Support for Heritage Tourism Development: The Case of Ombilin Coal

Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto, Indonesia

Jonny Wongso

, Desi Ilona

, Zaitul

, Bahrul Anif

Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, Indonesia

Universitas Putra Indonesia YPTK, Padang, Indonesia

Keywords:

Positive Impact, Negative Impact, Support For Heritage Tourism Develpoment

Abstract:

This study aims to invetigate the effect of negative economic, social cultural, and environment impact on sup-

port for tourism development. Besides, this study also seek whether there is a signiﬁcant effect of negative

economic, social cultural, and environment impact on support for tourism development. Social exchange the-

ory is applied to undertand these relationships. Seventy seven residents of Sawahlunto are participated in this

study. This study apply SEM-PLS (Smart-PLS) to analys the data. measurement and structural model assess-

ment is conducted before concluding whether there is a signiﬁcant effect of latent independent variables on

support for tourism development. The result reveals that out of sixt variables being tested, only two latent in-

dependent variables have a positive relationship with support for tourism development: positive social cultural

impact and positive environment impact. This study has two implications: theoritical and practical. Theo-

ritically, this study contribute to the social exchagne theory in the sense that resident gains positive impact is

likely willing to exchange with positive attitude toward suporting the tourism development in the context of In-

donesia’s enviroment. Practically, this study can be used by govenement in how to gain the residents’ support

of Sawahlunto by increasing the positive social cultural and environment impact from tourism deevelopment

1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

One of an effective way to regenerate the commercial-

isation of destination is tourism development (Chen

and Chen 2010). One of the theme for tourism de-

velopment is heritage. Chen and Chen (Chen et al.,

2010) add that heritage tourism is usually regards to

the domains of cultural tourism and urban tourism.

The word of heritage has been introduced and become

a buzz in 1990 (Palmer, 1999). In the Urban con-

text, heritage places are midst the crucial sectors of

tourism (Jung and Han 2014). There are several or-

ganizations to promote the heritage site (Dieck et al.,

2015). Two examples of that organization are the In-

ternational Council on Monuments and Sites (ICO-

MOS) and UNESCO which conserve monument and

sites around the world. Urban heritage sites have been

developing in many countries. It is as consequences

of several factor affects on tourism outcome, such as

material impact because of reduced season ability, ex-

panded stays and expanded customer based (Chang

et al., 1996; Patuelli et al., 2013). Jung and Han (Jung

et al., 2014) state that there are several negative im-

pacts due to urban heritage tourism development re-

garding to use of space. In fact, Chen and Chen (Chen

et al., 2010) documented that several factors affect-

ing the attitude toward heritage tourism development:

economic, social-cultural, and environments.

Central and local government, in every country

have been developing the tourism destination, includ-

ing heritage tourism. However, they forget about her-

itage management and suitability and it is critical con-

cerns from both party of practitioners and academics.

Chen and Chen (Chen et al., 2010) argue that the res-

idents’ support for tourism development is the suc-

cess of heritage tourism. Besides, the succes of fac-

tors are also attractive heritage resources, uniqueness,

successful tourism policy and maintainability. Re-

search on residents’ support for tourism development

has been done by previous researcher (Perdue et al.,

1990; Sirakaya et al., 2002; Stylidis et al., 2014; Lee,

2013; Chen et al., 2010).

Perdue et al. (Perdue et al., 1990) investigate the

factors affecting the supporting for additional tourism

development in 16 rural Colorado community and

found that there are several signiﬁcant factors, such

as positive or negative impact on tourism. In ad-

dition, (Sirakaya et al., 2002) assess the determi-

Wongso, J., Ilona, D., Zaitul, . and Anif, B.

Support for Heritage Tourism Development: The Case of Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009185402290236

In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICoSET 2019), pages 229-236

ISBN: 978-989-758-463-3

229

nants of supporting for tourism development in Ghana

and conclude that social-psychological factors inﬂu-

ence the supporting for tourism development, such

as tourism’s impact. Chen and Chen (Chen et al.,

2010) investigate the interrelationship between eco-

nomic dependence on tourism, community attach-

ment, perceived negative tourism impact, perceived

positive tourism impacts and support for tourism de-

velopment in Taiwan. Lee (Lee, 2013) study the ef-

fect of community attachment, community involve-

ment, perceived beneﬁt, and perceived cost on sup-

port for sustainable tourism development, in south-

west Taiwan and found that community involvement

and community attachment have a signiﬁcant effect

on level of support for tourism development. Fi-

nally, (Stylidis et al., 2014) investigate the support for

tourism development in northern Greece and found

that the higher the economics, social-culture and en-

vironmental tourism impacts, the greater the support

for tourism development.

