Morphology of Talang Mamak Tribe Dialect at Indragiri Regency of

Riau Province, Indonesia

Seno H. Putra

English Department, Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Keywords:

Linguistic, Indragiri Hulu, Communication.

Abstract:

This is a study of aspects of dialect used by Talang Mamak tribe, a minority of Indragiri Hulu regency, Riau

province. The problems of this study, namely, the processes of morphology that pertain to nominal and verbal

constructions and interact with the syntax of TM. The design of this study was based on the methodology of

qualitative linguistic research. The approach used in this study is to describe and analyze linguistic corpora,

where in conducting this study, the researcher directly went to the ﬁeld to collect the data through informal

communication and interaction with the TM speakers as well as through formal elicitation and recording

sessions. The contribution of this study was for linguistic ﬁeld, and for the basis of the study of TM in

the aspects of morphology. Besides, from the analysis and ﬁndings of this study obtained the current forms of

morphology and a few examples of its sentences of syntax processes of TM. Moreover, the results of this study

also indicated both similarities and differences among other dialects in the border of Indragiri Hulu regency,

particularly, and Riau province generally, including Borneo and other dialects of Sumatera. for examples, the

similarities and differences among other dialects: Sakai, Bonai, Suku Laut, Rengat, Kampar, Taluk Kuantan,

in Riau province; while, Berau in Borneo, and Jambi malay language, Nias dialect in Sumatera, and Jakarta

dialect, and what the future appears to hold for tm dialect, of course, needs to be followed up.

1 INTRODUCTION

Not many people know about the Talang Mamak, an

ethnic group in eastern Sumatra, Indonesia, who still

live in the interior of the Indragiri Hulu regency in

the Riau Province of Indonesia. However, both cul-

ture and language can be investigated and developed,

in order to contribute to the world-wide society. Until

now, however, many people, including linguists and

anthropologists, have not yet investigated the unique

characteristics of the Talang Mamak group. Although

there have been a few scholars who have investigated

these phenomena, the results have not been substan-

tial. We note here only the studies by Sugio Hadi

and Dalami Kari and Abdullah Manan and Syahda-

nur (n.d) (Collins, 1995), especially on the words of

Talang Mamak dialect, and Sulaiman a little focused

on the Structure of Talang Mamak dialect.

Indeed, there are some areas of the Riau Province

where the studies of dialects have been done with

much scholarly attention. The results of those stud-

ies are available not only to examine basic concepts

and to assist in the development of the dialects them-

selves, but the studies could also contribute towards

research, particularly by those who are interested in

language studies. Among the studies are, for exam-

ple, dialects of coastal areas in the Riau Archipelago

(Putra, ), the dialects of orang Laut in the Riau

Archipelago (Suwardi, 1986), the dialects of Kam-

par (Dahlan, 1983), the Morphology of the Rengat

dialect of Indragiri Hulu (Seno, 1998) and Morpho-

logical system of Bonai dialect (Ruswan, 1983).

Nonetheless, among Malay dialects little is known

about Talang Mamak. However, according to Collins

(Collins, 1998), the dialects of minority people must

be researched, because the dialects of tribal people,

geographically split from mainstream social condi-

tions, often display archaic elements of language, es-

pecially in vocabulary and morphology, and these ele-

ments may be useful for explaining features and clas-

siﬁcation of other dialects.

But, until today we still must ask: Why has the

Talang Mamak dialect never been investigated? Why

has it gotten less attention from regional or foreign

scholars? Why have scholars been focused on the

study of only some Malay dialects, especially in the

parts of the Malay heartland, including in Riau itself,

but not on the dialects of Talang Mamak, also a part

216

Putra, S.

Morphology of Talang Mamak Tribe Dialect at Indragiri Regency of Riau Province, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009105002160223

In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education and Humanity (ICoSEEH 2019) - Sustainable Development in Developing Country for Facing Industrial

Revolution 4.0, pages 216-223

ISBN: 978-989-758-464-0

of the Malay heartland? In other words, some schol-

ars have been focused on the culture of TM, but only

a few on the dialects of TM speciﬁcally.

