Gymnastics Multimedia Learning Development for Physical

Education

Riangga Dwi Martanti

, Sri Winarni

State University of Yogyakarta, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Master of Sports Science, Faculty of Postgraduate

Keywords: Multimedia, Gymnastic, Junior High School.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop gymnastics multimedia learning in physical education (PE) for

junior high school (JHS). This study adapted the research and development of Dick & Carey model of

education with 4 steps, namely (1) the needs analysis stage, (2) the product design stage, (3) the stage of

evaluation and evaluation, and (4) the final product stage. The subjects in this study were 1 material expert,

1 media expert, 2 PE teachers, and 126 students. The effectiveness test was carried out at Jatilawang JHS

1with 1 class of 34 students. Data were collected using questionnaire techniques and performance. The

results of the study were in the form of developing gymnastic learning on PE of JHS the form of an

Android-based application entitled "MaGym" consisting of 6 main menus, namely (1) main menu, (2)

introduction, (3) material, (4) instruction, (5 ) evaluation, and (6) author profile. Based on the assessment of

material experts, media experts, PE teachers, students and product effectiveness tests, it could be concluded

that the development of gymnastic learning in PE for JHS was feasible to apply to PE for JHS students and

the results of the study indicated that multimedia was effective in improving student gymnastics learning

outcomes.

1 INTRODUCTION

Education is a process of human self-development.

This is in accordance with Law No. 20 of 2003

concerning the National Education System which

explains that National Education is "a conscious and

planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and

learning process, so that students actively develop

their potential to have religious spiritual strength,

self-control, personality, intelligence, noble

character, and skills needed by him, society, nation

and state ". Schools as formal institutions have the

duty and responsibility to carry out the education

process. In the learning process, there are many

factors that influence the success of the learning

process, including factors such as students, teachers,

facilities, environment and school conditions. From

the several factors above, the two most influential

factors are student factors and teacher factors.

The purpose of the learning process is to provide

information and to transfer information from

learning resources to recipients. The learning

process can be done anytime and anywhere. A good

learning process should have good learning

resources. These learning resources will provide

some of the information that is useful for learning.

The source of learning is now diverse and can be in

the form of books, article magazines, the internet or

from the instructors themselves. Even with these

good learning resources, students are required to be

able to improve their own abilities.

To help students in motion, the approach to use

media with excess repetition of motion with

encouragement and examples directly or with the

help of the media is now crucial to have. Sound,

images, videos and simulations are examples of

media forms that can be used. Direct examples in

front of children and important videos are useful in

learning motion. The approach to motion from easy

to difficult in the form of examples of movement

with the media can help students learn to move well.

128

Martanti, R. and Winarni, S.

Gymnastics Multimedia Learning Development for Physical Education.

DOI: 10.5220/0009214601280135

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 128-135

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

The demands of the 21st century on digital

literacy, the learning resources are no longer just

textbooks. Nowadays, it covers existing information

in technology. Technological developments for the

community, especially android, make teachers and

students no longer familiar with their roles in daily

life. In terms of learning, teachers should have tried

to improve learning achievement by integrating

technology, for example on how to use Android to

integrate with various media as learning multimedia.

The use of multimedia learning is helping students

not only to understand teaching material, but also to

practice their skills.

One of the technological advancements,that is

developed at this time, is a smartphone. Smartphone

is a device that allows for communication (call or

SMS). It has the functions as a PDA (Personal

Digital Assistant) and a computer.

Physical education requires learning media, so

that they will facilitate educators in delivering the

materials. One of the materials taught is gymnastics.

Also, learning media should be able to facilitate

students in understanding the materials provided.

However, in reality, there are many students who

underestimate this and considered this as boring,

unattractive, and also scary. Moreover, the condition

is worsen by conventional and limited learning

media, as well as teachers who lack mastering the

floor gymnastics materials since floor gymnastics

materials is considered unattractive by students.

Students assume that floor gymnastics is a scary

sport that makes the body sick and can cause injury.

The existence of important media can be the tool

for teachers in the teaching and learning process.

With media, students can learn more easily in

understanding the materials. The goal of learning

can be conveyed, so that the students are expected to

be able to apply the knowledge in everyday life. The

abundance of media and the increasing affordability

of access to technology make it possible to use it.

Choosing the right media to support the teaching and

learning process is important, so that the main

objectives of learning can be achieved.

In an effort to provide complete learning

resources, the researchers intend to create

multimedia-based android learning for floor

gymnastics learning. The learning application was

called MaGym.

The purpose of this study is to develop

multimedia that are suitable to be used as learning

media. These multimedia should be appropriate in

the opinion of the materials experts, instructional

media experts, teachers and students. Finally, it

should be able to effectively improve the skills of

floor gymnastic for junior high school students.