Previous studies on support for tourism develop-

ment much more focus on general tourism develop-

ment. Study on heritage tourism development has

been examined, but emphasize on cultural heritage

tourism development (Chen et al., 2010). There is

a lack of study investigating the urban or historical

value heritage tourism development. Besides, studies

on effect of tourism impact on support for tourism de-

velopment has been seen from economic, social cul-

tural and environmental impact (Gursoy et al., 2002;

Gursoy et al., 2004; Lindberg et al., 1997; Yoon

et al., 2001; Ko et al., 2002; Sharma et al., 2009; Ju-

rowski et al., 1997; Chen et al., 2010; Lee, 2013),

but the result is inconclusive. Most of support for

tourism development studies are underpinned by so-

cial exchange theory (Emerson, 1976). In addition,

there is an effort of Indonesia’s government to de-

velop a world heritage called “ Ombilin Coal Mining

Heritage of Sawahlunto” or OCMHS, in west Suma-

tra, Indonesia. It is being nominated by UNESCO

as one of world heritages which will be conducted

a plenary session in June 2019. Ombilin Coal Min-

ing Heritage of Sawahlunto is representative and out-

standing example of a pioneering technological en-

semble planned and built by European engineers in

their colonies designed to extract strategic coal re-

sources

Government of Sawahlunto, West Sumatra

Province government and central of government of

Indonesia have economic objective to develop this

Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto, a short

guide: nomination for inscription on the world heritage list,

available at ofﬁce of cultural affair, historical remains and

museum of Sawahlunto municipality.

site to be world heritage: tourism purpose. However,

there is no study investigating the residents’ support

for this historical value and urban heritage tourism

development. Therefore, this kind of study is com-

pulsory to be conducted, otherwise the governments

does not have knowledge of resident’s support for

this heritage tourism development. Thus, this study

aims to investigate the effect of the positive and neg-

ative of economic, social-cultural, and environment

impact on residents’ support for heritage tourism

development in Indonesia. The research framework

is shown in Figure 2 below. This paper is signiﬁcant

for government of Indonesia, and Sawahlunto mu-

nicipality to have a sustainability heritage tourism.

This article can contribute to the literature of her-

itage tourism management. Due to uniqueness of

Indonesia’s culture, social and law system, this study

differ compared to previous studies which done in

difference environment, such as study done by Chen

and Chen (Chen et al., 2010). The remaining of this

paper is organised as follow. Method and material are

second part of this paper. The third session is about

result and discussion. the ﬁnal session is conclusion

and recommendation. Thus, we test six hypotheses in

this study as follow.

H1: there is positive effect of positive economic

impact on support for OCMHS development H2:

there is negative effect of negative economic impact

on support for OCMHS development H3: there is

positive effect of positive social cultural impact on

support for OCMHS development H4: there is neg-

ative effect of negative social cultural impact on sup-

port for OCMHS development H5: there is positive

effect of positive environment impact on support for

OCMHS development H6: there is negative effect of

negative environment impact on support for OCMHS

development

2 RESEARCH METHOD

There are seventy-seven respondents from

Sawahlunto participated in this study. Primary

data is used for this study which collected using

questioners. The online survey is conducted during

November to December 2018. There are two type of

variables employed (latent dependent variable and

latent independent variables). Support for tourism

development is two items of questioner developed by

Ko and Stewart (Ko et al., 2002). Tourism impact is

developed by Ko and Stewart (Ko et al., 2002) and

used by Chen and Chen (2010) which consists of

economic impact (8 items), social cultural impact (10

items) and environmental items (8 items). Each im-

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

230

Figure 1: Location and area of nominated property.

Figure 2: Research framework.

pact has two sessions: negative and positive impacts.

This study applies SEM-PLS (smart-pls) method

to analysis the data. There are two assessment of

smart-pls: measurement model and structural model

(Hair et al., 2017). Measurement model is assessing

the construct validity which consists of convergent

validity and discriminant validity (Vinzi et al., 2010).

The structural model assesses the predictive relevance

and predictive power. Acceptance or rejection of

hypotheses employ original sample means and t

statistic or p-value (Hair et al., 2013).

