Design of Community-based Ecotourism at Cengkehan and Giriloyo,

Wukirsari Village, Imogiri District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of

Yogyakarta

Suhartono

, Sri Mulyaningsih

, Desi Kiswiranti

, Sukirman

, Nurwidi A. A. T. Heriyadi

, Muchlis

and Iva Mindhayani

Geological Engineering of FTM-IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta,Jl. Kalisahak No. 28 Yogyakarta

Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engiineering, Universitas Widya Mataram, Komplek Mangkubumen, Yogyakarta

Keywords:

Design, Community-Based, Ecotourism, Correlation and Cengkehan-Giriloyo.

Abstract:

Ecotourism at study area is a tourism concept that presents unspoiled tourism and preserves to improving its

sustainability. This ecotourism was deﬁned by the local people contribution to the conservation of the land

by mass movements potential in study area. People live in Cengkehan and Giriloyo are very concerned to the

environmental preservation around them. The aim of this paper is to obtain the conservation in developing

Community-Based Ecotourism (CBE) enterprises, supported by the partnerships of communities with the

government, non-government and the private sectors. This study attempts to evaluate those partners most able

to support various initiatives. The Giriloyo-Cengkehan CBE purposes to create a local ecotourism and its

inﬂuence to the CBE marketing development. The study exposed that the nature of Cengkehan-Giriloyo’s

CBE has positive correlations between the community capacity carrying and the role of the developing

CBS, includes its management and sustainability. The high expectation for the Giriloyo-Cengkehan CBE

can perceive much more positive impacts than the negative impacts into the environmental, economic, and

socio-cultural as a result of the ecotourism. They can manage all of activities and attraction they offer, and

provide lodgistic, ccomodation and amenities supported by the goverment policy as well as accessibilities and

other facilities within the destination area.

1 INTRODUCTION

Ecotourism has grown in the last decade in Indonesia;

in hamlets to inland and former mining areas. During

this period, discussions in ecotourism to the

geoconservation and environmental sustainability

contribution, have been deeply wide-reaching.

Indonesian Guides Association (HPI: Himpunan

Pramuwisata Indonesia) has considered and used

ecotourism principles in developing itineraries,

training guides, and marketing products. In the last

ﬁve years, the guidelines have been formulated by

legal organizations of HPI. Many ecotourism business

owners and travel agents were also already practicing

these standards to obtain consumers not only locally

but also worldwide organizations (Sproule, 1996;

Aczel et al., 2006; Arce et al., 2014). This has been

an important step in setting standards within the ﬁeld

of ecotourism.

An ancient volcano supported by ﬁeld of

ecotourism in the form of traditional market,

cruising river and batik craft were identiﬁed at

Giriloyo and Cengkehan, Wukirsari Village, Imogiri

District, Bantul Regency (Figure 1). Geoparks,

as an advance protection of natural and geological

heritages, governing the important role in developing

geotourism (Bray and Rodriguez-Marek, 2004;

Budayana, 2017; Edwards, 1997). Together with

ecotourism and geotourism, the establishment of

geoparks can generate new job opportunities, new

economic activities and additional sources of income,

especially in rural regions. Study area is covered

by Gunung Sewu Geopark in the Southern Mountain

area, it encourages in constructing the local products

and local handicrafts involved within the geo-and

eco-tourism and other geo- and eco-products.

Previous study identiﬁed Tertiary superimposed

volcanism, depositing basaltic volcanic rocks of

Kebo-Butak Formation and andesitic volcanic

rocks of Nglanggeran Formation (Mulyaningsih

and Suhartono, ) Inﬂation and deﬂation intensively

controlled the study area; normal and shear faults as

Suhartono, ., Mulyaningsih, S., Kiswiranti, D., Sukirman, ., Heriyadi, N., Muchlis, . and Mindhayani, I.

Design of Community-based Ecotourism at Cengkehan and Giriloyo, Wukirsari Village, Imogiri District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta.

DOI: 10.5220/0009003900050010

In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICoSET 2019), pages 5-10

ISBN: 978-989-758-463-3

products of the volcanism are potentially resulting

landslide and other mass movements. The aim of

study is to obtain the conservation in developing

community-based ecotourism, geotourism and

geoconservation supported by the partnerships of

communities with government, non-government and

private sectors. This study attempts to evaluate those

partners most able to support various initiatives.

Figure 1: Situation map of study area.