1.1 Multimedia Learning

Multimedia learning comes from two words, namely

multimedia and learning. The word multimedia is

also composed of a combination of two words

namely multi and media. Multi in Latin comes from

the word nouns which means various. Media comes

from the word medius in Latin, which means middle,

intermediary or introductory. The notion of

multimedia is an interrelated combination of text,

images, photos, sounds, animations and videos that

are made digitally. Based on the above meanings, it

can be concluded that multimedia is a combination

of various media that serves to convey information

to the public (

Vaughan, 2010).

Multimedia learning is actually part of a learning

environment facilitated by instructors or educators to

achieve learning goals. The idea is to use of various

media to display information (

Ivers, 2010). These

media can include writing, graphics, videos, images,

and sounds. Based on this statement, multimedia is a

learning tool whose content is a combination or

integration and integration of more than one media

for a personal interest or learning.

The multimedia term used as a combination of

text, still graphics, animations, audio and video

within a single technology, such as computer or

television. It means that multimedia is used to

describe a combination of writing, graphics,

animation, audio, and video in one technology, such

as computers and television (

Bates, 2003).

The choice of earning media used in learning

activities needs to consider factors in the curriculum.

The contents of the information and knowledge

should be good or up to date. In other words, the

media should be able to be updated regularly, as the

current technology is developing very rapidly.



Multimedia learning has many types, namely

computer-based learning, e-learning, 3D, mobile

learning and animation and presentation media

(

Darmawan, 2016). Multimedia used in this research

is mobile learning.

Mobile learning is a type of learning done

through portable devices that are easy to access and

easy to carry anywhere. Also, it makes it easy to

communicate with others and can be used anywhere

(

Goksu and Atici, 2013). Mobile devices used in

mobile learning can be in the forms of laptops,

palmtop computers or PDAs (personal digital

assistants), tablet PCs, and smartphones (

Valk,

Rashid, and Elder, 2010)

Gymnastics Multimedia Learning Development for Physical Education

129

Mobile learning is learning that utilizes

technology and mobile devices. Mobile here means

a PDA, cell phone, laptop, tablet PC and so on.

Users can access learning content anywhere and

anytime with mobile learning without having to visit

a certain place at a certain time. Thus, users can

access educational content without being bound by

time and space.



Mobile learning can be utilized and developed in

the form of a new learning culture that is more

modern, democratic and educational (

Miftah, 2013).

Learning culture is a small part of the culture of

society. The culture of the community here can be

interpreted as the integration of all objects, ideas of

knowledge, institutions, and ways of doing things;

patterns of behavior, values, habits, and attitudes of

a generation in a society, that is accepted by a

generation from its predecessor generation and is

passed often in a form that has changed to the

generation successor.

The characteristics of mobile learning are (1)

enabling student mobility through mobile devices,

(2) learning anytime and anywhere, (3) encouraging

collaborative learning, (4) engaging students with

constant connectivity, and (5) enabling authentic

learning (

Ibanez, 2016). Mobile learning tends to use

mobile devices such as mobile phones, smartphones,

PDAs, and so on.

1.2 Physical Education

Physical education is an essential educational

process that utilizes physical activities to produce

holistic changes in the individual physically,

mentally and emotionally (

Mahendra, 2003). Physical

education treats the children as a whole unit rather

than as someone who is separated from his physical

and mental qualities.

Physical education is included in the scope of

education, so that its objectives are also tailored to

the purpose of education in general. Physical

education is education about motion and all things

related to one's personal development physically,

mentally and socially. Physical education is an

integral part of mind education that tries to achieve

the goal of developing physical, mental, social, and

emotional fitness for the community, with a vehicle

for physical activity (

Sukintaka 2001).

To attract student involvement in learning, the

teacher must build a good relationship by

establishing a sense of sympathy and mutual

understanding. A good relationship will make the

bridge to the passionate life of students, lead the way

into the new world of students, know the strong

interests of students, speak in the hearts of students,

foster good relations can make it easier for teachers

to engage students, facilitate classroom

management, and extend focus time and increase

student excitement. The implementation of physical

education has an important meaning in the world of

education. The purpose of physical education

consists of four domains, namely physical,

psychomotor, affective, and cognitive domain. In the

four domains, physical education is part of education

with the aim of education as the final goal. Based on

the principles and foundation of physical education,

the purpose of physical education is to develop

physical, mental, social integration and form an

independent person; to choose the form of physical

education and physical activity that is in accordance

with the conditions of a person and social

environment; and to develop health in accordance

with standards (

Rosdiani, 2013).