With these questions in mind, the researcher has

chosen to investigate the Talang Mamak dialect, es-

pecially focusing on the Morphology. There is an-

other dialect, in this region, which has already been

thoroughly researched, namely Rengat dialect (Seno,

1998), so this study will focus only on Talang Mamak,

henceforth called TM. Geographically, Riau includes

many variants of Malay that display differences and

similarities from one area to the other, of course, all

these dialects are part of the Malay language. There-

fore, the focus of this research is on language use in

some what informal settings, necessarily a dialect is

the appropriate topic. As noted above, the TM dialect

will form the basis of this study, or the main problem

of this study is about the Morphology of TM dialect

will be the main focused of this study.

2 RESEARCH PROBLEMS

The problems of this study can be formulated in two

broad questions. First, what are the processes of mor-

phology that pertain to nominal and verbal construc-

tions of TM? Second, how do morphological pro-

cesses interact with the syntax of TM?. In this study,

the researcher does not intend to report on all aspects

of TM. Instead, this study is limited to the formula-

tion of the problems (research problem) stated above

and so that they can be investigated and analysed in

depth. This has implications for what is to be investi-

gated and how this study is to be conducted. Conse-

quently, the main purpose of this study is to discover

and describe the Morphology of TM dialect, partic-

ularly in the aspects of nominal and verbal construc-

tions of TM, and the morphological processes that in-

teract with the syntax of TM.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This study uses a descriptive approach to collect,

identify and describe the components of the morphol-

ogy of TM. Since the components or the aspects of

Morphology of TM are broad, this study is focused

on only three tasks. First, to ﬁnd out and describe

the processes of afﬁxation morphology, particularly

in the formation of nouns and verbs. Second, to ﬁnd

out and describe the processes of between the pro-

cesses of morphology and those of sentence structure

in TM. Although the aim of this study is to ﬁnd and

describe the Morphology of TM, by using a descrip-

tive approach, this study also begins with the hypothe-

ses of the study.

The hypotheses of this study can be explained in

three statements. First, there is a relationship between

TM and other Malay variants. Second, there is a dif-

ference between TM and the other dialects of other

area, including the variants spoken by other minority

people in Sumatra, such as Kubu, Sakai, Suku Laut,

and Bonai. Third, there are similarities between TM

and the dialects of the other areas, including the lan-

guages or dialects of Kubu, Sakai, Suku Laut, and

Bonai. Based on the three hypotheses above, there-

fore, this study, at least, can contribute to explain-

ing the relationships that exist between TM and other

Sumatra dialects, including Kubu, Sakai, Suku Laut,

Bonai by delineating the similarities and differences

among them.

As stated above with respect to the purpose of this

study, this study is aimed at ﬁnding out and describ-

ing aspects of the Morphology of TM, but the results

of this study can also contribute to further research,

particularly because the study of TM in the aspects of

Morphology that has not been much researched yet by

scholars until now. With clear understanding of TM

Morphology, Thus, this study can also contribute to

those who are interested in conducting research about

the Malay language, especially the dialects of minor-

ity people like TM, and the results of this study can

contribute to linguistic studies.

The design of this study is based on the method-

ology of qualitative linguistic research. The approach

used in this study is to describe and analyse linguistic

corpora, because, in carrying out this study, the re-

searcher directly went to the ﬁeld to collect the data

through informal communication and interaction with

the Talang Mamak dialect speakers as well as through

formal elicitation and recording sessions. These ef-

forts were undertaken became the main work of a

linguist who wishes to analyse linguistic data found

from the informants in the ﬁeld. In short, the pur-

pose of studying a dialect is to acquire accurate data

through natural communication in the language in use

(Bogdan, 1982) (Punch, 2001).

In this study, although the researcher directly went

to the ﬁeld, the researcher also used a Talang Ma-

mak assistant, especially to communicate and inter-

act with the TM dialect speakers. During the ﬁeld

work, the researcher encountered difﬁculties in ac-

quiring the data from the TM dialect speakers. The

TM dialect speakers were very shy not only to talk

freely, but also, they were reluctant to face and meet

with an outsider, or someone who was not yet known

to them. Therefore, in order to get the data for this

Morphology of Talang Mamak Tribe Dialect at Indragiri Regency of Riau Province, Indonesia

217

linguistic corpus, the researcher was usually accom-

panied by the village head, Kumantan, a 51 year old

man appointed village head by the Indonesian gov-

ernment. Its role in the ﬁeld was to assist the re-

searcher to obtain the data, by persuading the TM di-

alect speakers to communicate either with him or with

other TM speakers, so the verbal intonation could be

noted and tape-recorded.

