Legal Protection for Victims of Trafﬁcking Crimes from Human Rights

Aspect

Heni Susanti and Syafrinaldi

Department of Law, Universitas Islam Riau, Jln Kaharudin Nasution No.113 Marpoyan Pekanbaru – Indonesia

Keywords:

Legal Protection, Trafﬁcking, Human Rights

Abstract:

The world has divided into three tiers of protection of human trafﬁcking victims, based on the report of the

American government in 2017. Indonesia falls into the tier 2 categories, namely countries whose governments

have not fully met minimum standards in protecting victims of trafﬁcking but still have signiﬁcant efforts to

adjust these standards. The pattern women trafﬁcking begins with the manipulative stage. Prospective victims

are not given real information about the type and place where they will be employed; this makes it difﬁcult

for victims to know early on about the possible risks that will occur in the future. This paper aims to ﬁnd out

how the legal protection women trafﬁcking is viewed from the aspect of human rights and how the realization

of the form of legal protection for human trafﬁc victims. From the discussion that has been described, it can

be concluded that efforts to protect victims of human trafﬁcking crimes are a real form of protection of human

rights. Legal basis Protection of victims of trafﬁcking in persons is strictly regulated in Article 43 up to Article

55 of Law No. 21 of 2007 concerning of Trafﬁcking in Persons. To protect the victims, every province/district

in Indonesia needs to establish an integrated service center for victims and maximize all protection efforts for

them.

1 INTRODUCTION

The second largest fast growing criminal industry in

the world is the crime of trafﬁcking in persons. The

crime of human trafﬁcking is a diverse problem that

consists of fraud, coercion, coercion, and exploitation

sexual purposes as well as for forced labor purposes

(Moser, 2012).

“The UN deﬁnes approving acts of trafﬁcking in

persons namely recruitment, transportation, transfer,

handling or acceptance of people, through the protec-

tion or use of violence or other forms of coercion, ab-

duction, or decision, agreement or position of having

permission for another person, for exploitation pur-

poses. Exploitation must include, at a minimum, ex-

ploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or prac-

tices of slavery, slavery or expulsion or similar or-

gans” (Barner et al., 2014).

Every human being born into the world is a crea-

ture created by God Almighty who has the dignity.

The dignity of a human being has been attached to

Human Rights since birth and protected by statu-

tory Provisions. Human trafﬁcking is a serious crime

that violates human values and violates human rights.

Countries around the world agreed that human traf-

ﬁcking is one type of crime against humanity that

must be addressed immediately. In its development,

the United Nations has provided a deﬁnition of hu-

man trafﬁcking, The United Nations deﬁnes human

trafﬁcking as: ”The recruitment, transportation, trans-

fer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the

threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of ab-

duction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power

or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or re-

ceiving of payments or beneﬁts to achieve the consent

of a person having control over another person, for the

purpose of exploitation”.

For the most part in reality in the lives of the peo-

ple, women and children are human beings who are at

risk of being victims of trafﬁcking in persons. those

who are victims will be trafﬁcked inhumanely, gener-

ally not only for the purpose of prostitution or other

sexual exploitation, but also including exploitation,

such as forced or forced labor, slavery, or slavery-

like practices. The perpetrator of this crime recruits,

transports, transfers, conceals or receives people for

the purpose of trapping, or utilizing the victims with

all its forms with the threat of violence, the use of

violence, kidnapping, forgery, fraud, abuse of power

or position, or giving payments or beneﬁts so that

Susanti, H. and Syafrinaldi, .

Legal Protection for Victims of Trafﬁcking Crimes from Human Rights Aspect.

DOI: 10.5220/0009104301950201

In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education and Humanity (ICoSEEH 2019) - Sustainable Development in Developing Country for Facing Industrial

Revolution 4.0, pages 195-201

ISBN: 978-989-758-464-0

195

they get approval from people who control the vic-

tim. Forms of exploitation include forced labor or

forced service, slavery, and practices similar to slav-

ery, forced labor or forced service are working con-

ditions that arise through means, plans, or patterns

intended for someone to be sure that if he does not

do certain work, then he or his dependents will suffer

both physically and psychologically

In September 2017, “the number of poor people

(population with per capita expenditure per month be-

low the Poverty Line) in Indonesia reached 26.58 mil-

lion people (10.12 percent), decreasing by 1.19 mil-

lion compared to March 2017 that reached 27.77 mil-

lion people (10.64 percent)”

. This is one of the fac-

tors that causes more people to be attracted by the

false promises from trafﬁcking syndicates. Because

of the increasing economic demands, victims have no

choice in ﬁnding legal jobs. They only assume that

working abroad will make a higher amount salary

without thinking of the risks afterwards. Victims of

trafﬁcking are usually more difﬁcult to get maximum

legal protection. The government will have difﬁculty

tracing because the process is illegal and the identity

is falsiﬁed by trafﬁcking syndicates.

