the following table.

Table 2: Model of power relations or ideology (adapted

from Martin, 1989)

ISSUE/

PROFILE

hold

One-side (Right Antagonist)

Two-side (Right Protagonist)

challenge

Two-side (Left Protagonist)

One-side (Left Antagonist)

Emotions have a positive and negative

orientation. The direction of emotion in

communication related to the language of power has

four patterns, namely (Pattern 1) emphasizing

everything positive about "We" (the group itself),

Emotional Languages by the President Candidates in Indonesian Online News Texts: Appraisal Analysis in the Protagonism Perspective

(Pattern 2) emphasizing everything negative about

"They" (groups of opponents), (Pattern 3) reduces

everything negative about the "We" group, and

(Pattern 4) reduces everything positive about the

"They" group (van Dijk, 2000). Thus, the supporting

direction can be read through choices where the

speaker conveys his language emotions in his

community group.

3 METHOD

This research uses a qualitative approach with

content analysis for the written text

objects. Specifically, the operational method is

based on the framework of qualitative content

analysis of Titscher's model, Meyer, Wodak, Vetter

(2000) and Mayring (2014). Qualitative analysis

does not examine the aspects of the text that are

visible, other related dimensions such as hidden

contexts to obtain the clarity of communication from

the analyzed text are an important part of this

analysis framework (Emzir, 2018).

The material used in this study is in the form of

emotional words in the direct text of the sentence

sentences expressed by the presidential

candidates. The source of the quote was taken from

online news texts about presidential candidates

Jokowi and Prabowo during the 2019 election

campaign from February-March 2019,

in Kompas, Media Indonesia, Republika, Sinar

Harapan and Suara Pembaruan media . The data are

only taken in the excerpt sections that carry the

emotional words and emotional expressions of the

candidate. Jokowi's speech is in 12 news text with

40 direct quotes; while Prabowo's speech is in 11

news text with 35 direct quotes. News text data

taken from the internet.

The data analysis framework is carried out by

applying the basis of the procedure for qualitative

data analysis of the models of Miles & Huberman

(1994) and Mayring (2014) from the problem

formulation phase and so on to the examination and

interpretation of possible emergence. The analysis of

linguistic substance is based on appraisal analysis

(Martin & White, 2005) with Martin's dynamic-

ideological model of protagonism perspective

(1989), with a speech strategy model developed by

van Dijk (2000). Through appraisal analysis

emotions can be categorized related to affect,

judgment, and appreciation . Through the dynamic-

ideological model it is categorized as the category of

Right Antagonists (RA) and Left Antagonists (LA)

which have different speech orientations, and

patterns of speech strategies in political relations on

a four-pattern basis, (a) emphasizing everything

positive about " We "(P1), (b) emphasize everything

negative about" They "(P2), (c) reduce everything

negative about the group" We "(P3), and (d) reduce

everything positive about the group "They" (P4).

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The emotional language used by the two presidential

candidates shows the various types of aspects of the

emotional content in the language. There are

categories of affect, judgment , and apprecation.

4.1 The Expression of The Emotional

Reaction of Psychological

Expressions is Intended for The

Group Itself with An Adjective

Class

Table 2: A list of adjective emotional words aimed at the

group itself

Realization

Category

belum puas

(‘not satisfy’)

aff:dissatis/polar

jelas

(‘clear’)

aff:satis

layak

(‘feasible’)

aff:satis

luar biasa

(‘extra ordinary’)

aff:satis

produktif

(‘productive’)

aff:satis

solid

(‘solid’)

aff:sec+

modern

(‘modern’)

appr:value+

profesional

(‘professional’)

judg:cap+

paling keras

(‘hardest.)

judg:ten+

RA: Right Antagonist = Jokowi;

LA: Left Antagonist = Prabowo

Adjective class emotional language aimed at the

self-group uses the principle of "declaring good for

our group" so that it tends to be positive or

positive. Emotional assessment refers to the feeling

(affect), behavior or character of people (judgment),

and on the assessment of goods (appreciation). The

word emotion that refers to feelings explicitly

appears in the word belum puas (‘not

satisfied’), which means that the speaker has an

ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society

effort to get satisfied; other emotional words that

refer to feelings are implicit, such as jelas (‘clear’),

layak (‘feasible’), luar biasa (‘extraordinary’),

produktif (‘productive’), solid (‘solid’). Adjective

emotional words aimed at the character of people are

in the profesional (‘professional’) and paling keras

(‘hardest’) words . In the context of use, although

both are for people's behavior, speakers have

different characteristics:

(1) "In the future, in terms of security and

defense, we need modern and professional ones .