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This session is discusssed about respondent proﬁle,

outer model assessment (MMA), and inner model as-

sessment (SMA). Table 1 show the demographic data

from respondent. Seventy-seven respondents returned

the questioners. From gender perspective, forty-two

respondents are male or 54.55% and the rests are fe-

male (45.45%). In addition, education level of re-

spondent is dominated by graduating from senior high

school (38.96%) and followed by bachelor’s degree

graduation (32.47%). Further, respondents working

with government are 32.47%, followed by 10.39% as

entrepreneurs, 33.77% as students and the rest is oth-

ers. Finally, the respondents’ income with less than

Rp. 3 million is 61.04%. It is followed by 27.00%

of respondent with the income of Rp. 3.1 to Rp. 6

million. The rest is income above Rp. 6 million.

The convergent validity applies the three property:

Support for Heritage Tourism Development: The Case of Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto, Indonesia

231

Table 1: Respondent Proﬁle.

Demographic Category Number %

Gender Male 42 54.55

Female 35 45.45

Education

(Graduated)

Senior high

school

30 38.96

Diploma 7 9.09

Bachelor 25 32.47

Master 10 12.99

Others 5 6.49

Occupation Government

servant

20 25.97

Entrepreneur 8 10.39

Students 26 33.77

Others 23 29.87

Income < Rp. 3 Mil-

lion

47 61.04

Rp 3.1 to Rp.

6 M

21 27.00

Rp. 6.1 to Rp.

9 M

6 7.79

> Rp. 9 Mil-

lion

3 3.39

indicator reliability (outer loading), internal consis-

tency reliability and AVE. The result of MMA is seen

in Table 2. The construct of negative economic im-

pact (NEI) has three items and all items have an outer

loading greater than 0.700 (Hulland, 1999). In ad-

dition, the internal consistency for NEI also indicate

the reliable due to the value of Cronbach’s alpha (CA)

and composite reliability (CR) are greater than 0.800

(Bagozzi et al., 1988). Finally, the value of aver-

age variance extracted (AVE) is 0.636 and it reached

the cut-off value (Bagozzi et al., 1988). The second

construct is negative environmental impact (NENI).

NENI has four items and all items have an outer load-

ing above 0.700 (Hulland, 1999). In addition, the

value of CA and CR for this construct is also greater

than 0.700 and therefore it can be said that the inter-

nal consistency reliability is reached (Bagozzi et al.,

1988). Further, NENI also has a higher value of AVE,

greater than 0.500 (Bagozzi et al., 1988).

The third construct, negative social culture impact

(NSCI) has ﬁve items and having calculate the outer

loading, only two items has the value of outer loading

greater than 0.700 (Hulland, 1999), that is nsci2 and

nsci5. In addition, this construct has a value of CA

and CR greater than 0.700 and it can be concluded the

internal consistency of construct is reliable (Bagozzi

et al., 1988). Further, this construct also has AVE’s

value greater than 0.500 and it is reached the cut off

value (Bagozzi et al., 1988). The fourth construct

is positive economic impact. This construct has ﬁve

items and all items have outer loading value above

0.700 and thus, it can be concluded that the construct

has an higher indicator reliability (Hulland 1999). In

addition, this construct has satisﬁed (Bagozzi et al.,

1988). Finally, the AVE is also greater 0.500 and it is

satisﬁed (Bagozzi et al., 1988).

The ﬁfth construct is positive environment impact

(PEI). This construct has four items and all items

are reliable due to outer loading above 0.700 (Hul-

land, 1999). the internal consistency of construct is

also reliable because of CA and CR’s value above

0.700 (Bagozzi et al., 1988). In addition, the value of

AVE also indicate above 0.5 and it satisfy the require-

ment of convergent validity (Bagozzi and Yi 1988).

The sixth construct is positive social culture impact

(PSCI) and has ﬁve items. All items have an outer

loading more than 0.700 and therefore, it reached the

cut off value (Hulland, 1999). In addition, the value

of CA and CR for this construct is 0.803 and 0.902

respectively and it can be concluded that the internal

consistency is reliable (Bagozzi et al., 1988). Fur-

ther, the AVE’s value indicate above the cut off value

(0.500) and it can be concluded that the convergent

validity is achieved (Bagozzi et al., 1988). Finally,

the latent dependent variable has an achieved con-

vergent validity with outer loading above 0.700 (two

valid items) (Hulland, 1999), the value of CA and CR

is more than 0.700 (Bagozzi et al., 1988), and AVE’s

value is greater than 0.500 (Bagozzi et al., 1988).

The discriminant validity is second construct va-

lidity assessment. Hair et al (Hair et al., 2013), stated

that there are two property that can be used to check

the discriminant validity: Fornel-Lacker criterion and

cross-loading. Table 3 indicates the result of Fornel-

Lacker criterion and based on this result, it achieve

the discriminant validity rule in which the square root

of AVE a construct must be higher than the correla-

tion that construct with other construct (Fornell et al.,

1981). For example, the value of square root AVE

for NEI (0.797) is higher than correlation of NEI with

construct of NENI, NSCI and etc.