In addition to the ﬁeld assistant, the researcher

also used two other assistants to obtain the data in

the ﬁeld. The two other assistants were indigenous

TM people who have interacted more frequently with

other people in Seberida; moreover, they had higher

education, for example, one assistant was a junior

high school graduate and the other a senior high

school graduate. Those assistants, furthermore, still

maintained proﬁciency in and knowledge of their own

language and culture. The two assistants helped the

researcher gather the linguistic data from the infor-

mants in the ﬁeld and then acted as translators and

assistants for the transcriptions of the data. They also

assisted in the descriptive analysis of the discourse of

the TM dialect.

During the elicitation sessions, the researcher and

Kumantan asked the informants to speak freely, for

example, about their daily activities, their experi-

ences, or about the TM social and cultural problems.

By using such a research design, and become the re-

searcher was accompanied by the village head (Ku-

mantan), the researcher was able to acquire the data

smoothly. Because Kumantan is a person honored by

the TM people, ﬁeldwork was made possible by his

participation. Moreover, local tradition requires that

every researcher or an outsider who wants to visit or

investigate the TM people must report with Kuman-

tan. It must be admitted that the presence of the im-

portant local leader and the researcher himself may

have had an important or the data collected. The other

informants serve as translators to explain the texts and

data obtained in the ﬁeld. These texts were written

that is transcribed, then the informants translated the

texts of TM into Indonesian.

3.1 Selecting the TM Informants

The population chosen for this study was the Talang

Mamak society in the Seberida district. However,

since the population of this minority people is rather

large, perhaps 6,983 people (Inhu, 1992), only 15 per-

sons were selected as informants, representatives of

the population of the whole Talang Mamak society.

15 persons of TM society as a sample of the whole

of TM in Seberida district, these informants were se-

lected based on the criteria, for example, age, sex,

level of education, the use of dialect, and reduced con-

tact with outsiders. The characteristics of selected in-

formants are as follows: There were 7 women and 8

men whose ages were between 30 to 50 years. The

researcher chose these informants, because they were

able to communicate ﬂuently, that is, they were able to

use the linguistic elements of their language in daily

communicative use.

Although this is a small sample used in this study,

the most important thing is how the linguistic data

was acquired based on the speech of TM speakers.

In this case, as (Labov, 1970) was of the opinion that

in linguistic research, the researcher may use only one

informant to obtain a linguistic corpus in the ﬁeld. In

addition to this, the were reasons for only taking 15

informants in this study. First, these informants were

broadly representative of TM population still settled

in the Indragiri Hulu regency. Second, the Seberida

district is a part of regency where a relatively large

number of TM people live rather than other areas

of Indragiri Hulu, such as Rengat Barat district and

Keloyang district. Third, the TM people in Seberida,

as well as Rengat Barat, and Keloyang districts until

now have not been researched by any scholars, par-

ticularly with respect to their dialects and culture; so,

even this small sample of 15 speakers, it will be possi-

ble to shed light on a larger problem. Only two dialect

speakers completed elementary school; while the oth-

ers had no formal education. This seems to reﬂect

the general level of education among two aged thirty

years old above.

As shown above, only two dialect speakers com-

pleted elementary school; while the others had no for-

mal education. This seems to reﬂect the general level

of education among those aged thirty years and above.

Moreover, two TM speakers who had formal educa-

tion has a little different knowledge from other speak-

ers. In this case, he is also a Shaman (Bomo) in the

TM people. Therefore, he was usually asked by the

TM people to treat sick people (traditional medicine),

particularly in the Talang Jerinjing. Mawan is the un-

cle of Panjatan who was replaced him to be a Shaman

for the TM people. In order to treat sick people, they

usually interact with other people out of TM people,

so that they are also able to use another dialect, espe-

cially Rengat dialect. So, although these speakers of

TM are also able to use another dialect, for example,

Rengat dialect, they still maintained their own dialect,

that is, TM dialect used in daily life.

All these informants were chosen for this research

project, because they were indigenous people of TM;

in their daily activities, they use their own dialect

and culture. They apparently have not been signif-

icantly inﬂuenced by other dialects and cultures in

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218

the broader society, in this case, for example, the

dialects of Rengat, Taluk Kuantan, Indragiri Hilir,

Kubu, Pelalawan, and Minang. Geographically, these

areas are also close to the area of TM society. To

prove that these informants were not inﬂuenced by

other dialects, ﬁrstly, the researcher asked them to

communicate with TM dialect; the second one was

the researcher asked them to pronounce the things,

such as a part of the body and the furnitures in their

houses (the researcher pointed something, then still

use TM dialect; and the third one was the researcher

asked the village head of TM to choose the TM in-

formants who are never out of, or never interact with

other community. In other words, all these informants

of this study still live in their own village and commu-

nity. In short, they were really indigenous people of

TM who were selected to be the sample of this study.