When viewed from a variety of factors, in gen-

eral, the victim is a very disadvantaged part. Victims

of trafﬁcking in persons are also often overlooked

in criminal justice processes.The formulation of the

problem in this paper is: what are the rules governing

legal protection for victims of trafﬁcking in terms of

human rights and how is the realization of legal pro-

tection against victims of human trafﬁcking.

2 DISCUSSION

2.1 Rules of Legal Protection for

Victims of Trafﬁcking in Persons

Based on the draft plan of the third International

Criminal Code in 1954, Slavery is included in the

13 crimes that have been established and can be sen-

tenced under international law as crimes against the

peace and security of all humanity (Hendriana et al.,

2017). The International Organization for Migration

states that since 2005 it has identiﬁed and helped vic-

tims of human trafﬁcking in Indonesia as many as

3,339 people, which almost 90% are women and more

than 25% of victims are children (Hidayat, 2013).

General Provisions in the Explanation of Law No. 21

of 2007 concerning Trafﬁcking in Persons

(https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2018/01/02)

Slavery is the condition of someone under the

ownership of another person. Humanitarian crime in

the form of slavery is the act of placing a person in

the power of another person which causes the victim

to have no choice over the work that was illegally or-

dered by others to him, so that forced to do work that

is not even in accordance with his wishes. Crimes

in trafﬁcking of women and children have increased

and developed in the form of criminal networks, both

organized and unorganized. the crime of trafﬁcking

in persons is not just an individual relationship but

also develops to other legal subjects namely compa-

nies and state administrators who abuse their author-

ity and power.

This rule regulates the scope of witness and victim

protection, especially regarding trafﬁcking in persons

as the most important aspect of the law enforcement

process, the aim being to provide basic protection for

victims and witnesses. In addition, Law No. 21 of

2007 also gives great attention to the suffering victims

as a result of criminal acts of trafﬁcking in the form

of restitution rights that must be given by perpetrators

as compensation for victims, and regulating victims’

rights to rehabilitation medical and social, repatria-

tion and reintegration must be carried out by the state,

especially for those who experience physical, psycho-

logical, and social suffering due to the crime of traf-

ﬁcking in persons

In the provisions of Article 1 of Law No. 21 of

2007 referred to: “1. Human Trafﬁcking is the act

of recruiting, transporting, storing, sending, transfer-

ring, or receiving someone with the threat of violence,

the use of violence, kidnapping, conﬁnement, forgery,

fraud , abuse of power or vulnerable position, debt

bondage or giving payments or beneﬁts, to obtain ap-

proval from the person who controls the other person,

whether done within the country or between coun-

tries, for the purpose of exploitation or causing people

to be exploited.

“Article 2 (1) Any person who recruits, trans-

ports, accommodates, dispatches, transfers, or re-

ceives someone under threat of violence, use of vi-

olence, abduction, conﬁnement, forgery, fraud, abuse

of power or vulnerable position, debt entrapment or

providing fees or beneﬁts although obtaining approval

from a person holding control over another person, for

the purpose of exploiting that person in the territory of

the Republic of Indonesia, is punished with imprison-

ment for a minimum of 3 (three) years and a maxi-

mum of 15 (ﬁfteen) years and a ﬁne of at least Rp120.

000,000.00 (one hundred twenty million rupiahs) and

a maximum of Rp.600,000,000.00 (six hundred mil-

General provisions in the Explanation of Law No. 21

of 2007 concerning the Crime of Trafﬁcking in Persons

ICoSEEH 2019 - The Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education, and Humanity

196

lion rupiahs). (2) If the action referred to in paragraph

(1) results in the exploitation of the person, then the

offender shall be subject to the same criminal offense

as referred to in paragraph (1).”