2 METHOD

The study was constricted to design, develop, and

analyze parameters, variables, tools and methods that

used to be applied in managing the compliance of eco-

and geo-tourism guidelines. Questionnaires were

designed with the respondents as a manner coming

from the cunsumers and the tourists that visited to

Giriloyo-Cengkehan. Those were completed within

approximately ﬁve-ten minutes. It consisted of the

following six sections with the relevant numbers of

the questions per section listed as follow:

• the accessibility facilities to Cengkehan (the end

the tour)

• activity offered, visitor information and its

education provided during the trip

• the available local accomodation (guest house,

hotel, homestay and restaurants)

• the guide tours and the management (tour

operator contributions to conservation and local

development programs)

• the amenity (ATM, Parking area, shop, market, et.

al.)

• socio-demographic information about ecotourists

(Hermawan and Brahmanto, 2017).

The questionnaire was designed that at list six

or seven of the ten guide-lines proffered by the

management could be evaluated by the consumer.

Questionnaires were also provided to the local

ecotourism; i.e for the manager, guide tours

and the community who manages this ecotourism.

These questionnaires aim to evaluate the success

of the running management. Those consist

of the perceptions of environmental, economic

and socio-cultural impacts between residents of

a traditional tourism area and a recently created

ecotourism area.

All data resulted during the research were analized

using statistic method; including correlation test and

linear regresion.

3 THEORY

Ecotourism Society deﬁnes it as responsible travel

to natural areas which conserves the environment

and sustains the well-being of local people. In

the basic concept, ecotourism enterprises that

owned and managed by the community is called

as Community-Based Ecotourism (CBE). In this

case, CBE responsibles to conserve, enterprise, and

develop the community. (Wang et al., 2002) deﬁned

two kinds of community, i.e. direct and indirect

comunities with direct and indirect beneﬁciaries.

Direct community included members of the managing

committee and workers. Indirect community included

the broader community who selected the management

committee, namely interconnection service providers,

travel agents, lodging and restaurant entrepreneurs,

market traders and others. Direct beneﬁciaries

included employees, craft producers, guides, and

committee members, while indirect beneﬁciaries

included the wider community as recipients of

community development projects funded by tourism

revenues.

People or groups of people can be deﬁned as

ecotourism community, by the role of the groups.

There are local comunities and broadband comunities.

The most successful CBE projects have started

in the success of the information system; by the

dissemination of information, that was chain from

one community to another. Industry 4.0 involves

that chain. Most activity, such as marketing

ecotourism, are required to develop the needs of

internet. For this reason, Kozinets (1999) proposed

’virtual communities’ that able to push the growth

of quantity, interests, and inﬂuence transforming

traditional tourism into ecotourism. First of all,

”virtual community” is considering to the unique

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

characteristics of community in cyberspace, it’s

an abstraction and empirical application virtual

community as place, as symbol, and as virtual. This

community is groups of people who interact with

speciﬁc purposes, under the governance of certain

policies, and with the certain facilitation (Figure 2).

Figure 2: A conceptual model for the deﬁnition of virtual

community (Wang et al., 2002).

4 RESULTS

4.1 Secondary Data

Assessment of the Giriloyo ancient volcano analyzed

gently to undulated topography sloping to 5-10o

at distance areas, undulated to steeply hills at

Cengkehan to Nogosari sloping to 10-30

◦

, roughy

elevated hills near Watulumbung that sloping around

30-60

◦

and very steeply scarpments with 60-70

◦

upper cliffes (Figure 3). Creeps are recognized

along Watulumbung and the cliff of Mount Makbul.

Those were inﬂuenced by the ancient superimposed

volcanism happened during Early to Middle Miocene

(Mulyaningsih and Suhartono, ).

Landslides and others mass movements at study

areas can result in enormous casualties and huge

economic losses, such as hapenned on 17 March 2019

(Mulyaningsih and Suhartono, ). So that it necesarry

to mitigate. Mulyaningsih at al. (2019a in this

volume) proposed that design to the geoconservation

of the potential mass movements can be package to

be eco- and geo-tourism destination. The geotourism

aplication is supported by the presence of volcanic

rocks exposed along Cengkehan River. It can be

deﬁned as central facies volcano.

Figure 3: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) at study area.

(Mulyaningsih and Suhartono, ) mapped and

described volcanic sequences of Kebo-Butak and

Nglanggeran Formations. Kebo-Butak Formation

was exposed at Giriloyo, consists of black tuff

intersects with brecciated and compacted basalt lava,

then covered by less calcareous sedimentarry rocks

having an age of N5-6 (Early Miocene)(Eliezer et al.,

2019; Farsani et al., 2011; Hadian et al., 2016). Lower

Nglanggeran Formation exposed at Cengkehan,

it lie on the Kebo-Butak Formation, consist of

creammy color of coarse tuff and lapillistone that

coarsening upward and replaced with intersectings

of thick layers of breccia, lava and lapillistone

in pyroxene-rich basalt composition. Those were

covered by Younger Nglanggeran Formation, that

consists of agglomerate, andesitic lava and dike,

in unconformably relationship. The Younger

Nglanggeran was exposed at Watulumbung. The

outcrops of the volcanic rocks are ilustrated in Figure

(Mulyaningsih and Suhartono, ) argued that those

volcanic rocks strongly supported the geological

conditions, but the inﬂation and deﬂation during

the volcanism in it had already deformed them.