3.2 Building the TM Corpus

There were two major procedures to develop and ex-

pand the TM corpus used for this study. First, data

were obtained by asking each speaker of TM to speak

freely about his/her experiences and daily activities.

Sometimes he/she was also asked to speak about the

traditional lifestyles of the TM community. These

monoloques were recorded and later transcribed to

develop a corpus of discourse reﬂecting the complex-

ities of the morphology and syntax of TM. The sec-

ond major procedure was more formal and involved

the use of a tested research instrument. Collins devel-

oped a lexical questionnaire of 465 items (in Malay

and Indonesian) used as a survey instrument in Bor-

neo. This rather long questionnaire, an elaboration of

the Swadesh 200-item wordlist, is based on both se-

mantic ﬁelds (plants, animals, body parts, both tech-

nology) as well as word classes (verbs, adjectives, nu-

merals, pronouns). By eliciting the items of this ques-

tionnaire, the researcher gained familiarity with the

phonological and morphological systems of TM.

Furthermore, in this study the researcher used

two mechanical devices to support the acquiring of

the data. First, a small cassette tape recorder was

used to record informal communication, for example,

at home or in shops, and more formal speech acts,

such as ritual ceremonies of the TM society. Such

techniques have been used by thousands of scholars

(Labov, 1975) and (Stubbs, 1994). Second, a camera

was used to take photographs showing the conditions

of TM society in the Seberida district. This was in-

tended only as a documentation of the study.

3.3 Field Collection Method

As noted above, the researcher collected the data in

the ﬁeld. Some informants (speakers) were asked to

speak freely, and were recorded. On other occassions,

however, two or more speakers were asked to talk to

each other about their daily activities and experiences.

This technique has been used for several decades in

the study of Malay dialects. As (Collins, 1987) stated,

“two native speakers at the same village are asked to

talk about their own daily activities (what they like

to talk about), for example, ﬁshing, and so on”. As

these talks are recorded, the researcher can become

involved in communicative interactions.

The initial visit was to select a research site, ob-

serve potential informants and contact the chief assis-

tant, Kumantan; Subsegment visits were undertaken

to make recordings as well as to elicit the question-

naire discussed. Each of the data collection visits

were day-long trips to speciﬁc location in the ﬁeld. As

Salimi (Salimi, 1991), the data for this research were

gathered mainly in face to face interviews and conver-

sations with speakers (informants). This means that

the procedures for investigating the nature of phono-

logical and morphological variants in a given commu-

nity involved the technique of elicitation data, such

as interviews, use of questionnaires. Moreover, the

interview method and participant observation proce-

dures have the advantage of enabling the researcher

to directly observe the actual quality of relationship

that exist within the informants; while questionnaires

approach is to construct the information.

“... The interview is one of the main data collec-

tion tools in qualitative research. It is a very good way

of accessing people’s perceptions, meanings, deﬁni-

tions of situations and constructions of reality. It is

also one of the most powerful ways we have of under-

standing others, and interview has a wide variety of

forms and a multiplicity of uses, as well as the most

common type of interviewing is individual, face to

face, or face to face group verbal interchange (Punch,

2001)”. In other words, in order to understand other

persons constructions of reality, we would do well to

ask them in such a way that they can tell us in their

terms and in depth which addresses the rich context

that is the substance of their meanings.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

In order to analyse the data obtained from the infor-

mants in the ﬁeld, four techniques were used. First,

the spoken data of the linguistic corpus were tran-

scribed into semi- phonemic texts. Second, the re-

searcher tried to ﬁnd out and describe the questions

Morphology of Talang Mamak Tribe Dialect at Indragiri Regency of Riau Province, Indonesia