The form of repressive legal protection has re-

ferred to the rights of victims of human trafﬁcking

as regulated in Law No. 21 of 2007 concerning the

Crime of Trafﬁcking in Persons, among others: The

conﬁdentiality rights of the identity of victims of traf-

ﬁcking in persons and their families to the second de-

gree (article 44), the right to protection from threats

that endanger themselves, their souls / property (Ar-

ticle 47), the right to get restitution (article 48), the

right to get health rehabilitation, social rehabilitation,

repatriation and social reintegration from the govern-

ment (article 51).”

In order to protect witnesses and victims, each

province and regency / city must have a special ser-

vice room at the local police ofﬁce to conduct an ex-

amination at the level of investigation for witnesses

and / or victims of human trafﬁcking. It’s just that

in its implementation it still requires special attention

and hard effort to realize it in accordance with existing

rules. This is the duty and authority of the government

to optimize special services for victims.

If there are things that endanger the victim or the

family of the victim, in this case in accordance with

the provisions of article 47 of Law No.21 of 2007 con-

cerning Trafﬁcking in Persons then the police must

provide protection both before, during, and after the

case examination.

The provisions of Article 48 of Law No.21 of

2007 concerning Crime regulate the following mat-

ters:

1. Every victim of human trafﬁcking or his heirs has

the right to obtain restitution

2. Restitution as referred to in paragraph (1) in the

form of compensation for:

(a) Loss of wealth or income

(b) Suffering

tions and / or

(d) Other losses suffered by victims as a result of

trafﬁcking in persons

(e) The restitution is given and included at the

same time in the court decision about the case

of the human trafﬁcking

(f) The granting of restitution as referred to in

paragraph (1) is carried out since the decision

of the court of ﬁrst instance is imposed

(g) Restitution as referred to in paragraph can be

entrusted beforehand in the court where the

case is decided

(h) The granting of restitution shall be carried out

within 14 (fourteen) days from the date the no-

tiﬁcation of the decision which has obtained

permanent legal force is notiﬁed

(i) In the event, the offender is decided freely by

the court of appeal or cassation, the judge or-

ders the decision so that the money for the re-

fund is returned to the person concerned

In the implementation of granting restitution to the

victim is not fulﬁlled beyond the time limit referred

to in article 48 paragraph (6), the victim or his heir

notiﬁes the matter to the court. Furthermore, if the

perpetrators of the crime of trafﬁcking in persons are

unable to pay restitution, the perpetrators can be sub-

ject to a substitute sentence for a maximum of 1 (one)

year.

The provisions of Article 51 of Law No.21 of

2007 concerning the Crime of Trafﬁcking in Persons

clearly state that if victims of trafﬁcking in persons

have the right to obtain health rehabilitation, social re-

habilitation, repatriation and social reintegration from

the government if the person experiences physical or

psychological suffering due to a criminal act human

trafﬁcking. The rights of victims can be ﬁled by vic-

tims or families of victims, friends of victims, police,

escort volunteers, or social workers after the victims

report their cases or other parties report them to the

Indonesian National Police. If victims of trafﬁcking

are abroad and need legal protection due to criminal

acts of trafﬁcking in persons, then the government of

the Republic of Indonesia through its representatives

abroad must protect the personal and interests of the

victims, and try to repatriate victims to Indonesia at

the expense of the state.

2.2 Realization of Legal Protection for

Victims of Trafﬁcking in Persons

The law is the creation of the community, but at the

same time, he also created the community, so that the

law in accordance with the development of society.

This is in accordance with the opinion that ”a good

law should be in accordance with the law who live

in the community (the living law). So the law must

reﬂect the values in the society (Roy and Chaman,

2017).