Discriminant validity also can be assessed from

the cross loading of construct with its items. Henseler

(Henseler, 2010) argue that the loadings of an in-

dicator on its assignment latent variable should be

higher than its loadings on all other latent variables.

From the result (see Table 4), we can conclude that it

achieve the rule stated by Henseler (Henseler, 2010).

For example, the loading of items nei1, nei2 and nei3

have a loading on its NEI construct with value of

0.835, 0.755, and 0.800 respectively. The measure-

ment model can be seen in Figure 3.

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

232

Figure 3: Measurement model .

The result of assessment of structural model is

demonstrated in Table 5. Vinzi et al (Vinzi et al.,

2010), argue that there are two type of structural

model assessment, that is predictive relevance and

predictive power. Predictive relevance uses the Q

square and model has a good predictive relevance if

its Q square above 0 (Hair et al., 2013). From Table

5, we can see that the value of Q square is greater than

0. In fact, the value is categorised as strong predictive

relevance (Henseler, 2010). In addition, model pre-

dictive power is moderate (Hair et al., 2014). R square

is 0.356 and it means that 35.60% variation in latent

dependent variable is explained by latent independent

variables. the rest is explained by other variables.

The effect of latent independent variable on la-

tent dependent variable is determined by path coefﬁ-

cient and t statistic or p-value. Out of six latent inde-

pendent variables, only two latent independent vari-

ables have a signiﬁcant positively effect on support

for tourism development in Sawahlunto: positive en-

vironment impact (PEI) and positive social cultural

impact (PSCI). PEI has path coefﬁcient of 0.290 with

p value 0.090 (signiﬁcant at 10%). In addition, path

coefﬁcient for PSCI is 0.285 with t statistic 1.871 (sig-

niﬁcant at 10%). Negative and positive economic im-

pact do not have a signiﬁcant effect on support for

tourism development due to the p value greater than

10%. Negative environment and social cultural im-

pact also do not have a signiﬁcant effect on support

for tourism development because of its t value is lower

than 1.69. The structural model is shown by ﬁgure 4.

Based on the result above, there are two latent in-

dependent variables inﬂuencing the support for her-

itage tourism development: positive social cultural

impact and positive environment impacts. The rea-

son why positive social cultural impact has a positive

relationship with support for tourism development is

that the resident is likely to participate in an exchange

with tourists if they believe that they are likely to gain

advantages (Yoon et al., 2001). Furthermore, if resi-

dents perceive that the positive impact of tourism de-

velopment will be greater than the negative impacts,

they will endorse a tourism development. Thus, this

ﬁnding conﬁrms to the social exchange theory (Emer-

son, 1976). The effect of positive social cultural im-

pact on support of tourism development is aligned

with (Chen et al., 2010) who conclude that there is

a positively signiﬁcant relationship between positive

tourism impact on support for tourism development

(t value=5.45). in addition, other scholar who sup-

Support for Heritage Tourism Development: The Case of Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto, Indonesia

233

Figure 4: Structural Model .

port this ﬁnding is (Gursoy et al., 2002) who also

found that perceived beneﬁt that had almost equal to

positive impact has a positive impact on support for

tourism (path coef. = 0.37, t stat.=6.36). Further, the

positive relationship between positive social cultural

impact on support for tourism development is also

supported by Gursoy and Rutherford (Gursoy et al.,

2004), Jurowski et al (Jurowski et al., 1997), Ko and

Stewart (Ko et al., 2002), and Yoon et al (Yoon et al.,

2001). Other four latent independent variables which

do not have a signiﬁcant relationship with support for

tourism development are not consistent with previous

studies, such as Chen and Chen (Chen et al., 2010),

Jurowski et al (Jurowski et al., 1997), Ko and Stewart

(Ko et al., 2002), and Yoon et al (Yoon et al., 2001).

4 CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

Tourism development is an effort made by govern-

ment to promote the culture or historic value of cer-

tain location. thus, it becomes an attraction that can

invite tourism coming to the tourism sites. One of

tourism development in Indonesia is OCMHS. In fact,

this site is being nominated by UNESCO to be one

of world heritages. Thus, it will be decided in June

2019. However, there is no studies investigating the

residents’ supporting of this heritage tourism devel-

opment. Therefore, this objective study of this study

is to investigate the effect of economic, social cul-

tural and environment impact on supporting for this

tourism development. These impacts are divided into

positive and negative. By surveying the Sawahlunto

residents, we reveal that only two latent independent

variables have a signiﬁcant effect on supporting for

heritage tourism development: positive social cultural

impact and positive environment impact. This study

contributes to the social exchange theory.