219

of the formulation of the problems of the study; for

example, (1) the question of the process of morphol-

ogy formation in the aspects of nouns, verbs, and

adjectives of the TM dialect; (2) the researcher at-

tempted to ﬁnd the relationship between the morphol-

ogy processes and the sentence structure of TM di-

alect. Lastly, all the transcribed data described into

the texts were re-read and re-examined to ensure the

accuracy, validity, and reliability of the linguistic cor-

pus of the Morphology of the TM dialect. Conse-

quently, to re-examine all of the transcribed data, the

researcher used one of his assistants to read and trans-

late the material into Indonesian. In the data analysis

of TM dialect speakers, in this case, the researcher

and the assistants worked together in both collect-

ing data from TM dialect speakers and analysing the

data, especially to translate from TM dialect into local

Malay or Indonesian. Moreover, if the researcher en-

countered difﬁculties about the meaning of TM words

or structures, the assistants usually helped to translate

these words and structures.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of this study is focused to the main prob-

lems of this research, that is; ﬁrst, the processes of

morphology that pertain to nominal and verbal con-

structions of TM dialect; Second, the morphological

processes involved in inﬂectional and derivational af-

ﬁxes in TM; and third, the morphological processes

interact with the syntax of TM. The examples of TM

dialect are presented below.

4.1 Morphological Process

4.1.1 Preﬁxation Forms

a) Preﬁxation That Yields Nouns

Preﬁx {pa-} combines with adjective forms to be-

come ‘a person characterized by the base. Some af-

ﬁxes that yiled nominal forms have been identiﬁed,

although only a few of them appear frequently. The

preﬁx pa-is attached to any base form, functions to

form nominal. The meaning of this preﬁx indicates

someone who is characterised by the base. For exam-

ple, /cadi?/ becomes /pacadi?/ ‘a clever person’; /m

⊃ tε?/ becomes /pam⊃ tε?/ ’a beautiful person’, and

the allomorph of {p∂N-} also appeared in the TM di-

alect determined by the initial sound of the roots, for

example, vowel /i/, /e/ and consonants /b/, /m/, and

/s/ to form nominal form in the TM dialect. Accord-

ing to the categories of words, only a few word bases

of adjective and verb forms which can form nominal

forms in the TM dialect. For example, /inaη/ becomes

/p∂inaη/’ a nursemaid, /ekaτ/ /becomes /paηekat/ ‘a

binding,etc.

b) Preﬁxation That Yields Verbs

The preﬁx {pa-} can be added to a verbal base to

yield a causative verbs, where this preﬁx derived from

verbal, nominal, and adjective base forms indicating

transitivity or action of the word forms. For exam-

ple, the preﬁx {pa-} verbal form in /tampu/ becomes

/patampu/ ’to cause someone to be learner’, /inca?/

becomes /painca?/ to cause someone to be a joke’,etc.

c) Preﬁx ba-.

Preﬁx {ba-} 1.This preﬁx combines with verbal base

forms to form intransitive verbal. The grammat-

ical meaning of the derived can be ‘a stative as-

pects’, or may be glossed as characterised by the

verb base. For example, /b∂ka/ becomes /b∂b∂ka/‘to

burn, /gυgυ?/ becomes /bgυgυ?/ ‘to pickle‘, /j∂w∂l/

becomes /b∂j∂w∂ l/ ’to sell’.,etc. The preﬁx {b∂-}

derived from nominal bases that can change to be-

come ‘intransitive verbs’ indicating ‘an activity’ with-

out any objects following the base forms. Example,

/υbετ/ becomes /b∂υbετ/ to take medicine, /paγan/ be-

comes /b∂paγan/ ’to have a ﬂoor’,etc.

d) Preﬁx di-

The preﬁx {di-}1 is a verb forming with verb base

acts as both category changing and category main-

taining. In this construction, it functions as a ’pas-

sive voice’. /anta?/ becomes /dianta?/’ to be collided

into /jidai/ becomes /dijidai/ ’to be struct’. The preﬁx

{di-}2 also modiﬁes ‘passive voice’, the meaning of

this construction as an action of the person. Example,

/kapεη/ becomes /dikapεη/’to be chipped’,etc.

e) Preﬁx k∂-

This preﬁx combined with verbal bases denote ei-

ther active intransitive or transitive verbs, which

have meaning as an event or unpredictable. Exam-

ples,/santa?/ becomes /k∂santa?/ ‘to stumble ‘ and

/l⊃ηkap/ becomes /k∂l⊃ηkap/ ’to provide’.

