The Correlation of Work Loads and Work Positions on Risk

Occurrence of Myogenic Low Back Pain on Sand Mining

Safun Rahmanto

, Ali Multazam,

and Anggun Retno Muninggar

Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Jalan Bandung Nomor 1 Malang 65113 East Java Indonesia

Keywords: Low Back Pain, Workload, Work Position, Sand Miners, Kalimujur

Abstract: Low Back Pain is a condition of pain that is felt in the lower back area, usually felt between rib bones to the

lower fold of buttocks, and can reduce human work productivity. Workload and work position are the factors

of concern in the incidence of Low Back Pain. This research was observational analytic using a cross-sectional

method, and the study was conducted on 25-27 February 2019. Respondents in the study were sand mining

workers in Kalimujur Lumajang Regency as many as 63 respondents. The technique of taking respondents

uses purposive sampling. Based on the results of the Spearman correlation calculation (α <0.05) the workload

relationship with the risk of back pain is below p-value 0,000, then H0 is rejected. The results of the study

were correlation calculation work relationship with the risk of back pain below p-value 0,000, then H0 is

rejected. From these results, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between workload and work

position on the risk of low back pain in Kalimujur sand miners in Lumajang Regency. There is a relationship

between workload and work position to the risk of low back pain in sand miners in Kalimujur Lumajang

Regency.

1 INTRODUCTION

Lumajang district is one of the areas in East Java

Province. Lumajang Regency has an area of 1,790.90

km2 and has 1,006,458 inhabitants. The majority of

the people in the Lumajang area work as sand miners

to meet the needs of their families. Sand miners in the

Lumajang area, at the time of work, many of them did

not use machines, but instead used simple methods,

namely with hoes or shovels to collect sand.

In Lumajang the mining industry is one of the

industries that is prioritized by the government of

Lumajang Regency, where Lumajang Regency is

known as one of the best sand-producing industries in

Indonesia. Based on a preliminary study conducted

by researchers at the Kalimujur sand miner in

Lumajang Regency, which amounted to 73 active

miners through interviews as many as 8 respondents

stated experiencing low back pain.

Low back pain is a pain that is felt in the lower

back area, in the form of local pain or radicular pain

or both pain. Pain that is usually accompanied by pain

radiates to the legs and feet. Pain that can reduce the

productivity of human performance and can be

caused due to muscle fatigue or other diseases such as

malignant tumors (Rinaldi, Utomo and Nauli, 2015).

Research at Pasir Gintung Market in Bandar

Lampung explained that there were 32 workers

(66.7%) experiencing back pain and 16 workers

(33.3%) not complaining of back pain. The results of

this study indicate a relationship to the occurrence of

low back pain, namely work period, workload, and

work position. Whereas at age, IMT and smoking

habits do not have a specific relationship to the

occurrence of low back pain (Andini, 2015). Sand

miners are one of the jobs that are very vulnerable to

health. Every day the sand miners usually work for 6-

8 hours per day carrying heavy loads and wrong body

positions coupled with repetitive movements.

The workload is a job with a burden that must be

borne by a person or group of people within a certain

period with normal conditions. Sand miners, while

doing their work by swinging the sand that has been

collected into the truck in a bent and standing

position. To load trucks in a day, sand miners can

swing 1300 more swings. This condition can cause

fatigue in the muscles of the waist, arms, and neck to

become tense. The number of factors that influence

complaints of low back pain such as heredity, age,

Rahmanto, S., Multazam, A. and Muninggar, A.

The Correlation of Work Loads and Work Positions on Risk Occurrence of Myogenic Low Back Pain on Sand Mining.

DOI: 10.5220/0009126801870190

In Proceedings of the 2nd Health Science International Conference (HSIC 2019), pages 187-190

ISBN: 978-989-758-462-6

187

sex, body posture deformity, physical activity, work

period, and length of time at work. Other than that,

other factors can affect the occurrence of low back

pain, namely physical factors such as body tension at

work, frequent lifting of weight, and body position

that is not ergonomic when working. Smoking history

and trauma can also cause a factor in the occurrence

of low back pain (Kaur, 2016).

2 METHODS

This study used an observational analytic design with

a cross-sectional approach where data collection from

independent variables and dependent variables was

taken at one time. In this study, researchers will look

at the relationship between workload and work

position to the risk of low back pain in sand miners in

Kalimujur Lumajang Regency. Respondents in this

study were sand miners in Kalimujur, amounting to

63 people with a sampling method that was purposive

sampling.

In this study the researchers took the data in the

form of sand miner's workload using the QEC (Quick

Exposure Check) method, working position data

collection using the REBA (Rapid Entire Body

Assessment) method and data collection on the risk of

Low Back Pain using NBM (Nordic Body Map). This

study used the Spearman correlation test, and

conclusions were carried out using SPSS to compare

the P-value with (sig 2 tailed) with a value of α 0.05.

H0 is accepted if p> 0.05 and H1 is accepted if p

<0.05.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1: Characteristics of Respondents by Age

From Figure 1, it can be seen that those who work in

the sand mining in Kalimujur, in terms of ages 26-35

years, there are 24% (15 miners), there are 25% (16

miners), ages 36-45, aged 46-55, 29% (18 miners),

while 56-65 years old there are 22% (14 miners)of a

total of 63 miners It can be concluded that

respondents with ages 46-55 years are the highest

number of respondents and age 56-65 years are the

least number of respondents.