The purpose of some views above about the

nature of physical education is that physical

education learning should be maximized as best as

possible for students, so that students' physical,

mental and emotional development can always be

maintained. Physical health will also be able to

facilitate students to carry out daily activities

effectively and efficiently produce something that is

optimal. In addition, physical education must also be

delivered as pleasant as possible, so that students can

enjoy the educational process and can achieve

optimal results and can achieve learning goals.

Gymnastics is one of the gymnastic materials in

physical education. Floor exercises are carried out

on the floor without using tools. Rolling, balance,

and spinning are the basic movements in

gymnastics. Gymnastics is part of gymnastics, and

the term "floor" shows that the movement of the

exercise is done on the floor using a mat or rug

(

Sholeh, 1992). Gymnastics is one of the sports in

which there are elements of bouncy bouncing,

balance, jumping and jumping (

Sutrisno and Khafadi,

2010)

A series of floor exercises is a series of two or

more movements in floor gymnastics (

Husdarta and

Eli, 2010)

. A series of gymnastic movements is a

combination of gymnastic movements carried out

sequentially without time to stop during a movement

(

Isnaini and Suranto 2010). The circuit motion is two

or more movements, carried out sequentially with

short gestures (

Wisahati, 2010). From some of the

information above, the writer can conclude that a

series of gymnastic movements is a combination of

two or more gymnastic movements which are

carried out sequentially without pauses.

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

130

Gymnastics is a body exercise that was chosen

and created intentionally, planned, and arranged

systematically, with the aim of forming and

developing a harmonious personality. Gymnastics as

a body exercise is chosen and constructed

deliberately. It is done, planned, and arranged

systematically with the aim of increasing physical

fitness, developing skills, and instilling mental and

spiritual values.

Gymnastics is effective to optimize children's

growth and development. The movements in

gymnastics are very suitable for filling out physical

education programs. Its movements stimulate the

development of physical fitness components, such as

strength and endurance of muscles from all parts of

the body.

Gymnastics learning requires special classroom

settings that are different from learning other PE

materials. This is because gymnastics requires tools,

such as mattresses. The purpose of this class

arrangement is to increase the amount of active

learning time and opportunities for students to do

more exercise, especially by reducing the amount of

time to wait their turns because the mattresses are

limited in number. This can be understood when

there are only 1 or 2 mattresses, while the number of

students can be around 30 children. If the teacher

does not think about how to make use of the existing

mattress and how the student's turn is carried out,

there will be a waste of time, because students will

wait longer for their turns rather than do the

exercises

Dominant movement patterns are the bases or

foundations for all the more difficult gymnastic

movement skills. They can be stepping stones in

developing all gymnastic skills. Learning

gymnastics for those who have never done

gymnastics at all with a high degree of difficulty

must be based on the dominant movement pattern

skills first.

Floor gymnastics materials taught for junior high

schools, especially in class VIII, include the forward

roll, backward roll, headstand, handstand, cartwheel,

neck spring, round off, tiger sprung, and a series of

movements. Some of these skills are the

continuation of class VII material.

Children in junior high school are included in

adolescence who are usually still in the period of

searching for self-identity. Usually, their emotions

still tend to be volatile. PE teachers must understand

and pay attention to the characteristics and needs of

students. The teacher will be able to make students

learn more effectively, and to make PE learning

goals to be more effective.

2 METHODS

2.1 Research Design

This type of research is research and development,

namely the type of research used to produce certain

products, and test the effectiveness of these

products. Research and development (R & D) is a

process used to develop and validate educational

products. We not only use things like textbooks,

instructional films, and computer software, but also

methods, such as methods of teaching, and programs

such as drug education programs or staff

development programs (

Sholeh, 1992).

The development model used in this study is the

model of Dick & Carey, namely (1) identifying

learning objectives, (2) analyzing learning and

context, (3) determining learning objectives, (4)

developing assessment instruments, (5) developing

learning strategies, (6) developing and selecting

materials learning, (7) designing and conducting

formative evaluations, revisions, and (8) designing

and conducting summative evaluations (

Sutrisno and

Khafadi, 2010).

2.2 Research Procedure

This research and development procedure used the

steps of Dick & Carey. Then, from the adaptation of

the research and development procedures, the

researchers carried out the steps of research and

development into 4 stages. The researcher tried to

adjust the pace of development of Dick & Carey's

learning with the step of developing the video. The

four stages included the Requirement Analysis

Phase, Product Design Phase, Validation and

evaluation phase, and Final Product Stage.