f) Preﬁx ta-

Verbal bases are formed with this preﬁx denote in-

transitive or transitive verbal roots, and the meanings

of this preﬁx are accidental, or agentless and unex-

pected.Examples, /campa?/’to fall ’ / tacampa?/ to fall

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220

down /tataga?/ to stand up’. Others take the preﬁx t∂-/

in TM dialect as /t∂kumpol/ ’to collect’.

g) Preﬁx maN- +transitive verbs

This preﬁx functions as transitive verb marker ex-

pressing dynamic or progressive action, for example,

/gaγεη becomes m∂gaγεη’to fry’. The allomorph of

{m-} of the morpheme {maN-} and their morpho-

phonemic alternations, such as /mb∂nta? ’to snap’

mb∂nta?/ ’to snap at’. The other preﬁx {maN-}2

also appeared in TM dialect to yield statives verb

indicating intransitive verb, i.e., /bumb⊃η ’be big’

/mbumb⊃η ’to be big’.

h) Preﬁx s∂-

This preﬁx can be formed with noun and adjective,

i.e., /tiηgi/ ’high’/ becomes /s∂tiηgi/’to be very high’,

another one indicates ‘location’ etc., /b⊃la/ ’next’ be-

comes /⊃la/ ‘to be next’.

4.1.2 Sufﬁxation Forms

The morphological process attached at the end of

roots or stems of a language (King, 1968; Sturte-

vant, 1973). In this study only two kind of sufﬁxes

found in TM dialect denoting category maintaining or

category-changing if they co-occurs with verb base.

For example, the sufﬁx {-an} added to the verb base

indicates a repeated activity, like /c⊃l⊃p/ ’to dip’ be-

comes /c⊃l⊃pan/ ’to cause someone to dip some-

thing’,while sufﬁx {-i}functions as ‘passive transi-

tive’ and denotes a complete action done by someone,

such as /ulah/ becomes /ulahi/ ‘be acted’.

4.1.3 Circumﬁxed Forms

a) The circumﬁx {pa-an} interacts with verbal forms

to yield abstract or general nouns, i.e., /tampa?/

’to appear’ becomes patampa?/ ’appearance’,

while {paN-an} interacts with verbal forms indi-

cate a place where the process occurs, i.e., /tili?/

becomes / panili?an/ ’the place where the one can

peer, a peephole’.

b) The circumﬁx {maN-an} denotes a process of do-

ing something repeatedly, and the verbal roots

yield transitive verbs. Examples, /taga?/ becomes

/managa?an/ ’to make something erect’; while

{m∂N-i} functions as active transitive, and gram-

matically links ‘an agent’ with the result of the

action, i.e., /sudah/to be /m∂πudahi/ ’to ﬁnish’.

c) The circumﬁx {m∂N-i} functions as active transi-

tive, and grammatically links ‘an agent’, with the

result of the action. Forexample, /sudah/ becomes

/ m∂πudahi/ ’to ﬁnish’.

d) The circumﬁx {di-an} derived from the variety

of roots, like nouns, verbs, and adjective bases.

The function of this circumﬁx denotes the passive

voice, and it means that someone acts something

from the base. Example, /b∂γ∂t/ to be /dib∂γ∂tan/

’to be heavy’.While, {di-i} indicating ‘passive

transitive’, where someone acts something de-

rived from the base, such as /ulah/ to be /diulahi/

‘to be acted’. Besides the circumﬁxes above, the

TM also has circumﬁx {s∂-an}. The meaning of

the word forms may be glossed as ‘sameness in

property, or state. See example, /j∂ηk∂l/ becomes

/s∂j∂ηk∂lan/ ’span’.

4.2 The Role of Morphology in

Transitive Sentences

4.2.1 Active Transitive Sentences

In TM dialect, active transitive sentence is the sen-

tence whose subject functions as ‘an agent’ or an ac-

tor’. In other words, active transitive sentences in TM

dialect consist of ‘noun phrase as a subject’ and ‘verb

phrase as a predicate’. Moreover, the constructions of

TM dialect in active transitive sentences are mostly

the same forms as other Malay dialects or Malay lan-

guage. This means that the structure of these sen-

tences are almost the same forms as the dialects sur-

rounded it, for examples, Rengat dialect, Pelalawan

dialect, Taluk Kuantan dialect, etc.

1. d k∂lau batεn to? m∂πudahi gawaie

if village head for pre+ﬁnish wedding party.

As for the village head, it is he who concludes a

wedding party.

2. dnan palεη utam∂ γuma tu kayue

That most important pre+make house that wood.

