Concept Mapping for Strategic Priority of State Universities in the

Disruption Era

Siti Ridloah, Vini Wiratno Putri, Anindya Ardiansari

Department of Management, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia

Keywords: Strategic Priority, Disruption Era, Idea Networking.

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to explore the strategic priorities needed by universities in the disruption

era. This type of research is exploratory research, which is a study that discusses various information, namely

exposing and exploring ideas. The research method used in this study is qualitative grouping through the 'idea

networking' to obtain relevant information disseminated by the university. The results of the study show that

strategic priorities of state universities in Indonesia in the disruption era have several important points,

namely: Tridharma of higher education, competitiveness, GUG, networking, innovation, accessibility, local

wisdom, entrepreneurship, multidisciplinary and up to date. This is expected to provide important information

for state universities to face the challenges in the era of disruption. In addition, the results of this study can be

used as research to conduct further research on the strategic priorities of higher education.

1 INTRODUCTION

The development of universities in Indonesia looks

encouraging when viewed quantitatively. However,

qualitatively, the quality of higher education still

needs to be improved. Quantitatively, it can be seen

from the development of the number of universities

in Indonesia. Based on data from the central statistic

agency in 2008-2014, the growth of higher education

institutions in Indonesia as a whole is 3.41% (BPS,

2015). It can be said that some of the growth in higher

education is driven from below. After taking

secondary education, the desire of graduates to

continue their education to a higher level continues to

increase to almost 6 percent per year with higher

education participation rates in 2013, reaching 23

percent (Oey-Gardiner et al., 2017).

However, qualitatively, the quality of Indonesian

universities are still far from expectation. One of the

quality indicators is the presence of lecturers who

show negative growth (Oey-Gardiner et al., 2017). In

addition, it can be seen that in Indonesia, there are

only two universities that are the world's best-rated

version of Time Higher Education 2016, while India

has 17 of the best universities (Indonesia and India

are the same countries with the largest population).

This phenomenon occurs because in general

Indonesian higher education is still classified as

teaching, not a research university that prioritizes

research (Oey-Gardiner et al., 2017).

In addition to the need to improve the quality of

higher education, Indonesia also needs to expand the

accessibility of higher education. This is driven by an

increase in the number of millennials who are now in

secondary school who have the potential to enter

higher education. Based on central statistic agency

data from 2008-2014, there was an increase in school

enrolment rates for people aged 19-24 from 13

percent to 23 percent (BPS, 2015). However, now

there are still many college-age children who cannot

feel the lecture bench. For this reason, the

government needs to improve the accessibility of

universities.

Meanwhile, changes occur continuously and

simultaneously. This also happens in universities. In

fact, in developed countries, these changes occur very

quickly, even towards disruptive conditions. This

situation is driven by the development of Massive

Open Online Courses (MOOCs) (Oey-Gardiner et al.,

2017). This online teaching method is able to

penetrate the boundaries of space and time so that it

has a very wide range. MOOCs material and teaching

materials can be accessed by anyone and anywhere

even free. This is a very basic change in college.

Previously, lectures affected the presence of lecturers

and students on campus and paid tuition fees in

accordance with the quality and educational facilities.

260

Ridloah, S., Putri, V. and Ardiansari, A.

Concept Mapping for Strategic Priority of State Universities in the Disruption Era.

DOI: 10.5220/0009202302600264

In Proceedings of the 2nd Economics and Business International Conference (EBIC 2019) - Economics and Business in Industr ial Revolution 4.0, pages 260-264

ISBN: 978-989-758-498-5

Thus, the MOOC system can strengthen the

position of the "buyer" so that it changes the "market"

of higher education from the "market provider" to

"the buyer's market." If now the study program

curriculum is designed by universities, in the future,

it can be a "buyer" who will determine the courses he

wants to attend the university. Thus, users/students

can build a personal curriculum, which of course, will

be very diverse.

Based on the description of the conditions and

challenges mentioned above, it is necessary to

conduct research to find out what strategic priorities

need to be owned by state universities in the face of

the era of disruption.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Strategic Priority

Strategic management can be defined as an art and

science in formulating, implementing, and evaluating

cross-functional decisions that enable organizations

to achieve their goals (David & David, 2015). Based

on this understanding, the strategic management

process consists of 3 processes, namely formulation,

implementation, and evaluation of strategies.

Strategic priority is a collection of ideas and

strategies that are a top priority in the company. In

each step of determining priorities, the strategic

management group ranks the ideas produced at each

stage of the process. Priorities can be arranged in an

achievement index that combines rankings made by

applying several criteria. Strategic priorities are

significant for companies or institutions because they

can affect the company's performance. Tarigan

(2005) found that the company's strategic priority row

had a positive effect on company performance. This

result is also in line with the research of Verbeeten

and Boons (2009), who found that strategic priorities

had a positive effect on company performance.