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

234

Table 2: Convergent Validity.

Construct Item Outer

Load-

ing

CA CR AVE

Negative

eco-

nomic

impact

nei1 0.84 0.75 0.84 0.64

nei2 0.76

nei3 0.80

negative

environ-

mental

impact

neni1 0.70 0.91 0.90 0.69

neni2 0.99

neni3 0.82

neni4 0.80

negative

social

culture

impact

nsci2 0.79 0.74 0.87 0.77

nsci5 0.96

positive

eco-

nomic

impact

pei1 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.77

pei2 0.80

pei3 0.81

pei4 0.88

pei5 0.92

pei6 0.94

positive

envi-

ronment

impact

peni1 0.75 0.90 0.93 0.78

peni2 0.93

peni3 0.91

peni4 0.93

positive

social

cultural

impact

psci1 0.90 0.86 0.90 0.65

psci2 0.70

psci3 0.87

psci4 0.83

psci5 0.75

support

for

tourism

develop-

ment

std1 0.95 0.88 0.94 0.89

std2 0.94

Table 3: Discriminant validity-Fornel-Lacker Criterion.

Construct NEI NENI NSCI PEI PENI PSCI STD

NEI 0.80

NENI 0.24 0.83

NSCI 0.35 0.28 0.88

PEI 0.61 -0.09 0.17 0.88

PENI 0.52 -0.02 0.16 0.76 0.88

PSCI 0.61 -0.03 0.20 0.77 0.78 0.85

STD 0.39 -0.06 0.16 0.48 0.55 0.56 0.95

Table 4: Discriminant Validity-Cross Loading.

Items NEI NENI NSCI PEI PENI PSCI STD

nei1 0.84 0.05 0.14 0.75 0.63 0.68 0.42

nei2 0.76 0.38 0.41 0.19 0.21 0.29 0.20

nei3 0.80 0.30 0.42 0.29 0.22 0.32 0.22

neni1 0.45 0.67 0.38 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.00

neni2 0.23 0.99 0.24 -0.10 -0.03 -

0.04

-0.07

neni3 0.32 0.82 0.47 -0.01 0.04 0.02 -0.01

neni4 0.34 0.80 0.48 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.00

nsci2 0.49 0.41 0.79 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08

nsci5 0.24 0.19 0.96 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.17

pei1 0.55 -0.06 0.17 0.91 0.66 0.67 0.37

pei2 0.47 -0.08 0.17 0.79 0.69 0.65 0.40

pei3 0.50 0.02 0.13 0.81 0.68 0.60 0.44

pei4 0.55 -0.15 0.13 0.88 0.59 0.69 0.46

pei5 0.54 -0.12 0.12 0.92 0.69 0.73 0.42

pei6 0.59 -0.11 0.17 0.94 0.68 0.72 0.40

peni1 0.41 0.09 0.15 0.63 0.75 0.65 0.47

peni2 0.46 -0.05 0.06 0.70 0.93 0.70 0.54

peni3 0.48 -0.06 0.20 0.67 0.91 0.73 0.48

peni4 0.49 -0.05 0.17 0.68 0.93 0.74 0.45

psci1 0.59 -0.05 0.20 0.71 0.76 0.90 0.60

psci2 0.48 -0.01 0.13 0.46 0.47 0.66 0.38

psci3 0.49 -0.01 0.22 0.74 0.66 0.87 0.43

psci4 0.40 0.01 0.11 0.59 0.67 0.83 0.45

psci5 0.47 -0.07 0.11 0.61 0.62 0.75 0.36

std1 0.377 -0.07 0.15 0.52 0.54 0.59 0.95

std2 0.360 -0.05 0.14 0.37 0.50 0.47 0.94

Table 5: Structural Model Assessment.

Endogenous

Con-

struct

Decision R

Decision

STD 0.26 strong 0.36 moderate

relationship path

coef

t statis-

tic

value

Decision

NEI ->

STD

0.10 0.78 0.43 not-

accepted

NENI ->

STD

-0.09 0.78 0.44 not-

accepted

NSCI ->

STD

0.05 0.51 0.61 not-

accepted

PEI ->

STD

-0.03 0.26 0.79 not-

accepted

PEI ->

STD

0.29 1.70 0.09* accepted

PSCI->

STD

0.29 1.87 0.06* accepted

Support for Heritage Tourism Development: The Case of Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto, Indonesia

235

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