Impact of Vibration of Piling Hammer on Soil Deformation: Study Case

in Highway Construction Section 5 Pekanbaru-Dumai

Firman Syarif

, Husnul Kausarian

and Dewandra Bagus Eka Putra

Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Keywords:

Vibration, Soil Deofrmation, Piling Hammer.

Abstract:

In the Pekanbaru-Dumai highway road construction in Section 5 will be built a bridge. The construction of

the bridge is in the area of PT TGI gas pipeline. The construction of this bridge uses a pile foundation whose

pile is carried out using a beating method using a hammer. The diameter of this pile is 60 cm with a hammer

weight of 5 tons and a height of fall of 2.5 meters. This work method will produce vibrations that affect the

condition of the gas pipe. One of the aspects that are affected by vibration is the deformation of the soil around

the gas pipe. This soil deformation will affect the position of the gas pipe which, if it forms a fairly large slope,

may cause gas pipelines to crack. The method used to determine the effect of vibration from the design of the

gas pipeline is to use a vibration meter tool. vibration meter is a sensor device that is placed on the stake and

on the ground above the gas pipe so that how much vibration and deformation of the soil can be seen. As a

result from the test using vibration meter, it was found that the greater the wave velocity due to the design, the

greater the deformation that occurs on the soil.

1 INTRODUCTION

Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to

carry and transfer the structure load of the building

to the bearing ground located at some depth below

ground surface. The main components of the foun-

dation are the pile cap and the piles. Wood, steel and

concrete are the main types of materials used for piles.

Piles made from these materials are driven, drilled or

jacked into the ground and connected to Pile caps

(Muhammad, 2008).

In past, theoretical and experimental studies were

undertaken by various investigators to evaluate the

vertical load and lateral load carrying capacity of sin-

gle and group piles embedded in different soil stra-

tum. On pile foundations, structures like Buildings,

towers, Bridges, Piers harbour and offshore structure

are invariably constructed (Muhammad, 2008).

In the erection process a vibration will occur with

the potential damage to infrastructure and disturb the

comfort of humans around him. Of course the greater

the vibration caused, the greater the potential dam-

age caused. This is compounded with the increasingly

API 1002 2013 “ Steel Pipeline Crossing Railroad and

Highway”

narrow land in urban areas and in certain areas, so the

potential damage that might be caused by the piling is

higher because of it the distance to the object is get-

ting closer. For this reason, an analysis will be con-

ducted related to propagation vibrations on the ground

as well as factors on the ground that affect it so that

vibrations are possible will occur due to predictable

pile erection (Fitriyah et al., 2019; HH, 2014).

Rayleigh waves (ground roll) are waves that are

known as surface waves that are generated by a mo-

mentary pressure at the ground surface that occurs as

a result impact and interference between compressive

waves and shear waves constructively. The movement

of particles on the face of the Rayleigh wave consists

of P waves and S waves in the horizontal plane. An-

other characteristic of the Rayleigh wave is that its

amplitude decreases exponentially with the depth it

goes through, whereas on the surface the amplitude

hardly affects its attenuation, it has a low frequency

with a not-so- sharp spectrum (Santoso, 2017; H., ;

Muhammad, 2014).

The vibration wave generated in vibrating com-

paction will quickly propagate from near to far on the

surface of ground. The incurred environmental vibra-

tion not only generates vibration damage to engineer-

ing structures, but also brings unfavorable inﬂuences

120

Syarif, F., Kausarian, H. and Eka Putra, D.

Impact of Vibration of Piling Hammer on Soil Deformation: Study Case in Highway Construction Section 5 Pekanbaru-Dumai.

DOI: 10.5220/0009129901200124

In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICoSET 2019), pages 120-124

ISBN: 978-989-758-463-3

on production and the lives of residents around the

construction site. If enough safety protection mea-

sures fail to be taken, the vibrating compaction con-

struction may lead to cracking of subgrade retain-

ing wall, culvert and bridge abutment, disturb normal

life of surrounding residents, affect safe production of

the neighboring industrial and mining enterprises, and

damage normal use and safety of surrounding build-

ings (Chen et al., 2019; Maizir, 2015; Muhammad,

2008).