2.2 Disruption Era

Disruption is a very basic change that occurs in

various industries (Oey-Gardiner et al., 2017). The

era of disruption is an era where there have been

enormous changes in various industries, such as

correspondence, print media, and public

transportation. The main driving factor for disruption

is the advancement of technology and information.

Disruption also hit the world of education with

marked development of Massive Open Online

Courses (MOOCs). This system is able to penetrate

the boundaries of the lecture room, even the national

borders, because anyone and anywhere can access

lectures. This change resulted in a shift in the trend of

higher education, which had been centered on

universities as 'sellers' being user-centered as 'buyers'.

2.3 Concept Mapping

The research method used in this study is qualitative

clustering through 'idea networking.' Idea networking

is part of concept mapping (Metcalfe, 2007), which

classifies, connects, and groups ideas. The source of

the idea statement can be something that is relevant

to the problem situation. This statement can be

"interview transcripts, community meetings,

memorized comments from a conversation or

statement in company documents" (Metcalfe, 2007).

In this method, statements of ideas are extracted and

linked to each other to produce diagrams and produce

a collection of statements that can be generalized to

priority.

After finding these priorities, the researcher

conducted a dialectical analysis. This is useful for

exploring the tension or interrelationship between

priorities as an illustration of creative strategies

(Metcalfe, 2014). Basically, there are no best or most

important priorities, but the opposite generation of

concepts can encourage balance and creativity. The

author analyzes the dialectics and the potential

tension between priorities.

Concept mapping can be applied in various

problems, especially excavation of ideas and

networking ideas (idea networking). Some studies use

this method in solving the problem, for example, the

Borg (2010) study that found strategic priorities in the

construction industry in Australia and research by

Ridloah (2016) who found banking strategic priorities

in Indonesia.

3 METHOD

This study examines universities in Indonesia.

Qualitative data is used in this study, namely, data on

the vision and mission of universities in Indonesia.

The population of this study is all State Universities

in Indonesia. Based on data from the Ministry of

Research, Technology, and Higher Education, there

are 135 state universities in Indonesia. In accordance

with Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the

National Education System, this tertiary institution

can take the form of a University, Institute, College,

Polytechnic, or Academy. This study uses purposive

sampling, which is a non-random sampling

Concept Mapping for Strategic Priority of State Universities in the Disruption Era

261

technique. The advantage of using a purposive

sampling technique is that it can target specific

groups. In addition, this technique is easier to do and

is suitable for specific target populations.

This study will target state universities in the form

of universities as samples in this study. The

researcher chose the form of university because the

university has the authority to organize the most

extensive education compared to the others. In

addition, universities are generally well established

compared to others. Based on data from the Ministry

of Research, Technology, and Higher Education,

there are 66 state universities that will be sampled in

this study.

This type of research is exploratory research,

namely research that aims to explore a variety of

information, is explaining and exploring ideas

(Solimun et al., 2017). The research method used in

this study is qualitative clustering through 'idea

networking.' Idea networking is part of concept

mapping (Metcalfe, 2007), which classifies,

connects, and groups ideas. The source of the idea

statement can be something that is relevant to the

problem situation. This statement can be "interview

transcripts, community meetings, memorized

comments from a conversation or statement in

company documents" (Metcalfe, 2007). In this

method, statements of ideas are extracted and linked

to each other to produce diagrams and produce a

collection of statements that can be generalized to

priority.

To conceptualize the strategic priorities of State

Universities in Indonesia, researchers link the

institution's mission statement, which is available on

the university's website. This network provides a

qualitative means for grouping statements inductively

(Hassanli & Metcalfe, 2013). The mission statement

is chosen because it reveals the strategy action in

question, supported by the university leadership and

available to the public. An example of a mission

statement is to 'organize and develop education in

educational and non-educational programs that are

superior to conservation and international reputations'

(unnes.ac.id).

These statements are arranged and numbered.

This statement is then linked to the use of keywords.

The link is recorded in the interaction matrix using

the social network analysis program Nodexl. There

are many similar social network analysis programs,

such as UCINET and Gephi, each with a very similar

grouping algorithm. Nodexl is used in this study

because it is relatively easy to operate and its support

for Microsoft. Networking produces network

diagrams and collections of statements. The cluster

represents a group of similar mission statements. This

cluster is named after what statement is contained in

the mission. This act of synthesis requires evaluations

by researchers based on their understanding of this

industry. The name provides a classification of

statements that is easy to use and can be interpreted

as a summary of priorities.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the results of the analysis of the concept

mapping, there are 10 clusters produced (see Figure

1. and Figure 2.).

Figure 1: Network diagram of the organization's mission

statement (the form of Harel-Koren).