The TNI-Polri must build a new vision. I want to get

a lot of input about it," ( K.D9ia ) (Jokowi)

(2) " I think our female legislative candidates are

most of all parties. Based the Law a minimum

female candidates of 30 percent. We are close to 40.

We admit this is a struggle. We are not satisfied but

we open opportunities to move. Now the hardest

our supporters arefemales. " (K.I31ia) (Prabowo)

The word ‘professional’ refers to the assessment

of capacity, while the emotion/emotive? word

the hardest’ refers to the judgment of persistence or

tenacity. The emotion wordexpressed

in modern words is related to goods so that it is

categorized as appreciation valuation

4.2 The Expression of Emotional

Reactions to Psychological

Expressions is Intended for Groups

of Opponents with An Adjective

Class

Table 3: A list of adjective emotional words is aimed at

groups of opponents

Realization

Category

terbanyak

(‘the most’)

aff:satis

grusa-grusu

(not careful)

aff:dissatis

babak belur

(‘battered’)

aff:dissatis

bocor

(‘leaky out’)

aff:dissatis

tidak adil

(‘unfair’)

aff:dissatis

wajar

(‘reasonable’)

aff:satis

bangga

(‘proud’)

aff:dissatis*

gede-gede

(‘big’)

aff:dissatis*

sangat luas

(‘very wide’)

aff:dissatis*

10.

inkonsistensi

(‘inconsistency’)

judg: norm-

11.

sangat bagus

(’very good’)

judg:norm+

RA: Right Antagonist = Jokowi

LA: Left Antagonist = Prabowo

Adjective class emotional language aimed at

opposing groups using the "state negative for their"

strategy uses the word negative emotion. The use of

positive words in a case in a bag is marked with an

artesian sign, rather than a satirical word. The word

satirical emotion will be seen when realized is

integrated in the context of use. Example:

(3) "Jadi kalau Bapak bangga dengan bagi-bagi 12

juta, 20 juta (sertifikat), pada saatnya tidak ada

lagi lahan untuk dibagi. Bagaimana nanti masa

depan anak cucu kita," (K.I5 lia) (oleh Prabowo)

‘So if you are proud of distributing 12 million,

20 million (land certificates), in the future there

will be no more land to share. How will the

future of our children and grandchildren

be," ( K.I51ia ) (by Prabowo)’

(4) "Kita tidak berikan kepada yang gede-gede. Saya

tahu Pak Prabowo memiliki lahan yang sangat

luas di Kalimantan Timur sebesar 220.000

hektar juga di Aceh Tengah 120.000 hektar,"

(K.I56ia) (oleh Jokowi)

"We don't give it to the big ones . I know Mr.

Prabowo has a vast land in East Kalimantan of

220,000 hectares also in Central Aceh 120,000

hectares," ( K.I56ia ) (by Jokowi)

(5) "Saya tahu Pak Prabowo memiliki lahan yang

sangat luas di Kalimantan Timur sebesar 220

ribu hektare. Juga di Aceh Tengah 120 ribu

hektare," (SH.D13ia) (Oleh Jokowi)

‘"I know Pak Prabowo has a very large area

of land in East Kalimantan of 220 thousand

hectares. Also in Central Aceh 120 thousand

hectares," () (By Jokowi)’

When released from the context, at first glance

the emotion above is very encouraging, meaning

satisfying. However, in the social context and the

context of the sentence, both of them insinuated and

made the person concerned become embarrassed and

lose face. Audiences need to understand this context

by utilizing the socio-political background of each

candidate, so that the three emotional words can still

be categorized as affect dissasticfaction. Other

words of emotional affect, bocor (‘leaky out’), tidak

adil, (‘unfair’), wajar (‘naturally’) expressed to be

addressed to other parties. The word emotion

is terbanyak (‘mostly’) intended for oneself, but

statements need to be expressed to the general public

and political parties, that said emotion is something

ideal.The word emotion that is intended for the

needs of people is at the same time expressed

as judgment, i.e. consistency and very good. This

Emotional Languages by the President Candidates in Indonesian Online News Texts: Appraisal Analysis in the Protagonism Perspective

emotional language of judgment is related to the

moral judgment of one's good or bad (Ekawati,

2015; Geipel, Hadjichristidis, and Surian, 2016).