Those resulted south-west-northeast normal faults

(N290-320

◦

E), north-south shear faults (0-15

◦

E), and

oblique normal faults (northwest-southeast). that

all of them have potential landslides. According

to (Mulyaningsih and Suhartono, ), the potential

landslides and other mass movements could be

minimized using terracing technics collaborate with

bamboo park.

Design of Community-based Ecotourism at Cengkehan and Giriloyo, Wukirsari Village, Imogiri District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of

Yogyakarta

4.2 Field Data Record

Tools used to comprehensive sustainability

assessments consist of correlation test to the

current ecotourism destinations (i.e. Breccia

Cliff-Prambanan, Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano

Geotourism, Mangunan Ecotourism, and Dlingo

Ecotourism), covering sociocultural, economic and

environmental issues. It considers to their strengths,

weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the

site-speciﬁc applicability. Those intended to facilitate

Giriloyo-Cengkehan’s ecotourism that covered

sustainability indicators, environmental impact

assessment, life cycle assessment, environmental

audits, ecological footprints, multi-criteria analysis

and adaptive environmental assessment (Schianetz

et al., 2007).

The implementation of sustainability at Giriloyo

ecotourism destination is particularly signiﬁcant for

its viable target; the important of sustainability issues

are scope and responsibility of its organisation and

management. Hotels at study area are in minimized;

4.2.1 Correlation Analyses

In CBE, relationship between managers, owners,

local community and consmers characteristics with

their effort in the comunity capacity for tourism

development is very important. It was identiﬁed by

completing quistionnaire, as a primary data by 149

respondents. Table 1 shows details of descriptive

statistics for 149 people arriving Giriloyo-Cengkehan

Ecotourism, consist of workers, manager, tour guides,

local community and consumers. They were at

Traditional Market Tour Community, Cengkehan

Cruising River Community, and Batik Craft. Out

of the 149 people community, 40% were female and

60% were male, with an average age of 29 years. The

youngest participant was 16 years and the eldest one

was 67 years. Table 1 is frequency distribution of the

responden coming from the comitee community.

Table 1: Frequency distributions of Respondents’

Demographic Proﬁles (N=149)

No Education Σ %

Age

(years)

Σ %

1 Student/S1 25 16.78 <20 25 16.78

2 S1 38 25.5 21-25 26 17.45

3 S2 27 18.12 26-35 22 14.77

4 Others 22 14.77 35-50 27 18.12

5 High School 37 24.83 >50 49 32.89

This content information writen in the

questionarry provides to introduce the future

ecotourism development activities. To identify the

relationships between tourism variables under studied

used Pearson coefﬁcient correlation and Spearman

rho coefﬁcient correlation. The utilization of Pearson

moment coefﬁcient is attended to the variables

correlated that expressed as interval data.

Table 2: Frequency distributions of infrastructure

developments (N=149)

No Variable Category Freq. %

1. Respondent

Students/S1 45 30.2

S1 58 38.93

S2 47 31.54

Others 42 28.19

<20 45 30.2

21-25 46 30.87

26-35 42 28.19

35 - 50 47 31.54

>50 69 46.31

Internet

Agree 65 43.62

Disagree 24 16.11

Wiﬁ

Agree 53 35.57

Disagree 36 24.16

Large Bandwith

Agree 65 43.62

Disagree 24 16.11

Activity Outing track 40 26.85

Education 35 23.49

Exhibition 29 19.46

Crafting 25 16.78

5. Attraction

Outbond 50 33.56

Culture 24 16.11

Museum 28 18.79

Batik Craft 27 18.12

6. Lodging

Hotel 30 20.13

Guesthouse 40 26.85

Inn 30 20.13

Caffee / Bar 22 14.77

Saloon 22 14.77

Restaurant 65 43.62

7. Ammenity

Parking Area 64 42.95

ATM 61 40.94

Supermarket 27 18.12

Traditional market 57 38.26

Shop 25 16.78

8. Accessibility

Require roadwork 43 28.86

Lane setting 46 30.87

9. Management

Improving ecotourism 59 39.6

Traditional tourism 30 20.13

10. Sustainability

CBE 57 38.26

Outside Investment 32 21.48

As depicted in Table 2 and 3 there were

signiﬁcant positive correlation between age and

background education and the sustainability of the

Giriloyo-Cengkehan’s ecotourism development (r =

0.416, N = 149, p = 0.000, two-tailed). Positive

correlation also occured between age the community

capacity carrying (improving CBE and sustainability;

r = 0.402, N = 149, p = 0.001, two-tailed); positive

correlation between the community capacity carrying

and the improvements of CBE (r = 0.462, N = 149, p

= 0.000, two-tailed); and positive correlation between

the further involving CBE and the sustainability (r =

0.601, N = 149, p = 0.000, two-tailed).