Source: Results of data processing in NodeXL.

Figure 2: Network diagram of the organization's mission

statement (spiral shape).

Source: Results of data processing in NodeXL.

The clusters in Figures 1 and 2 are named as

follows:

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Cluster 1-Tridharma of Higher Education

This cluster is a dark blue cluster. The collection of

mission statements of this organization focuses on

implementing the Tridharma of higher education. An

example of this mission statement is “Organizing the

Tridarma of Higher Education to support local,

national, and international development based on

local resources” (statement 39) (www.unsyiah.ac.id).

The principle of tertiary education is one of the

critical foundations of higher education, especially in

the current era of disruption.

Cluster 2-GUG (Good University Governance)

This cluster is a light blue cluster. This collection of

organizational mission statements underlines the

implementation of good corporate governance in the

organization. Examples of the statements are as

follows: “Develop and run university activities that

prioritize the principles of good university

governance to be able to compete in global

education” (statement 7) (www.unimal.ac.id). The

principles of Good University Governance in

Indonesia are transparency, accountability,

responsibility, independence, fairness, quality

assurance and relevance, effectiveness, and

efficiency, as well as non-profit. GUG, in the

disruption era, aims to create accountable colleges.

Cluster 3-Competitiveness

This cluster contains a statement that focuses on

increasing the competitiveness and excellence of state

universities (see the light green cluster). An example

of the mission statement from this cluster is:

“Organizing leading and sustainable education”

(statement 10) (www.unsam.ac.id).

Cluster 4-Networking

Based on the result of clustering analysis, a

collaboration network is also a strategic priority of

state universities in Indonesia. This cluster is

indicated by the dark green cluster. An example of the

mission statement from this cluster is: “Strengthen

and expand institutional collaboration networks in

order to develop and preserve scientific,

technological, humanities, sports and arts findings”

(statement 4) (www.unsyiah.ac.id).

Cluster 5-Innovation

Innovation is important and a strategic priority for

universities. Based on the results of idea networking

analysis, a cluster of innovations is obtained (see red

clusters). This cluster contains organizational mission

statements related to the development of innovations,

such as “Organizing innovative and highly

competitive research to support the development of

science and technology” (statement 19)

(www.utu.ac.id).

Cluster 6-Accessibility

This cluster focuses on the importance of the

availability of university access for the community

(orange cluster). In the digital era, accessibility can be

interpreted broadly. Accessibility is not only seen as

physical access, but also online access (distance

education). The statement in this cluster, is for

example, “Providing access to world-class quality

education for all levels of society through the

implementation of various distance education

programs to produce highly competitive graduates”

(statement 76) (www.ut.ac.id).

Cluster 7-Local Wisdom

This yellow cluster focuses on the importance of

maintaining local wisdom. An example of this

collection of mission statements is: “Establishing

academics who uphold the nobility of local culture

and national culture in world cultural diversity”

(statement 97) (www.unpad.ac.id). The wisdom of

local culture can provide its own color for universities

in Indonesia.

Cluster 8-Entrepreneurship

This light green cluster emphasizes the importance of

developing an entrepreneurial spirit in the campus

world. An example of his mission statement is:

“Enabling university that is able to apply the

principles of entrepreneurship in its continuous

performance” (statement 88) (www.unj.ac.id).

Cluster 9-Multidisciplinary

This pink cluster focuses on the importance of

developing various disciplines (multidisciplinary) so

that universities do not only focus on one scientific

discipline. An example of this collection of mission

statements is: “Carrying out education by fostering

and developing disciplines of education and

education in disciplines, as well as proportional

disciplines of religion, social sciences, formal

sciences, and applied sciences to strengthen

educational disciplines” (statement 98)

(www.upi.edu).

Cluster 10-Up to date

This purple cluster emphasizes the importance of

universities to always be up to date amid the

development of information technology. Up to date

here can also mean that universities must be able to

Concept Mapping for Strategic Priority of State Universities in the Disruption Era

263

adjust to development needs. An example of this

mission statement is: “Organizing a science,

technology, information and cultural arts

development program that is relevant to the

development needs both regionally, nationally and

internationally” (statement 18) (www.utu.ac.id).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the above analysis, it can be

concluded that the strategic priorities of State

Universities in Indonesia in the era of disruption have

several important points, namely: tri dharma of higher

education, competitiveness, Good University

Governance, networking, innovation, accessibility,

local wisdom, entrepreneurship, multidisciplinary

and up to date.

This is expected to provide important information

for state universities in facing challenges in the era of

disruption. In addition, the results of this study can be

a preliminary study to conduct further research on

university strategic priorities.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge that the present

research is supported by the Ministry of Research and

Technology and Higher Education Republic of

Indonesia. The support is under the research grant

UNNES of the Year 2018.

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