The following is presented in the context of use.

(6) "Saya melihat, dalam struktur pengurusan partai

yang Bapak pimpin, seperti ketua umum, dewan

pembina, sekjen, bendahara, semuanya laki-laki.

Bagaimana Bapak menjawab inkonsistensi ini?"

(K.I24ia) (oleh Jokowi)

"I see, in the management structure of the party

that you lead, such as the general chairman, the

supervisory board, the secretary general, the

treasurer, all men. How do you answer

these inconsistencies ?" ( K.I24ia ) (by Jokowi)

(7) "Beliau (Prabowo) sangat bagus," (R.L 9ia)

(oleh Jokowi)

"He (Prabowo) is very good ," ( RL 9ia ) (by

Jokowi)

The word emotion inconsistency is clearly aimed

at the character of the opponent, while the word

is very good aimed at achieving one's behavior here

is also aimed at opponents, giving praise. In

linguistic theory the realization of honest or

otherwise here is difficult. Whether satirical or true

is difficult to understand. However, as a speaker, the

word emotion is very good, it can be truly

spontaneous, but it can also be engineered to get

sympathy from the audience.

4.3 The expression of emotional

reactions is psychological

expression with adverbal classes

and modalities

Table 4: lists of emotional and capital class emotional

words aimed at groups themselves and opponents

Class

Realization

Category

Stra-

tegy

Adv

betul-betul

(‘really’)

aff: satis

Adv

rela

(‘willing’)

judg:propriety+

Adv

sungguh

(‘really’)

aff:inclination

Mod

kemungkinan

(‘possibility’)

aff:inclination

Mod

mentang-

mentang

(‘mentang-

mentang’)

aff:dissatis

Mod.

seharusnya

(‘should’)

aff:inclination

Mod

harus

(‘must’)

aff:inclination

RA: Right Antagonist = Jokowi

LA: Left Antagonist = Prabowo

P1: emphasizing everything positive about "our"

P2: emphasizing everything negative about "their"

(groups of opponents)

The adverbial word refers to verbs or adjectives.

This choice of words is very dependent on the class

of other words explained. This category of words is

usually irrealistic, meaning that it is not real, still in

the expectations or authenticity of speakers. This

type of emotive word is needed in order to give

emphasis and sharpness. Rittman and Wacholder

(2008) claimed that the adverbial and adjective

classes are indicators of emotional language.

4.4 The expression of emotional

reactions to psychological

expressions with nominal class and

nominalization

Table 5: list of emotional words for the noun class and

nomination for the group itself and the opponent

Class

Realization

Category

Stra-

tegy

terima kasih

(‘thank you’)

aff: happ

Nom

kebocoran

(‘leakage’)

aff:insec

Nom

stabilitas

(‘stability’)

aff:sec+

operasi

plastic

(‘plastic

surgery’)

appre: val

antek asing

(‘foreign

stooge’)

judg:prop-

fitnah

(‘slander’)

judg:prop-

Nom

pelanggaran

(‘violation’)

judg:prop-

Nom

nasionalis

(‘nationalist’)

judg:prop+

Patriot

(‘patriot’)

judg:ten+

Nom

perjuangan

(‘struggle’)

judg:ten+

Nom

keberanian

(‘courage’)

judg:ten+

Nom

kelebihan

(‘strength’)

judg:ten+

Nom

ketegasan

(firmness’)

judg:ten+

ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society

RA: Right Antagonist = Jokowi

LA: Left Antagonist = Prabowo

P1: emphasizing everything positive about "our"

P2: emphasizing everything negative about "their"

(groups of opponents)