Women, men and children in Indonesia who are

exploited in several sectors such as, on plantations,

including oil palm plantations; ﬁsheries, ﬁsh process-

ing and construction, and in mining and manufactur-

ing. while women are generally exploited in the do-

mestic sector and sex trafﬁcking. Victims are often

recruited to lure offers of work in restaurants, fac-

tories, or domestic workers but are actually used as

Legal Protection for Victims of Trafﬁcking Crimes from Human Rights Aspect

197

commercial sex workers. Debt bondage is very com-

mon in victims of trafﬁcking. Women and girls were

made commercial sex workers in mining operations

in Maluku, Papua and Jambi. When the state stopped

and closed prostitution on a large scale around 2014,

and another thing that happened was that the protec-

tion of women working in prostitution areas was re-

duced, this resulted in a signiﬁcant increase in vul-

nerability to sex trafﬁcking crimes in other regions,

including Bali and Papua. Children were victims of

sex trafﬁcking in Batam, Riau Islands province, and

in West Papua province in previous years. Many re-

ports show an increasing number of students and high

school students who use social media to recruit and

persuade other students, including those under the age

of 18, to commercialize sex. The Riau Islands which

borders Singapore and Bali are the destinations for

child sex tourism.

Female Trafﬁcking Crime is an act that is con-

trary to human values, dignity and human rights and

violates Human Rights so it needs to be abolished.

Women’s trafﬁcking practices have also expanded in

the form of organized crime networks, both between

countries and within the country, which pose a threat

to the people of the nation and to the norms of life

based on respect for Human Rights.

Human Rights were born before the law existed,

meaning that human rights are a basic and sacred right

that is naturally inherent in every human being un-

til the end of his life as a gift from God through the

state with existing legal rules, also formalizing human

rights to in a set of legal rules. From this position,

law becomes a sine qua non requirement in uphold-

ing human rights. Regarding human rights is one of

the sources of justice that awaits the political steps

of world leaders to enforce it (Effendi and Effendi,

2007).

Human Rights have a wide scope and cover a va-

riety of lives (Ali, 2010), as follows:

1. Everyone has the right to the protection of his per-

sonal, family, honor, dignity and property rights

2. Everyone has the right to recognition before the

law as a personal person wherever he is

3. Everyone has the right to feel safe and secure and

to protect against the threat of fear of doing or not

doing something

4. Everyone must not be disturbed which is a right

relating to personal life in his residence

5. Everyone has the right to independence and con-

ﬁdentiality in the communication relationship

through electronic means must not be disturbed,

except by order of a judge or other legitimate

power in accordance with the Law

6. Everyone has the right to be free from torture,

punishment, or mistreatment, inhumanity, en-

forced disappearance and loss of life

7. Everyone must not be arrested, suppressed, dis-

credited, ostracized, exiled or disposed of arbitrar-

ily

8. Everyone has the right to live in a safe, peace-

ful society and state, which respects, protects and

fully implements human rights and basic human

obligations as stipulated in the Law

According to Mahfud MD, the Preamble and

Body of the 1945 Constitution does not have a strong

enthusiasm in providing protection for human rights

or more embracing the desire to restrict human rights,

to be just a citizen right that must be determined in a

law made by the legislature. More explicitly, Mahfud

said, in various analyzes it was mentioned that one of

the causes of human rights violations was because our

constitution did not really elaborate on the protection

of human rights in its articles explicitly. In contrast to

Dahlan Thaib’s opinion, it would be found that there

are at least 15 human rights principles if examined in

the Preamble, Body, and Explanation, namely as fol-

lows:

1. The right to self-determination

2. Citizens’ rights

3. The equality rights in the law

4. The right to work

5. The right to a decent life

6. The right to associate

7. The right to express an opinion

8. The right to have religion

9. The right to defend the country

10. The right to get teaching

11. The right to social welfare

12. The right to freedom and independence of the ju-

diciary

13. The right to maintain cultural traditions

14. And the right to defend regional languages

Crimes under the United Nations Convention

Complementing the United Nations Transnational Or-

ganized Crime Convention, A / 55/383, or the UN

Trafﬁcking Protocol, Palermo 2000 determined by the

General Assembly on 2 November,2000 is trafﬁcking

in Persons Shall mean the recruitment, transportation,

transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means

of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of

fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a po-

sition of vulnerability to obtain consent of a person

ICoSEEH 2019 - The Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education, and Humanity

198

having control over another person, for the purpose

of exploitation. “Exploitation shall include, at a mini-

mum, the exploitation of the prostitution of sexual ex-

ploitation, the practice is similar to slavery, servitude

or removal of organs”