The most important thing about building a house

is wood.

4.2.2 Passive Transitive Sentences

In TM dialect, passive sentences can be constructed

with two kinds of forms based on their structure: one

with using ‘dε‘ as prepositional phrase in one di-

rect object, and another one without ‘prepositional

phrase’. Example, (1) d aku diawai dε? sandale ‘I

pre+slip by sandal (I tripped on a sandal), and [iπe

dililit buah j∂γγεη] ‘he pre+twist fruit j∂γγεη (he is

twisted by jereng).

Morphology of Talang Mamak Tribe Dialect at Indragiri Regency of Riau Province, Indonesia

221

4.3 The Role of Morphology in

Intransitive Sentences

A few of verbal bases function as intransitive forms

denoting ‘an action of the verb in the subject’, where

the predicate is not followed by an object, except ‘an

adverb of place’. Here we present preﬁx {m∂N-}

and its allomorphs. For example, [γuma summon lagi

na? m∂π∂b⊃la sitaw] ‘house summon again want

pre+besides there (Sumon’s house is on the side over

there)., etc.

4.4 Stative Sentences with Preﬁxes

Stative verb is one that is not normally used in pro-

gressive tense. Most stative verbs refer to ‘state’, not

to actions or events (Swan, 1988). From the inves-

tigated data, the several forms of stative intransitive

sentences were found in this dialect. The stative sen-

tences, in the TM dialect, express the condition in

which somebody or something in circumstances.

4.5 Reﬂexive Sentences

The reﬂexive sentence is a combination of –self with

one of the personal pronouns or with the impersonal

pronoun one. The reﬂexive pronoun generally refers

to an animate being, usually a person. The most com-

mon use of the reﬂexive pronoun is an object that ‘re-

ﬂects back’ to the subject. Example, /βατEv SuγαN

βυlεh m∂ηhuk⊃mηe / head may pre + sentence he

alone ‘ the head of village himself may sentence him’.

4.6 Reciprocal Sentences with Preﬁxes

Reciprocal sentence is the sentence which refers to

‘given’ and ‘received’ in return an mutual, or it ex-

presses mutual action or relation from one to another

(Thomson, 1987). Example,p∂patah bolom kalah

m∂ηalah / ‘proverbs not pre + defeat’ ‘ proverbs have

not even been defeated or formed short’ .etc.

5 CONCLUSION

In the morphological processes of TM dialect include

preﬁxes, sufﬁxes, and circumﬁxes. The preﬁxes en-

compasses preﬁxation that yields nouns and verbs;

while, sufﬁx consists of sufﬁxation forms, such as suf-

ﬁx {-an} and {-i}.In the section of inﬂectional and

derivational constructions, i.e., inﬂectional construc-

tions in TM dialect involves in preﬁxes {maN-/m∂N-

}, ta-, and the allomorphs of {m∂N-}, such as {m-

}, {n-}, and {N-} which function to form active and

passive voices denoting either ‘an agent’ or an ac-

tion of person, and unintentional activity derived from

the word bases. While, the derivational construc-

tions consist of preﬁxes {k∂-}, {p∂-/p∂N-}, which

also function to form: verbal, nominal, and adjective

forms. For example, in the derivational constructions,

nominal bases become nominal forms, verbal bases

performs, and adjective bases to be nominal forms af-

ter the process of derivational afﬁxation. In short, all

the examples presented in this section derived from

various word bases of TM dialect. Moreover, a few

examples of derivational forms with sufﬁx {-an} and

circumﬁx {k∂–an} were also displayed in this sec-

tion, where this sufﬁx and circumﬁx followed by word

bases to yield nouns and abstractness.

The morphology constructions of TM dialect are

displayed in various forms of sentences. The role of

morphosyntax with transitive sentences include active

transitive sentences and passive transitive sentences;

while, the role of morphosyntax with three preﬁxes,

such as the preﬁxes {mN-/maN} and {b∂-/ba} in the

intransitive sentences. Still concerned with this sec-

tion, three types of sentences also appeared in TM di-

alect, i.e., stative sentences with preﬁxes {b∂-}, {ta-},

and maN-, and reﬂexive sentences with preﬁx maN-

derived from various verbal roots, and the last of this

section, reciprocal sentences with preﬁxes {m∂N-}

and its allomorphs, {ba-} and {di-} were also pre-

sented, and semantically, they denote reciprocal or

repetitive action.

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