The use of nouns as emotional words can be in

the form of an original noun, it can be the

nominalization of the class of other words be

changed to a nominal formation. In the above list,

there are words of kebocoran (‘leakage’), stabilitas

(‘stability’), pelanggaran (‘violation’), nasionalis

(‘nationalist’), perjuangan (‘struggle’), keberanian

(‘courage’), kelebihan (‘strength’), ketegasan

(firmness’), all in the form of nominal originating

from different classes of words. The choice of

nominalization gives the effect of the object to be

more abstract, more into the level of ideas of mind,

and not on real objects (Bello, 2016), compared to

the original nouns such as terima kasih (‘thank

you’), operasi plastik (‘plastic surgery’), antek asing

(‘foreign minions’), fitnah (‘slander’), patriot

(‘patriots’). As a language option, the noun words

inclined to the self group are much better when

compared to those intended for groups of

opponents. P2 category is aimed at the opposing

group with the choice of words of

emotion kebocoran (‘leakage’), operasi plastik

(‘plastic surgery’), fitnah (‘slander’), pelanggaran

(‘violation’), antek asing (‘foreign stooge’). These

words show positive things directed at the group as

ours, while negative things are aimed at the

opposing group "them” (Wirth-Koliba, 2016).

4.5 The Expression of Emotional

Reactions to Psychological

Expressions with Verbal Classes

Table 6: list of verbal class emotional words aimed at the

group itself and the opponent

Realization

Category

Stra-

tegy

bertekad

(‘determined’)

aff: inclin

diam,

(shut up’)

aff:dissatis

membangun

(‘build’)

aff:happ+

butuh

(‘need’)

aff:inclin +

ingin

(‘want’)

aff:inclin +

silahkan

(‘please’)

aff:inclin +

dianiaya

aff:insecurity

(‘persecuted’)

termakan

(‘inedible’)

aff:insecurity

abdikan

(‘serve’)

aff:satis

habiskan

(‘spend it’)

aff:satis

ngomong

(‘say’)

aff:satis

membiarkan

(‘letting’)

judg:prop(-)

menuduh

(‘accusing’),

judg:prop(-)

merugikan

(‘harming’)

judg:prop(-)

Memarahi

(‘scolding’)

judg:prop

(+)*

Menggembleng

(‘galvanizing’)

judg:prop

(+)*

Menghargai

(‘appreciating’)

judg:prop

(+)

RA: Right Antagonist = Jokowi

LA: Left Antagonist = Prabowo

P1: emphasizing everything positive about "our"

P2: emphasizing everything negative about "their"

(groups of opponents)

The word verbal emotion mostly goes to

emotions in the aspects of feeling and behavior

processes, so that many enter into affect and

judgment. The interesting thing is the form of the

word emotion that is marked with astesian, which

lexically shows negative, but when it is linked to the

context, it is very positive.

(8) "Merekalah yang dulu menggembleng saya,

mereka yang pernah mendidik saya yang

memarahi saya sehingga saya dapat berdiri di

sini. Saya bukan siapa-siapa tanpa mereka,"

SP.H6ia (Prabowo)

‘"They are the ones who used to galvanize me,

those who have educated me who scolded me so

that I can stand here. I am nobody without them,"

SP.H6ia (Prabowo)’

Verbal choice also allows an alternative form of

active or passive. The use of passive bent on

violence cases will have an effect on the presence of

empathy for the victims, such as dianiaya (‘being

persecuted’), termakan (‘ingested’) (Bohner, 2001;

Zhanghong & Qian, 2018). The type of word that

refers to social behavior are grouped in judgment,

and they can be positive or negative, as in the

following words: membiarkan, (‘letting’), menuduh

(‘accusing’), merugikan (‘harming’), memarahi

(‘scolding’), menggembleng (‘galvanizing’),

menghargai (‘appreciating’).

Emotional Languages by the President Candidates in Indonesian Online News Texts: Appraisal Analysis in the Protagonism Perspective

4.6 The expression of emotional

reactions to psychological

expressions with personal pronouns

Table 7: the list of emotional reaction of the pronimina

persona class is aimed at the group itself and the opponent

Realiza-tion

Category

Stra-

tegy

kalian

(‘You’)

judg: propriety(-)

Bapak

(‘father’)

judg: propriety(+)

beliau (‘he’)

judg: propriety(+)

kami (‘we’)

judg: propriety(+)

kita

(‘we’)

judg: propriety(+)

saya

(‘I’)

judg: propriety(-)

saya

(‘I’)

judg: propriety(-)

RA: Right Antagonist = Jokowi

LA: Left Antagonist = Prabowo

P1: emphasizing everything positive about "our"

P2: emphasizing everything negative about "their"

(groups of opponents)

The use of persona pronouns in the context of

communication is not accidental. It is designed for

the purpose of communication when it is done by a

conscious speaker, but when it is done by speakers

who unconsciously it can disturb the emotions of the

audience. Personal pronoun is deictic, meaning the

word that has a reference changes according to the

situation and context (Mattras, 1998). The use of

honorific words in the form of respect , bapak

(‘father’), beliau (‘he’) gave the effect of rewarding

the interlocutor as by Prabowo (Bapak, ‘father’) ,

and Jokowi (beliau, ‘he’).