The last calculation from the Global Slavery In-

dex conducted by the Walk Free Foundation in 2014

estimated that 35.8 million people consisted of men,

women and children who were victims of trafﬁcking

in persons around the world. Then a survey conducted

by ILO (International Labor Organization) from 2001

to 2005 there were around 12.3 million people be-

come victims of human trafﬁcking, and in 2012 it in-

creased to 20.9 million people

. In 2013, the United

States Trafﬁcking in Person (TIP) reported that there

were around 27 million people, both men, women

and children who were victims of human trafﬁcking

crimes. US Department of State, 2013 Trafﬁcking in

Persons Report

From the table above, it can be explained that the

number of victims of human trafﬁcking handled by

IOM is very large, namely 6748 victims. This is a

proof that the existence of Law No.21 of 2007 con-

cerning the crime of human trafﬁcking has not been

maximized, so that there is a need for maximum effort

to be carried out by all components in the commu-

nity, both by law enforcement ofﬁcials, institutions,

and the public.

In the framework of protecting human rights

against victims of human trafﬁcking, the govern-

ment is still working minimally to prevent trafﬁck-

ing in persons. Most prevention efforts are carried

out at the district or city and provincial levels; fund-

ing and activities are carried out by different task

forces in each region. The task force of national anti-

trafﬁcking in persons, under the auspices of the Min-

istry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protec-

tion, held several meetings during the reporting pe-

riod and adopted a National Action Plan for 2015-

2019 to eradicate human trafﬁcking. National meet-

ings and action plans focus on improving the reha-

bilitation and reintegration services for the victims

and restoring the coordination between government

ministries and other stakeholders. With the support

of international donors and NGOs, Women’s Em-

powerment and Child Protection and the local gov-

ernment designed a trafﬁcking awareness campaign

UN Convention Against Transnational Organized

Crime Protocol and Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Pun-

ish Trafﬁcking in Person, Especially Women and Chil-

dren Supplementing the Transnational Organized Crime

UN Convention, 2000 ; 383

http://www.ilo.org/

http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt /index.htm

to inform citizens about immigration practices and

safe recruitment procedures. In addition, Women’s

Empowerment and Child Protection has established

25 new anti-trafﬁcking in persons task forces at

the regional level, and together with NGOs it pro-

vides professional-based training and scholarships for

women and school-aged children living in communi-

ties that are targeted for recruitment to reduce their

vulnerability to human trafﬁcking. Nevertheless, hu-

man trafﬁcking Task Force itself is still in lack of op-

erational funds and dependent on the relevant ministry

funding contributions. Lack of funding in the task

force in the regions and weak internal coordination

among task forces at the regional and national levels

often obstruct the anti-trafﬁcking efforts. Women’s

Empowerment and Child Protection and local gov-

ernment received funding support from international

donor organizations and NGOs to design and imple-

ment campaigns to increase awareness of human traf-

ﬁcking in order to inform citizens about immigration

practices and safe recruitment procedures. In Novem-

ber 2015, for the ﬁrst time, the Ministry of Manpower

launched 18 service centers in the villages of origin of

migrant workers to increase people’s vigilance of hu-

man trafﬁcking. These service centers receive fund-

ing and human resources assistance from the gov-

ernment to provide anti-trafﬁcking campaign material

for prospective migrant workers, economic empower-

ment programs for at-risk youth, and other care and

services for victims

The shortcomings in structural components are

obstacles to the protection of victims of human traf-

ﬁcking. The lack of maximum efforts to protect vic-

tims of human trafﬁcking can be seen

as follows:

1. The lack of commitment from law enforcement

ofﬁcials to resolve cases of human trafﬁcking

2. The lack of government commitment in funding

that the budget for victims of human trafﬁcking

has not been fully adequate

3. The lack of service personnel with a psychologist

background

4. The lack of increase in human resources through

service ofﬁcers, so that not many ofﬁcers are com-

petent in performing services

5. The lack of post-treatment empowerment budget

Annual Report on Trafﬁcking in Persons, US Em-

bassies and Consulates in Indonesia, 2016

IOM Indonesia, Response to the Ratiﬁcation Plan of

ASEAN Convention Against Trafﬁcking in Person Espe-

cially Women and Children (ACTIP), Paper was presented

at the FGD for Finalizing the Preparation of Academic

Scripts, ofﬁcial translation by ACTIP-Bogor 2016

Legal Protection for Victims of Trafﬁcking Crimes from Human Rights Aspect

199

Table 1: Table of victims of Human Trafﬁcking who were assisted by International Organization of Migration (IOM)

Nationality

Frequency Total

Woman Man

Children Adults Children Adults

Indonesian 953 4976 166 653 6748

Burmese 0 0 9 1324 1333

Cambodian 0 2 66 296 304

Thai 0 0 1 77 78

Laotian 0 0 0 13 13

Grand Total 953 4978 182 2363 8476

Source : IOM Indonesia : 2016

Substantial problems are also seen in Law No. 31

of 2014 which is the result of renewal of the previous

Law, namely the provisions of Law No. 13 of 2006.

