Rhythmic Gymnastics Effectively Reduce Body Mass Index in Weight

Loss for Preschool

Atika Yulianti

and Rahayu Kurniawati

1,2

Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Jalan Bandung Nomor 1 Malang 65113, East Java, Indonesia

Keyword: Rhythmic gymnastics, Weight Loss, Preschool

Abstract: A child who experiences problems of excessive nutritional value when he is an adult will cause dangerous

diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and diabetes. Being overweight can also affect a child's intelligence.

In children with overweight status, intelligence can experience a decrease due to a decrease in creativity and

limitation when doing activities due to body conditions that are not free to move, so that makes children lazy

to do something. Rhythmic gymnastics (Rhythmic gymnastics) increases the ability of muscles to produce

energy aerobically and undergoes a metabolic process whose source of energy comes from burning fat. The

purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rhythmic gymnastics training on decreasing body mass

index of RA Muslimat Tarbiyatunnasi’in Paculgowang students in Jombang. The research design used was

the One Group Pre-test Post Test Design with a sample of 22 people, then BMI was measured using BMI / U,

and the nutritional status was obtained using the Z-score formula. This research was tested with the Wilcoxon

test and obtained a significance value smaller than 0.05 (0.00 <0.05) this means that H0 is rejected and H1 is

accepted. Conclusion: There is an effect of rhythmic gymnastics on the decrease in body mass index.

Keywords: Body Mass Index, Rhythmic gymnastics, RA Muslimat Tarbiyatunnasyi’in.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is a developing country that has a problem

with dual nutritional status. The problem of dual

nutrition that is being experienced by Indonesia

includes the problem of undernutrition and the

problem of over nutrition. The problem of obesity in

Indonesia based on data taken by Riskesdas in 2007

up to 2013, children aged 5-12 years tend to increase.

In 2007 the level of obesity at the age of 5 to 12 years

was 6.4%. Increase that number in 2010 as much as

9.2%. Riskesdas in 2013 obtained data in the form of

the prevalence of obesity aged 5 to 12 years, ages 13

to 15 years, and ages 16 to 18 years stated in

sequence, namely 8.8%, 2.5%, 1.6% (Riset

Kesehatan Dasar, 2018). From this data, the results

obtained in the form of obesity and obesity are more

common in pre-school children compared to

adolescents. The problem of over nutritional status in

Indonesia is still relatively serious, with a prevalence

of 18.8% with 10.8% with the nutritional value of fat

and 8.8% with the nutritional value of obesity.

National prevalence results in Indonesia show excess

weight for the age group of 6-14 years in men is 9.5%,

while for women, it is 6.4% (Ermona and Wirjatmadi,

2018).

Obesity can occur if there is an imbalance

between incoming energy intake with outgoing

energy intake so that it will accumulate into excessive

fat. The causes of obesity and obesity in children are

excessive food intake, such foods as fast food, sugary

drinks, high-calorie unhealthy snacks that exist in the

school environment, and are not matched by the habit

of consuming enough vegetables and fruit (Frutuoso

et al., 2016). Also, other causes of obesity in early

childhood are not given breast milk during infancy.

At the time of the baby, the child is given formula

milk with a dose that is not appropriate or exceeds that

required by the child. Children between 4 and 7 years

old are vulnerable to be affected by more nutrition

(Bobo-Arce and Méndez-Rial, 2013). Therefore,

children aged 4 to 7 years need to get more attention

related to eating patterns to form good eating habits

(Ayu and Sartika, 2011). In children who experience

more nutritional problems is a problem serious. The

problem of nutritional value in children can increase

the risk of various kinds of chronic diseases (Hecht,

2015).

240

Yulianti, A. and Kurniawati, R.

Rhythmic Gymnastics Effectively Reduce Body Mass Index in Weight Loss for Preschool.

DOI: 10.5220/0009141702400244

In Proceedings of the 2nd Health Science International Conference (HSIC 2019), pages 240-244

ISBN: 978-989-758-462-6

Poor physical activity can result in the

occurrence of over nutrition, which, in principle, is

where more nutrition occurs due to an imbalance

between the incoming energy and the energy that is

released every day (Fernandez-Villarino, Bobo-Arce,

and Sierra-Palmeiro, 2013). The energy that will be

released by the body depends on one's daily activities

with advances in increasingly sophisticated

technology, creating a situation where lifestyle

changes become sedentary or less mobile. As a result,

food that will enter the body cannot be processed

properly by the body, and food intake is stored in the

form of fat tissue (Andini, 2016).

Characteristics of good physical activity given to

early childhood, namely by (1) giving a variety of

movements to get new experiences. Learning like

forms of games and competitions. (2) stimulates the

development of the five senses in children. (3)

developing imagination or fantasy, and (4) moves to

the rhythm/song or story (Paiman, 2009).

Research conducted (Prihatin, 2016) explains the

benefits of rhythmic gymnastics. According to

Mukhloid (2014), rhythmic gymnastics can reduce

and burn excess fat in the body, improve the

appearance of certain, such as the thighs of the arms,

abdomen, and legs, increase lung endurance, and

heart. Sean Cadence is a program for weight loss. If

you practice with a mild intensity will increase your

appetite, and if you practice with a heavy intensity

will suppress hunger because there is a lot of blood

circulating in the active muscle area and not in the

stomach area (Andini, 2016). Also, rhythmic

gymnastics can increase flexibility, balance,

coordination, agility, endurance, and able to do other

activities or sports (Kadi, Halida and Yuniarni, 2018).

2 METHODS

This study uses quasi-experimental with one group

pretest and posttest design approaches that aim to

determine the effect of rhythmic gymnastics on

decreasing body mass index of RA Tarbiyatunnasi’in

Jombang students who are overweight (Hilgers,

Heussen and Stanzel, 2018). The number of

respondents in this study was 22 people. The

sampling technique is purposive sampling with

several inclusion and exclusion criteria. Respondents

measured body weight and height then calculated

using BMI / U and using a Z-score to classify the

nutritional value in children. The training program

provided five meetings a week. The time duration is

30 minutes. This research conducted from February

to March 2019. Analysis of the data used to test the

hypothesis in this study was to use the Shapiro Wilk

test (Warner et al., 2018).

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Sample characteristics can be seen in the following

graphic image:

3.1 Characteristic based on Age

Figure 1: Characteristics by Age

Characteristics of respondents by age who

experienced the most nutritional value in the age

range of 6 years with a number of 14 people with a

percentage of 63.6%.

3.2 Characteristics Based On Gender

Figure 2: Characteristics Based on Gender

Characteristics of respondents by sex who

experienced more nutritional value there was male

sex amounted to 13 people with a percentage of 9.1%.

13%

23%

64%

4 Years

5 Years

6 Years

13,6%

40,9%

Male

Female

Rhythmic Gymnastics Effectively Reduce Body Mass Index in Weight Loss for Preschool

241

3.3 Identification of Body Mass Index

Values Before and After Giving

Gymnastic Exercise

Table 1: IMT Values Before and After Treatment

Body Mass

Index

Before

Intervention

“Rhythmic

gymnastics”

After

Intervention

“Rhythmic

gymnastics”

Normal

0 %

40,9 %

Overweight

90,9 %

50,0 %

Obesitas

9,1 %

Result

100 %

Based on the above table, the characteristics of

respondents based on nutritional value after rhythmic

gymnastics given the results in the form of

respondents with grades normal nutrition as many as

9 people (40.9%), respondents with overweight

nutritional value as many as 11 people (50%),

respondents with nutritional value of obesity as much

as 2 people (9.1%).

3.4 Normality Test

Table 2: Normality Test

Group

Shapiro - Wilk

Statistic

Sig(2-

tailed)

Pre-Test

0,86

0,00

Post Test

0,91

0,07

The normality test is done using the Shapiro-

Wilk test with a significance value of the pre-test

intervention group that is 0.00 P <0.05) and post-test

0.07 (P <0.05), it can be concluded that the normality

test uses Shapiro- Wilk shows the data distribution is

not normal.

3.5 Hypothesis Test Results

Table 3: Wilcoxon Test Results.

the effect of rhythmic

gymnastics on the decrease in

body mass index

0,05

0,00

Hypothesis test results using the Wilcoxon test

showed that there were significant differences after

doing rhythmic gymnastics exercises to decrease the

value of body mass index with a value of Sig = 0.00

(P <0.05), which means it can be concluded that H0

is rejected and H1 is accepted. So, there is the effect

of rhythmic gymnastics exercises on students' body

mass index decline

Overweight and obesity in children occur due

to poor diet and also low levels of physical activity

(Cyrilla et al., 2017). Diet is one of the triggers of

obesity, which is to consume food in large quantities

and exceeds the body's daily nutritional needs

(KEMENKES RI, 2012). These foods have

characteristics such as high calories, high glucose,

high carbohydrates, high fat but low in fiber. From

the results of research conducted by (Warhamny,

Laenggeng and Moonti, 2018), children with more

nutritional status have a poor diet due to the number

of types and amount of food consumed is not healthy

and the mother's lack of understanding about

balanced nutrition. Mothers are more likely to

provide fast food, fatty foods and also foods that are

high in carbohydrates. Not only food, but the high

consumption of formula milk also cause obesity in

children.

Children with less physical activity can also

result in the occurrence of more nutritional value. If a

poor eating pattern is not matched by physical

activity, there will be an imbalance between the

energy that enters and the energy that goes out. So

that energy will be stored in the body in the form of

fat. (Warhamny, Laenggeng and Moonti, 2018). The

impact of increasingly sophisticated technology

makes children reluctant to do physical activities such

as exercise, playing in the park with friends. Children

tend to prefer not to do many activities such as

watching television, playing video games where for

hours. These habits are sometimes also offset by the

availability of snacks, so children enjoy it for hours

(Era, 2012).

Overweight occurs as a result of the disruption

of the homeostatic mechanism that controls the

energy balance in the body. Fat tissue is the biggest

place to store energy. The storage energy of

triglycerides is through the process of lipogenesis.

Regulation of energy balance requires a sensor of

energy storage in adipose tissue. The control

mechanism originating from the hypothalamus

carries out further integrase. Where, the process will

determine the body's intake and energy expenditure

need (Utami, 2017).

Lipogenesis is a process of fat deposition and

includes the process of fatty acid synthesis, and then

the triglyceride synthesis will occur in the liver in the

mitochondrial region, cytoplasm, and also in adipose

tissue. The process of lipogenesis is partly mediated

by hormones that can inhibit (for example, growth

hormone, Leptin) or stimulate (such as insulin)

lipogenesis. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis by

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242

increasing glucose uptake in adipose tissue through

glucose transporters to the plasma membrane,

activating lipogenic and glycolytic enzymes, and

causing SREBP-1 (Sterol Regulatory Element

Binding Protein-1) increases expression and action of

glucokinase enzymes that result in increased

metabolic concentrations, and causes SREBP -1

(Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1)

increases expression and action of glucokinase

enzymes that result in increased metabolic

concentrations. Glucose. Leptin, by the contrary,

works, limiting fat storage by reducing food input

(increasing expression of the Corticotropin-Releasing

Factor gene in the hypothalamus resulting in

decreased food requirements) and influencing

specific metabolic pathways in adipose and other

tissues. Leptin sends signals to the brain about the

amount of fat storage. This hormone stimulates the

release of glycerol from adipocytes by stimulating

fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting lipogenesis

(Utami, 2017).

Lipolysis is the process of chemical

decomposition and release of fat from fat tissue.

Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL) enzyme causes the

hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids and

glycerol. Fatty acids then undergo a process of re-

esterification, then released into the blood circulation,

formed into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), and then

brought into the circulation of blood, which will then

become a source of energy for tissues in need. The

hormone insulin inhibits the mobilization of fatty

acids from fatty tissue. Energy expenditure is

determined by physical activity, metabolic rate, and

thermogenesis. The metabolic part of energy

expenditure includes the work of the individual

cardio-respiratory. Physical activity increases energy

expenditure by activating skeletal muscle work

(Utami, 2017).

The results of research on the benefits of

rhythmic gymnastics, according to Mukhloid (2014)

in (Prihatin, 2016) is rhythmic gymnastics can burn

excess fat in the body so that it is good as a program

for weight loss. Rhythmic gymnastics is also able to

improve the appearance of several parts of the body,

such as hips, thighs, waist, abdomen, arms, and legs.

In line with research conducted by Faridah (2012)

that rhythmic gymnastics can reduce weight and also

increase muscle flexibility. Rhythmic gymnastics can

lose weight because it is aerobic exercise.

Copra (1996), in Silalahi (2017), rhythmic

gymnastics is one of the aerobic exercises. Aerobic

exercise is an exercise that requires oxygen as a form

of energy that is done continuously, rhythmically, by

involving large muscle groups. Sharkey in (Andini,

2016) aerobic exercise can increase the function and

capacity of the respiratory and cardiovascular

systems and blood volume, but the most significant

changes occur in the muscle fibers used during

exercise. Aerobic exercise increases the ability of

muscles to produce energy aerobically and changes

the metabolic process from carbohydrates to fat.

Aerobic exercise can overcome excess

cholesterol as well as achieve a good level of physical

fitness and can improve functional abilities

(Richmond, 2012). When exercising, movements in

the body can occur because of the muscles contract.

Muscle contractions require ATP (Adenosine Tri

Phosphate). Energy obtained from potential energy is

in the form of energy stored in food in the form of

chemical energy. The energy will be released after the

metabolism of food is processed in the body. The

process of aerobic energy metabolism is a metabolic

process that occurs within the mitochondria and

requires the presence of oxygen (O2) so that the

process can run perfectly to produce ATP (Joyner and

Coyle, 2008). When exercising, both of the body's

energy stores, namely carbohydrate (blood glucose,

glycogen) deposits, as well as fat deposits in the form

of triglycerides, will contribute to the rate of aerobic

energy production in the body. Kusumaningtyas

(2011) explained that energy stores would be used by

the body, namely carbohydrate storage (glucose,

glycogen), fat, and protein. Among the three, savings

carbohydrates and fats are the main energy sources

during the aerobic process. The aerobic system

requires oxygen to break down glycogen/glucose into

CO and H2O through the Tricarboxylic acid cycle

(TCA) and electron transport systems (Awaliyah,

2014).

The aerobic system is used for sports that

require more than 3 minutes of energy, such as

marathon running and 1500-meter freestyle

swimming. There are three stages of chemical

reactions that always occur in the aerobic system,

namely aerobic glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the

electron transport system (Hecht, 2015). The aerobic

system can be used for the breakdown of glycogen

and fat which can be used for large ATP resynthesis

without the formation of side effects, which can cause

muscle fatigue, as in the lactate system (Frutuoso et

al., 2016). The production of body heat that is

produced during the breakdown of glycogen or fat,

half of it is used for ATP resynthesis to become ATP

energy. Some are released as heat stored in the body,

and others are lost out (Adiwinanto, 2008). If the

intensity of the activity rises, carbohydrates are used,

whereas if the duration (length of time) of the activity

increases, then fat is used, and when carbohydrates

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243

and fats are used up, the protein will be used (Sari,

2016).

4 CONCLUSIONS

The use of body fat in activities will cause a

reduction in stored fat. The demolition of stored fat

requires far more oxygen when compared to

unloading carbohydrates. In aerobic exercise, the

intensity of energy needed by the body is at a mild

level, and due to sufficient time, the cardiovascular

system is still able to meet the oxygen needs of the

working muscles, so fat oxidation is the main energy

source for muscle contraction. The use of body fat in

aerobic activity will cause a reduction in stored fat so

that it automatically reduces overall body weight.

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