The structural work of the Pekanbaru-Dumai

highway road is designed crossing with the PT TGI

pipeline position, the highway road works are con-

structed with pile foundations. The vibration caused

by the erection felt quite large, so PT TGI was worried

that there would be an impact on their gas pipeline due

to the work of the pile. Therefore testing was carried

out to determine how big of the impact of the vibra-

tion on the PT TGI gas pipeline.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Vibration Test

Ground vibration is seismic movement on the ground

caused by rock blasting, pole erection, trafﬁc, excava-

tion, vibration due to compaction etc., which is a form

of energy transport through the soil, can damage adja-

cent structures when vibrations reach a certain level.

Some types of energy released from blasting prop-

agate in all directions from explosive holes as seis-

mic waves with different frequencies. Energy from

seismic waves is dampened by distance and waves

with the highest frequency being mufﬂed faster. This

means that the propagation of the dominant frequency

from an explosion is a high frequency in a short dis-

tance and a lower frequency at a greater distance

Ground vibration measurements are usually car-

ried out at one or several points on the ground. For

total analysis, the practice is to measure in three di-

rections: vertical, longitudinal and transverse. Usu-

ally the vertical component is dominant at shorter dis-

tances. Therefore it is usually sufﬁcient to measure in

the vertical direction. For vibration analysis of mea-

sured values, vibration phenomena can be recorded as

a function of history over time. Then displacement,

particle velocity and acceleration can be recorded.

The basic rule is that vibration velocity is measured

Ground Vibration Dalam Kegiatan Blasting Batuan.

Viewed in 04 April 2019. http://studi- kelayakan-

tambang.blogspot.com/2017/03/ground- vibration-dalam-

kegiatan.html

on building structures etc. by geophone and accel-

eration on computer installations etc (Syahidi, 2017;

Sukiman and Yakin, 2017). with an accelerometer.

If vibration velocity is measured, acceleration can be

calculated and vice versa. The most interesting pa-

rameter to pay attention to is the damage structure cri-

teria that need to be protected from vibration (HA., ;

Santoso, 2017; Sukiman and Yakin, 2017).

2.2 Effect of Ground Vibration on

Geological Factors

Soil and rock are porous material with a relatively

rigid base mass. The pores are ﬁlled with water or air.

Soil is a mass consisting of mineral grains that have

friction and cohesiveness between materials. In ce-

mented mineral granular sedimentary rocks together

with magma rocks and metamorphous mineral rocks

it has crystallized in rock masses which usually con-

tain water gaps and joints. In practice it may be difﬁ-

cult to assess accurate propagation velocity of seismic

waves in different soils and rocks seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Propagation velocity of seismic waves in different

soils and rocks

Each geological environment has the characteris-

tics of each ground vibration that inﬂuences the prop-

agation of vibration waves. The characteristics of

ground vibration depend on the following properties:

• Elastic soil constants (elastic and shearing mod-

uli) which determine the wave propagation speed

• The type and depth of the soil that determines the

dominant range of frequencies and types of waves

• Soil moisture and groundwater level

• Topography and morphology, which can focus on

seismic waves

• Damping characteristics from the soil

Impact of Vibration of Piling Hammer on Soil Deformation: Study Case in Highway Construction Section 5 Pekanbaru-Dumai

121

2.3 Potential Damage Caused By

Vibration

When planning a project, where driven piles or sheet

piles are to be used, the design engineer must iden-

tify potentially vulnerable structures and installations

in the vicinity of the project site and propose limiting

values of ground vibrations. As part of this task, the

risks must be assessed of vibration damage to struc-

tures and vibration-susceptible installations or envi-

ronmental aspects affecting occupants of buildings.

As the prediction of building damage can be com-

plex, theoretical methods have low reliability. How-

ever, it is possible to assess the potential damage to

buildings based on statistical observations. This ap-

proach is used in codes and standards but is limited

to the speciﬁc conditions in the region where the ob-

servations were made. Therefore, local building stan-

dards should be applied with caution in other regions,

where pile driving methods, geological conditions,

and building standards may be different.

The damage potential of pile-driving vibrations

depends on the displacement and the frequency of the

vibration. Neither of these two characteristics alone

will damage a structure. Concerning displacement,

it is common knowledge that a structure can be uni-

formly jacked through several feet without causing

damage. Likewise, with regard to frequency, normal

sound, in pa ssing through a wall, can vibrate the wall

at high frequencies (several thousand cycles per sec-

ond) without causing damage. It is a combination

of displacement (amount of motion) and frequency

which causes damage. The particle velocity of earth-

borne vibration is the best measure of damage poten-

tial because it combines displacement and frequency

in the most signiﬁcant manner. The relation between

Velocity and Frequency seen in ﬁgure 2.

Several investigators have found that particle ve-

locities in excess of 4. 0 in. I sec are required to

cause plaster cracks in dwellings. Figure 3 shows a

comparison of the results of several of the investiga-

tions. With appropriate conservatism, the investiga-

tors agree that a vibration level of 2. 0 in. /sec (par-

ticle velocity) is safe with regard to plaster cracks in

residential-type structures

The effect of ground motion on an engineered

structure can be computed by commonly used meth-

ods in the earthquake engineering ﬁeld. The structure

is considered a lumped mass-spring dashpot system,

and its response to a series of impacts can be calcu-

lated. Based on observation and experience, it can be

stated that ground motion particle velocities below 4.

0 in. /sec are well within the safe range for engineer

structures.

Figure 2: Propagation velocity of seismic waves in different

soils and rocks

Figure 3: A comparison of the results of several of the in-

vestigations about the effect of particle velocity to structural

damaged

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This research was conducted with the aim of know-

ing how much the vibrational impact on soil defor-

mation at the PT TGI gas pipeline location. The re-

search locations are STA 78 + 448 Titian Antui Vil-

lage, Madau District, Bengkalis Regency - Riau and

Pipeline: Grissik - Duri Section.

This research was conducted in 3 stages:

1. Initial Investigation

the initial investigation was carried out to look

back on the problems that occurred in the ﬁeld

based on information from the informants. From

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

122

Figure 4: Research Location on STA 78 + 448 Titian Antui

Village, Madau District, Bengkalis Regency - Riau

the initials of this investigation, the data is ob-

tained in the form of data and current conditions

with visualization of photos and other supporting

data.

2. Soil Investigation

soil investigation is a model of general investiga-

tion that must be done in looking at the problems

that occur in a structure above the ground. From

this soil investigation, soil data was obtained re-

lated to the physical and mechanical properties of

the soil.

3. Vibration Test With Vibration Meter

This vibration test equipment consists of three

sensors that read vibrations produced by piles of

3 directions as seen in ﬁgure 4, namely:

(a) 1V vibration is in vertical direction

(b) 2L vibration is in longitudinal direction

This sensor is installed on the stake and on the gas

pipe. with the aim when the pile works vibration that

occurs due to erection will be read on the sensor that

works and is read on a computer device as shown in

the ﬁgure 5.

Figure 5: The Direction of The Sensor

Figure 6: The Instalation of The Vibration Meter Sensor

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Soil Investigations Result

From the results of soil investigation, it was found

that the type of soil at the position of the gas pipe

was soft clay with high plasticity.Fine-grained soils

are cohesive soils (Sukiman and Yakin, 2017). One

of the problems in the geotechnical ﬁeld is cohesive

soil which is usually soft soil. Soft soil can expand or

shrink due to the entry or discharge of water. Giving

a load on soft soil, will cause an increase in the volt-

age acting on the soil. Additional stress that works on

soft soil will initially be bear by pore water due to the

Impact of Vibration of Piling Hammer on Soil Deformation: Study Case in Highway Construction Section 5 Pekanbaru-Dumai

123

Table 1: Result of Vibration Test

Lokasi Pengujian

Velocity (mm/s) Displacement/Amplitude (mm)

Vertical Longitudinal Tranversal Vertical Longitudinal Tranversal

test 1 4.9017 0.9328 2.6744 0.0869 0.0135 0.0422

test 2 2.7704 1.3061 1.6897 0.0374 0.018 0.0229

test 3 12.7969 3.6527 12.5259 0.1535 0.02 0.1518

test4 14.202 3.8665 15.2374 0.1653 0.0384 0.1759

incompressible nature of water. This will cause ex-

cess pore water to arise. This excess pore water will

be dissipated by the release of soil pore water through

the soil pores, while the additional stress is

Initially the pore is gradually transferred to solid

soil particles. This will result in a reduction in the

volume of the land, resulting in increasing of the de-

formation of the soil.

4.2 Vibration Test Result

From the vibration test the results are obtained as

shown in Table 1. From the results we can conclude

if the velocity of the vibration from piling is high the

deformation of the soil also high, like in the test 1

in vertical wave the velocity is 4,9017 mm/s and de-

formation is 0,0869mm, in the test 2 the velocity is

lower than test 1 2.7704 mm/s and the deformation

also lower than test 1 0.0374 mm. this situation hap-

pen because the velocity of vibration can produce en-

ergy and also force, so the force from the velocity can

affect the soil like a load. If the velocity become high

the deformation of soil also high.

5 CONCLUSIONS

From this research we can conclude : Cohesive soil

(clay) has a high deformation because of the mechan-

ical aspect of this soil that have pore, initially the pore

is gradually transferred to solid soil particles. This

will result in a reduction in the volume of the land,

resulting in increasing of the deformation of the soil.

The higher wave velocity due to the design, the higher

deformation that occurs on the soil.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to gratitude to my parent whose always

motivate me, also to my wife and children my inspi-

ration. Secondly I would like to say thanks to all

the team that help me in this research, PT HKI, PT

TONAMA and PT TGI.

REFERENCES

Chen, A., Cheng, F., Wu, D., and Tang, X. (2019). Ground

vibration propagation and attenuation of vibrating

compaction. Journal of Vibroengineering, 21(5).

Fitriyah, D., Propika, J., Lestari, L., Istiono, H., Pertiwi,

D., and Sekartadji, R. (2019). Pile foundation anal-

ysis on high–rise building using ﬁnite element-spring

method on sandy clay soil. In IOP Conference Series:

Materials Science and Engineering, volume 462, page

012045. IOP Publishing.

H., G. et al (2017). Pengaruh Tinggi, Kedalaman Pon-

dasi Mesin Jenis Blok Dan Parameter Tanah Berbu-

tir Halus Terhadap Amplitudo. e-Jurnal MATRIKS

TEKNIK SIPIL/September, 2017/777.

HA., S. (2013), Kajian Analitik Pengaruh Rambatan Energi

Gempa Terhadap Perilaku Benturan Gedung, Konfer-

ensi Nasional Teknik Sipil 7 (KoNTekS 7) Universitas

Sebelas Maret (UNS) - Surakarta.

HH, S. (2014). Measurement of mechanical vibrations in

residential areas due to the construction of the sabo-

magelang dam with standard bs 6472-2:2008. Journal

Instrumentasi, 38(2).

Maizir (2015). Evaluasi Daya Dukung Tiang Pancang

Berdasarkan Metode Dinamik. Annual Civil Engi-

neering Seminar 2015, Pekanbaru ISBN: 978-979-

792-636-6.

Muhammad, H. (2014). et al. Studi Pengaruh Diameter Dan

Panjang Tiang Pancang Terhadap Amplitudo Getaran

Pada Perencanaan Pondasi Alternatif Turbin Gas, Jur-

nal Teknik POMITS.

Muhammad, R. (2008). Pengaruh getaran pemasangan pon-

dasi tiang pancang terhadap lingkungan permukiman.

Jurnal Permukiman, 3(1).

Santoso, H. H. (2017). Pengukuran getaran mekanik pada

daerah permukiman akibat konstruksi pembangunan

bendungan sabo-magelang dengan standard bs6472-

2: 2008. Instrumentasi, 38(2):43–52.

Sukiman, N. A. and Yakin, Y. A. (2017). Analisis deformasi

dan tekanan air pori ekses pada tanah lempung lunak

akibat beban timbunan (hal. 1-12). RekaRacana: Jur-

nal Teknil Sipil, 3(2):1.

Syahidi (2017). Pengaruh Luas Penampang Pondasi Mesin

Jenis Blok Dan Parameter Tanah Berbutir Halus

Terhadap Amplitudo. e-Jurnal MATRIKS TEKNIK

SIPIL/Juni 2017/491.

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

124