There have been changes, however, the government

regulation no.44 of 2008 concerning the provision of

compensation, restitution and assistance has still not

been revoked and renewed. Next is the provisions of

Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning amendments to Law

No.23 of 2002 about child protection which does not

specify about how to protect children who are the vic-

tims of human trafﬁcking (Fadila, 2015).

The pattern of trafﬁcking in women begins with

the manipulative stage. Prospective victims are not

given options about what their jobs are and the risks.

Usually they are taken out of town and promised high-

paying jobs. Sometimes by brokers, victims and their

families have been asked for money or given debt sta-

tus. In the second stage, victims are taken and forced

to live in a very inappropriate shelter. Their identity

cards and money are taken so that they cannot escape.

Then, the victim is transferred from one broker to an-

other, followed by a payment transaction. At the next

stage, the victims are employed as unskilled laborers,

commercial sex workers for the entertainment busi-

ness and military purposes; they were also involved

in drug trafﬁcking (narcotics), forced to work as beg-

gars, involved in selling babies, and so on. At this

stage they often experience violence, abuse, or rape.

Because of identity forgery, it is difﬁcult to track the

whereabouts of victims (Irianto, 2006).

The victims of human trafﬁcking usually do not

have access to get the rights they are supposed to

have. They become victims in several stages start-

ing from the recruitment process to post-trafﬁcking.

In fact, many of them preferred to return home with-

out completing legal proceedings until the case was

completed. The victims prefer to go back to their

hometown because in the judicial process it takes a

long time, while they need money to cover their liv-

ing costs. The government and police, in terms of

funding, do not really help them. This is due to an in-

sufﬁcient budget to cover all the needs of victims for a

long time. This is what causes them to feel aggrieved

many times.

Another problem that arises is when victims are in

a position where they have to give testimony that can

affect their psychological state. They must recall the

atrocities committed by the perpetrators, both phys-

ically and psychologically. In this case, the victim

needs to get legal and psychological assistance to re-

store their condition, so that they can lead a normal

life.

In order to optimize case disclosure and law en-

forcement, real legal protection is the right of victims

of human trafﬁcking. If a case of trafﬁcking has not

been revealed, this means that it will result in difﬁ-

culties in not being able to identify the victims. This

causes them to not be able to get full rights to the pro-

tection that should be obtained. Efforts to protect vic-

tims are a manifestation of protection of human rights

that should be inherent and can be felt by everyone

who becomes a victim of trafﬁcking.

The social community also has a role in assisting

efforts to prevent and handle victims of human traf-

ﬁcking. They can provide all information that they

know to report the existence of a human trafﬁcking to

law enforcement or the authorities. In addition, the

community can also participate in taking care of the

victims.

3 CONCLUSIONS

If seen substantially, the national instrument govern-

ing the crime of trafﬁcking in persons is quite good.

The rights of victims are regulated in the provisions

of Article 46 to Article 55 of Law No.21 of 2007 con-

cerning Crime of Trafﬁcking in Persons. In fact, this

is still not maximally implemented due to several fac-

tors that inﬂuence it, including the level of readiness

ICoSEEH 2019 - The Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education, and Humanity

200

and knowledge of law enforcement ofﬁcials who have

not been maximal in providing services to victims of

human trafﬁcking. In the framework of protecting hu-

man rights against victims of human trafﬁcking, the

government is still not excreting adequate effort pre-

vent human trafﬁcking. Most prevention efforts have

been carried out at the district/city and provincial lev-

els; funding and activities are carried out by different

task forces in each region. Protection of victims of

human trafﬁcking still requires special attention from

the government and law enforcement ofﬁcials and the

public. This needs to be done in order to optimize

performance by task forces already established by the

government.

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