The two deixis words are social deixis which

show respect for one another, given the honorific of

deixis (Adane, 2014; Wahyudi, 2014;

Kusumaningrum, 2016.). However, the choice

of kalian of persona by Prabowo intended audience

to his audiens not provide a place of respect, could

actually replaced with Saudara

(‘Brother/Sister’). The Personal pronoun kalian

(‘You’) show that greeting by teachers to students

for classroom elementary, junior high, senior high,

grade level students while less suitable, especially

for a public audience. The word choices of persona

pronimina of kalian (‘You’) indicate exclusivity, the

invited people said not involved, while the word kita

(‘we’) shows solidarity, empathy. The choice of

pronouns of words kita (‘we’) is inclusive

(Dehcheshmeh, 2013), and it applies to all those we

talk to, the other person, even potentially to anyone

who becomes the listener. The pronoun saya (‘I’)

is more super exclusive (Adetunji, 2006), so it is

very individualistic, can cause arrogant and stubborn

effects because it shows a high

subjectivity. Therefore, the use of person tends to be

categorized to behavior and character so that

includes judgment.

Based on the framework of Lazarus & Folkman

(1984) and Martin & White (2005) 's view of

emotional language, it can be stated that the speech

of a presidential candidate in online news texts in the

2019 campaign period in Indonesia includes

emotions: (a) angry, (b) astonishment, (c) love, (d)

hate/ disappointment, (e) fear/insecurity, (f)

violation/injustice; (g) sadness and joy, (h) boring

and entertaining. The existence of negative and

positive emotions is in accordance with the findings

of Khoo, Nourbakhsh, and Na (2012). But in this

study there are new findings on the use of language

for opposing parties namely the existence of respect

by using the honorific deiksis

Limitations of the study are stated as follows.

This paper has tried to analyze the use of Jokowi and

Prabowo's emotional words more fully, but there are

some limitations such as (i) the findings of

emotional language will be more reliable when the

study covers all the broader forms of speech in all

linguistic levels, (ii) the research findings will be

generalized if the corpus of data sources contains the

text of political discourse by different candidates.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study can be summarized as

follows. The language of emotion expressed by both

presidential candidates includes the entire

psychological emotions to gembiraan, hope/

desire, satisfaction, security with positive and

negative side. Emotions penetrate the domain in full,

namely in the assessment and disclosure of feelings,

people's behavior, and valuation of goods. However,

feelings become dominant, followed by disclosures

on people's behavior, and which rarely appear in the

position of appreciation of goods.

Emotional expressions indicate types that vary

from the use of word class devices as linguistic

sources of verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbials,

modalities, and choice of pronouns. Balanced type

orientation is in the form of negative and positive

expressions.

ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society

Associated with the use of the expressions of

emotion for self-groups is done with a choice of

positive emotional words, both in the realm of

feeling, assessment of behavior, and appreciation of

goods. This is in accordance with the context of the

social situation in order to get audience appreciation

and attractiveness to suit the candidate's campaign

goals, which is to get a lot of votes for the group.

Associated with the use of emotional expressions

intended for opposing groups can express by the

types of expressions of negative emotions. This is

done for the purpose of social communication so

that the opponent gets a negative image in front of

the audience so that the opposing group is not

threatened as an enemy. It was also found, positive

expressions for opponents who in context could be

presented as designs with the intention of gaining

sympathy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This scientific work is part of a dissertation

entitled Protagonism in the News Text: Apraisal and

Ideology Analysis. The author thanks the promoter

Mr. Prof. Dr. Emzir, M.Pd., and Co-promoter

Prof. Dr. Sabarti Akhadiah, M.Pd. and The

Postgraduate Language Education Study Program

Coordinator at Jakarta State University.

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