The Spearman rho was applied during the

analyses, expressed as a rank to determine the

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

Figure 4: The volcanic rocks exposed at study area; a. Agglomerate; b. Dike; c. Altered rocks with sulphid minerals, d.

Volcanic neck; and e. Lava with collumnar joints. Those are used to deposited very close to the crater or within the crater.

Table 3: Pearsonn Correlation between respondent’s

demographic proﬁle and intending infrastructure

developments (N= 149)

1 2 3 4 5

1 Age 1

2 Background Education **0.416 1

3 Improving CBE **0.727 **0.803 1

4 Management 0.281** 0.109 0.177 1

5 Sustainbility 0.416** 0.402** 0.462** 0.601** 1

**p<0.05

relationship between education, tourism activity,

improving management and sustainability in term of

carrying community capacity. Because the variables

were on a rank scale, Spearman rank correlation

coefﬁcients were computed between the variables

(Aczel et al., 2006). The relationship of each

variable was statistically signiﬁcant, there were some

positive correlations between age, education, activity

offered in CBT management, sustainability and the

infrastructure developments (rs = 0.401, N = 149,

p < 0.000, two-tailed). There was also signiﬁcant

correlation between offering tourism activity and

community capacity carrying (rs = 0.644, N = 149,

p < 0.000, two-tailed). Table 3 also illustrates that

there was a negative correlation between background

education and its management (rs = -0.214, N = 149,

p < 0.004, two-tailed), a tourism sustainability (rs =

0.546, N = 2, p < 0.000, two-tailed). Table 4 shows

the result of Spearman correlation.

Table 4: Spearman Correlation between background of

education and community capacity carrying(N= 149)

r p

1 Background Education 0.401** 0.000

2 Tourisme offered 0.644** 0.000

3 Management -0.214** -.000

4 Infrastructure 0.546** 0.000

5 Sustainability .0.356** 0.000

**p<.05

The result of the rs showed that there were

correlations between the educational background of

the respondent, tourism activity offered, desired

management system, infrastructure development,

and the expected sustainability within the carrying

community capacity. Although, community resources

were identiﬁed as uneffective elements in building

capacity for tourism development, the ﬁndings of this

study in fact illustrate that community characteristics

can contribute to the community capacity building for

tourism development.

Design of Community-based Ecotourism at Cengkehan and Giriloyo, Wukirsari Village, Imogiri District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of

Yogyakarta

5 DISCUSSION

This study has stated that the tourism community,

which plays a role in the Giriloyo-Cengkehan

ecotourism development has signiﬁcant effects on

the local economic development, especially on the

community development effort. Two points of the

key, coming from the respondents were educational

background and age. People who have higher

education have more activate in the (eco-) tourism

development; it shows that educational background

and age have positive relationship to the community

capacity carrying. People with 26-35 years old

have more involved and responsible in ecotourism

development.

A critical element in carrying community capacity

and CBE development is deﬁned as a group of

community who able to inﬂuence policy, opinion, and

action in building BCE by their ofﬁcial role, title, and

age (seniority) in the local community. Community

management was an important element, role and

vital to successful CBE. Hence, understanding

relationship between the community characteristics

and their attempt on building CBE is important for

further planning and marketing Giriloyo-Cengkehan’s

ecotourism.

6 CONCLUSIONS

CBE is able to develop at Giriloyo-Cengkehan, by its

community characteristic; as a central of batik craft,

educational geotourism, cruising river outbond and

their traditional market. By CBE, from individual

management that is not or less effective to be more

effective in one CBE management. It also applicable

to the virtual and real marketing management, by both

real and virtual community-based ecotourism.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our greetings attend to the Ministry of Research

and High Education (RISTEKDIKTI) which was

funding the research by the ﬁrst and second years

of Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi

(PTUPT Scema) on 2018-2019. Special gratitudes

tend to the goverment of Bantul Regency, the head

and staff of Wukirsari, the Giriloyo and Cengkehan

communities, POKDARWIS, as well as FORCIB

ARYABHATA, who have provided the research

facilities, accompanied the research and gave a

variety of very warm supports. A big appreciation is

supervised to LPPM IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta for

the opportunities to reach the PTUPT grant.

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ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology