Multi Parameter of WSNs Sensor Node for River Water Pollution

Monitoring System (Siak River, Riau-Indonesia)

Evizal Abdul Kadir

, Abdul Syukur

, Bahruddin Saad

and Sri Listia Rosa

Department of Informatics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Department of Fundamental and Applied Science Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar, Perak, 32610, Malaysia

Keywords:

WSNs, Smart Sensor Node, River Water, Pollution.

Abstract:

Indonesia is one of the countries that have many rivers and lakes. It is situated, in South East Asia and

enjoys tropical climate all year round. Riau province is located in the centre and middle of Sumatera Island

which in the heart of Sumatera. This province has more than ﬁve big rivers that are used by the community

every day for their daily activities. The rapid economic development has signiﬁcant impact to the region

where many industries operating along the river produce industrial wastes that pollutes the river water. This

chapter discusses the development of river water monitoring system where several relevant parameters are

monitored. The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) applied in this research integrates sensor node that is

embed to multi sensor consist of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and electrical conductivity. The

system for monitoring is specially design for ability to monitor level of river water, river water ﬂow rate for

environment and ﬂood alert system. WSNs sensor nodes collects information from the multiple sensors and

forwards to the WSNs sink nodes which embed to the microcontroller memory and unit as a local database

before send the information to the monitoring system. The monitoring system shows the vital information

that can be monitored by institutions or local authorities. Prompt action will be can be taken if abnormality is

raised by the monitoring system. A prototype of this WSNs nodes designed and tested and the results show

that sensor nodes are reliable for the detection of polluted water parameters, water levels as well as river ﬂow

rate. Furthermore, sensor node was tested at the Siak river located in Riau Province the compare results with

actual river water. All the data were keep in the database for recording of analysis and for future development

of monitoring system.

1 INTRODUCTION

In some countries, especially the developing country,

the rivers remain an signiﬁcant facilities for daily

activities such as transportation, as ﬂoating home,

shower, washing, and even for cooking for some

people. Economics enhancements are boosted by

many companies that operating near by the river for

support company operation such as transportation and

other operation process. In Riau Province has 6

rivers and one of the river is the deepest in Indonesia.

There are many industries operating around the river

cause severe water pollution and because of the

wastes generated and often the unclean environmental

operations. Polluted water may contain abnormal

parameters.

The conventional methods to check river water

quality is testing the sample in laboratory of the river

water samples. Though this methods, complete range

of laboratory tests including biological, physical, and

chemical parameter are possible but not practical to

measure in many points along the river (Zhuiykov,

2012; Lambrou et al., 2012; Aisopou et al., 2012).

Additionally, laboratory based tests may need more

times to a few days to get the result of the

ample and for some parameter maybe the accuracy

results less than compare to the actual sample of

water changes during testing. Real-time sensor for

environment monitoring is start to become popular

due to quick advancement in sensing technologies,

especially in WSNs that can be adopt in many kinds

of applications. The continue collect of river water

quality information and the real observation and

monitoring applied to check the status of the river and

ecosystem and determine the speciﬁcs relationship to

event detection (Li et al., 2018; Cloete et al., 2016;

Kadir et al., 2018b).

Water pollutant monitoring done in previous

140

Kadir, E., Syukur, A., Saad, B. and Rosa, S.

Multi Parameter of WSNs Sensor Node for River Water Pollution Monitoring System (Siak River, Riau-Indonesia).

DOI: 10.5220/0009145301400145

In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICoSET 2019), pages 140-145

ISBN: 978-989-758-463-3

research is limit to several parameters and major of

monitoring in basic water parameter only parameters

(Lambrou et al., 2014; Jinghuan and Yi, 2010; Grossi

et al., 2013).Water pollution monitoring system

proposed in (Randhawa et al., 2016; Li et al., 2017;

Cheng et al., 2016) used multi sensors but limited

sensor that only cover basic parameter of water which

is temperature and pH, as well as the data keep in local

makes incompatible to online remote monitoring. The

analysis of water quality using image recognition and

by remotely for a long distance monitoring caused

accuracy problems (Do

na et al., 2014; Olatinwo and

Joubert, 2018). Use of robotics in water pollutant

monitoring in deep rivers and oceans has obvious

advantages but the cost is prohibitive and required

skilful operators (Teixid

o et al., 2018; Kadir et al.,

2018a).

In this research expected to achieve a new

system in sensing technology for nodes of WSNs

system that ability to achieve multi parameter of

water quality at a river in Riau Province, located

in Indonesia. Furthermore, the real time based

monitoring, system includes river water level and

ﬂowrate sensor, parameters that are vital for ﬂood

managements during rainy season. In this research

contributes to new knowledge and offer new design

for river water pollutant monitoring system by data

collection, including a new sensor design that is

able to collection accurate data. Proposed a new

technique of communication from WSNs sensor

nodes to gateway via WSNs sink for effectiveness

in data sharing and transmission is also an important

aim of this research. The use of local and remote

data monitoring, a complete monitoring system of

interface implement to achieve historical data queries,

the real time data and network state to display, data

analytical and alarm for abnormal situations is made

possible.

2 THE PROPOSED DESIGN OF

SENSOR NODES

The proposed new design of sensor nodes in the

WSNs for the application in this river water pollutant

monitoring system is based in the analysis and initial

survey to the ﬁeld of the actual environmental in

Siak river, in Riau Province. In this proposed design

several sensors applied to achieve detection for all the

parameters of the pollutant index and the river water.

Figure 1 shows a scenery of the actual condition

of Siak river in Indonesia with activities for the

community in daily life such as washing, swimming,

ﬁshing and others on the river.

Figure 1: A photograph of Siak river in Riau Province.

The real situation and condition of the river water

and river of Siak River in Riau Province, Indonesia

is in dirty condition and poses high risk to the

ecosystem around the river. Furthermore, people and

communities use of river water in their daily activities

is very high risk as well. Figure 3 shows of the actual

condition of river water polluted and contaminated by

chemical and material caused by industries operating

around the river (circle bottom left), some of kids

playing and swimming in the river as seen in ﬁgure 3

at top right. Based on these observations and analysis

of water, indicator of some parameters in river water

quality is very urgent and required to do a monitoring

system for example temperature, dissolved oxygen

(DO), pH. and electrical conductivity. The monitoring

of river water designed as not only for water pollution

monitoring system, but more than that is to make

a sensing node where additional sensors can be

apply and added. In addition, water ﬂowrate and

level measurement is very important as indicator for

ﬂooding in the river. Most of rivers located in Riau

Province in Indonesia are at very high risk to the

ﬂooding because of high intensity of raining and low

level to the sea level. The system for ﬂooding alert

is very important for reminding the communities for

preventive action while water level arise and reach

in a dangerous level. The smart of sensor node in

WSNs consists of four indicators as indicated for

measurement pollutant water and water river status

and alert. The indicator as shows in table 1 the

complete of indicator measurement with range of

sensors and also for the accuracy.

Table 1: Design Speciﬁcation of the sensor nodes

Parameter Range Accuracy Method

Temperature 0 to 16

◦

C ± 0.5

◦

C Thermistor

DO 0 to 20 mg/L ± 0.5 mg/L Polarography

pH 0 to 14 ± 0.1 Glass Electrode

Salinity 0 to 50 % ± 0.5

Conductivity

Measurement

Multi Parameter of WSNs Sensor Node for River Water Pollution Monitoring System (Siak River, Riau-Indonesia)

141

Figure 2: The diagram block of system for smart sensor node in WSNs.

Figure 3: Water polluted by chemicals from an industry

operating along river.

In ﬁgure 2 shows a diagram block of the smart

sensing node for a WSNs system, the data collected

by the sensor unit will be keeping in a local storage

or database, and then all the analyzed data will be

forwarded to central database center at the backend

system.

3 MONITORING SYSTEM OF

RIVER WATER POLLUTANT

The typical of WSNs in the possesses of the system

structure with a new design and novel for the sensor

nodes, where simply to conﬁgure as an arbitrary of the

parameter in the multi parameters in the monitoring

network. While compare to the conventional of river

monitor system, it consists in the follow discussion:

• The node of sensor are attach with multi sensing

and low in power with individual power input

used solar panel system.

• The parameter of monitoring are ﬂexible; the

network in sensing on the monitoring area is

self-organized

• the size of capacity in the network is very big

amount, and the distribution of node can be much

deeper.

The information shared to the all of communities.

A monitor with all the information related to the water

quality installed at the community center or at the

point of common assembly of community for easy to

delivery of information. Furthermore, all the people

and community can have an access to information

shows including the status of river water levels. Based

on monitoring system then all the information is

update for public service and knows the status of the

river.

3.1 WSNs System for Water Sensing

A packet of system for sensing complete to all the

sensors for detection on how much river water have

contaminate installed at the river side in order to

obtain, real data on the river ﬂow. As shows in ﬁgure 4

illustrate a sensor node that installed on the river side

with individual power system which is solar panel.

The sensor nodes are normally install with distance

very far to the location of monitoring area; thus in

this case power supply from normal public service is

not available. Thus, the solar powered system with

backup battery become very handy.

Large quantity of detection data is collect from

any of sensor system then contribute a large number

quantity, since the sensor nodes has a limited of

storage data, the large data resulted in low of feedback

while sending the data to sink node. Multi sensors

will affected the sensor nodes performance and also

the speed of response. Thus, a smart sensor nodes

proposed to design in obtain quick response in case

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

142

of abnormal detection on river water monitoring

introduced. Introducing an algorithm for the sensor

nodes and the ﬁltering of some data gives the

sensors node to become smarter in the detection and

determine of pollution of the river water. Figure

4 shows a complete of WSNs sensing system for

water pollutant detection with all the parameters of

polluted water. The system designed in integrated to

all parameters including electrical and power supply

with individual from solar panel system.

Figure 4: A complete system on the river water side with

WSNs node installed fort water pollution detection.

3.2 WSNs Sink Node and

Communication System

The common of average distance from the sensor

nodes is different to the based on early to the data

collection by geographical information and survey of

the different kind of the river and also the number of

the industries operated around the river. In addition,

communities in the villages and the activity have

contributed to the pollution of river water, to achieve

more accurate in data, the average nodes distance

must be install as near as possible to the base station.

Figure 5 shows, the scenario of topology of the

network for the sensor system with the numbers of

sensor nodes, in every sensor node have their own

sink node to base station for data collecting in a

local host before sending to the station of monitoring.

In this case, latest communication technology which

mobile network Fourth Generation (4G used for sink

node as communication to the monitoring station in

order for faster communication as well as real time

monitoring system, as so far most of area is a cover

by 4G network in mobile cellular or GPRS data.

Figure 5: Communication of sensor nodes to the sink and

base station system.

4 RESULTS AND DISUCSSION

The simulation results give good response based on

test conducted in the laboratory. Data obtain in the

tests use as initial as based parameter before the

actual testing conducted and sensor installed. In this

scenario, initial test results very valuable information

in order to conform whether the propose sensor

nodes as the model is relevant to apply based on the

design of parameter as set. Several of data were

compared to other sensors data set and literature

as references (Cloete et al., 2016). Result obtain

of the temperature sensors as test were compare

to conventional measurement which is thermometer

(Figure 6).

The parameter of water which pH is another very

signiﬁcant indicator to measure the quality of the

water. In this case, the type of sensors uses for

sensor nodes built on the glass electrode. The pH

sensor design in special speciﬁcation and precision

as in minimum 0.4 pH. There are two classiﬁcations

of test in conduct to observe the precision of the

installed sensor of pH water. In ﬁgure 7 shows a water

pH sensor while test in the between measurement in

the laboratory environment versus to the theoretical

analysis which obtain based on simulation and

mathematical modeling. Both of results gives good

response and agreement and in this measurement can

deﬁne the pH sensor is working well.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The proposed design of intelligent sensor nodes

for WSNs have been done in multi sensor to do

measurement of all the parameters in the polluted

water. Initial testing in the laboratory give good

response and some of sample test conducted to the

Multi Parameter of WSNs Sensor Node for River Water Pollution Monitoring System (Siak River, Riau-Indonesia)

143

Figure 6: Temperature sensor results vs thermometer.

Figure 7: Water pH sensor test between theoretical and actual measurements.

river water, since there are many parameters and

chemicals that were involved, thus various sensors

such as water temperature were used. Water pH

parameters that need to monitored and water DO.

Measurement shows good result and achievement to

compared to the analysis and theoretical for all the

sensor. Thus, the sensor node can be applied and

ready to be deployed to actual sites.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank you very much to KEMENRISTEKDIKTI

Indonesia and Universiti Teknologi Petronas for

funding this research and Universitas Islam Riau to

support the facilities.

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