Winata (2014) research, cases in low back pain

are very rare at 0-10 years of age, low back pain often

occurs at the age of 20 years, and up to the age of 50,

this can occur because of etiological factors in the old

age group. In line with the research conducted by

Idyan (2008), as we get older, there will be

degeneration in the bones and this condition can

occur from the age of 30 years.

At the age of 30, there is a degeneration that can

damage the tissue; there is a change in scar tissue, a

reduction in the fluid, which causes reduced bone and

muscle stability. Getting older and increasing age, the

flexibility of the muscles decreases so that it can

cause stiffness in the muscles and joints. In addition

to stiffness, the narrowing of the space between the

vertebral bones results in a lack of flexibility in the

spine.

The following are the results of data analysis the

correlation of workloads and work positions on risk

occurrence of low back pain myogenic on sand

mining in Kalimujur Lumajang District.

Table 1: Correlation between Workload and Risk of Low

Back Pain

Sig. (2-tailed) Correlation Coefficient

0.000 0.622

Sig. (2-tailed) Of 0,000 or less than 0.05 (p <0.05)

means that H1 is accepted, so it can be concluded that

there is a significant relationship between workload

and the risk of low back pain. Correlation coefficient

of 0.622 means the level of strength of the

relationship between workload and the risk of low

back pain including strong correlation. The number

of correlation coefficients in the table shows positive

numbers, which means the relationship between the

two variables is in the same direction. This shows that

the higher the workload, the higher the risk of low

back pain.

Table 2. Correlation between Work Position and Risk of

Low Back Pain

Sig. (2-tailed) Correlation Coefficient

0.000 0.668

Sig. (2-tailed) Of 0,000 or less than 0.05 (p <0.05)

means that H1 is accepted, so it can be concluded that

there is a significant relationship between work

positions and the risk of low back pain. The

24%

25%

29%

22%

26-35

Years

36-45

Years

46-55

Years

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correlation coefficient of 0.668 means the level of

strength of the relationship between work positions

and the risk of low back pain including strong

correlations. The number of correlation coefficients

in the table shows positive numbers, which means the

relationship between the two variables is in the same

direction. This result shows that the higher the

position of work, the higher the risk of low back pain.

Andini (2015) explains that work with heavy

loads can cause a large burden on muscles, tendons,

ligaments, and joints that can cause muscle fatigue,

muscle damage, tendon damage, and damage to other

tissues. Physical loading that the body receives during

work can result in musculoskeletal injury to the body.

The burden received by the correct body is not to

exceed 30-40% of the maximum ability of workers in

8 hours a day and pay attention to the prevailing clock

regulations (Suma’mur, 1989).

The research conducted by Risdianti (2018) about

the relationship between workload and complaints of

low back pain, which has a significant relationship to

complaints of low back pain in the female pelvis in

Pasar Legi Surakarta. Whereas, the research

conducted by Nurzannah, Makmur, and Umi (2015),

which is about the relationship between workload and

low back pain events, also has a significant

relationship with the occurrence of low back pain in

unloading workers in Belawan Port, Medan. Also,

research conducted by Al Miqdam (2017) on sawmill

workers also shows a connection between wood

lifting and the incidence of low back pain.

Sand miners at work tend to be bent and in a

dynamic state. The position of the head and back of

the sand miner also tends to bend because the position

when taking sand to be transferred to the sand

transport truck is lower than his body position. Work

that is bent and repetitive will cause spasm and pain

in the back area muscles because of the emphasis on

excessive muscle in the back area. Research

conducted by Samara (2005), which is about the

attitude of work bending and turning during work, can

increase the risk of occurrence of low back pain of

2.68 times compared to the work attitude of the

upright body.

The research conducted by Kusuma, Hartanti, and

Hasan (2014), which is about the Influence of

Working Position of the Genesis of Low Back Pain in

The Workers at Kampung Sepatu Miji, has a

significant relationship to the risk of low back pain.

The correlation between work attitude standing on the

waist segment of workers who work in the cleaning

service section with musculoskeletal complaints has

a significant relationship to complaints of low back

pain. Where some officers complained of low back

pain when cleaning the bathroom with awkward

positions such as rotating position and sideways

movement and each position had a high risk for low

back pain.

Work positions carried out by miners with the

wrong position (too bent) and out of habit will

increase the risk of injury to the musculoskeletal

system. High-risk work positions also have a high risk

of low back pain. On sand miners in Kalimujur

Lumajang Regency, while working with a dynamic

and repetitive back position, especially in the lumbar

region, can cause spasm and pain. If excessive

contraction, the circulation of blood to the muscles

decreases, it can result in decreased oxygen supply,

which eventually occurs accumulation of lactic acid,

and this is one of the causes of the emergence of pain

in muscles (Tarwaka and Andi, 2004).

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded

that: There is a correlation between workload and

work position to the risk of occurrence on low back

pain to sand miners in Kalimujur Lumajang Regency.

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