2.3 Product Trial Design

Products in the form of videos need to be tested to

determine their quality and feasibility. Product

testing is part of a series of validation and evaluation

stages. In this research, the product would be

consulted with supervisors, experts, junior high

school teachers, and junior high school students

especially eight graders, as potential users of

learning videos. The steps in the validation and

evaluation stages were pravalation, expert

validation, and due diligence.

The subjects of the assessment included 1 media

expert, 1 material expert, 2 PJOK SMP teachers, and

126 VIII grade junior high school students. For

Gymnastics Multimedia Learning Development for Physical Education

131

feasibility test, 1 class or 34 students was for product

effectiveness testing.

The instrument of data collection is useful to

obtain the data needed according to the research

objectives. Research instruments were in the form of

suggestions, comments sheets, and questionnaires. A

questionnaire is a number of written questions that

are used to obtain information from the respondent

in the sense of reports about the person or things that

are known. The contents of the questionnaire

included the form of assessing the feasibility of

learning videos using a Likert scale with alternative

answers, namely very good, good, sufficient, lacking

and very lacking. Efforts to obtain quantitative data

were given the alternative answers as well with a

score of very good = 5, good = 4, enough = 3, less =

2, very less = 1.

2.4 Data Analysis Techniques

The analysis of the results of the research data was

conducted using qualitative and quantitative

approaches. Data in the form of suggestions and

criticisms from experts and students were analyzed

using a qualitative approach, while the feasibility

data of learning videos and opinions on video

suitability were processed with a quantitative

descriptive approach. To analyze data about the

feasibility of video learning, it was done by the

following steps, namely:

a. conducting tabulation of assessment data,

b. calculating the average score of each indicator

with the formula:

𝑥 

𝛴𝑋

𝑁

Description:

X = average score

N = number of test subjects

𝛴𝑋 = number of scores

c. summing the average score of each, and

d. interpreting the average number of qualitatively

using the following 5 scale score conversion

formula

Table 1: Average amount conversion guidelines score

becomes value with five categories

No. Range Score Value Category

1 Mi + 1.50Sbi <X 5 Very Good

2 MI + 0.50Sbi <X ≤ MI

+ 1.50Sbi

4 Good

3 MI - 0.50Sbi <X ≤ MI

+ 0.50Sbi

3 Fairly Good

4 MI + 1.50Sbi <X ≤ MI

- 1.50Sbi

2 Less

5 X ≤ MI + 1.50bi 1 Very Less

Description:

X = ideal mean Ideal

maximum score = number of indicators x highest

score

Ideal minimum score = number x lowest score

Mi = ideal mean = ½ (ideal mak score + ideal min

score)

Sbi = ideal standard deviation = 1/6 (min max-score

score)

For effectiveness tests, the following criteria were

set.

Table 2: Criteria for testing the effectiveness

No Scale Rating ( %) Qualifications

1 0-55 Very Poor Good

2 56-65 Less Good

3 66-80 Good

4 81-100 Very Good

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

132

3 RESULTS

This multimedia gymnastics learning application is

called MaGym. This product was developed in the

form of apk software that can be accessed or

installed via a smartphone device, so that later users,

teachers and students will easily use it in the

learning process. Based on the research procedure

adapted from Dick & Carey, the first step taken by

the developer was a needs analysis. Needs analysis

was done to collect data through field studies and

literature studies.

Development is the stage of manufacturing

products based on guidelines in the form of

storyboards that have been made at the design stage.

Developers used the Android studio application in

making this application, with the Java programming

language and could be operated with a minimum of

15 fire. At this stage, the product was made up to

review media experts and material experts as well as

revisions. The multimedia gymnastics learning

product floor included several sections and pages,

namely menu pages, introduction pages, material

pages, instructions pages, evaluation pages, history

pages, author profile pages and exit icons.

Product feasibility test was given to 126 students

or 3 classes of 8th grade and 2 teachers of Physical

and Health Education subjects in Junior High

School. The trial was carried out in Jatilawang

Junior High Schools 1 and 2. The process of

carrying out the feasibility test of this product was to

provide products in the form of floor gymnastic

learning multimedia applications in Junior High

School Sports and Health Physical Education which

were run on smartphones. Then, students were given

time to operate and make movements with videos.

The response to the multimedia application of

floor gymnastics learning in Physical Education for

Junior High School Sports and Health that was run

on smartphones in PE teachers had 4 aspects,

namely material quality, material content,

appearance and programming. The results of the

assessment data for each product component in the

form of a score were converted into a scale value of

five. The result of the score conversion became a

scale of five. Data from product evaluation by 2 PE

teachers showed that the multimedia application of

floor gymnastics learning in Junior High School

Physical and Sports Education which had been

developed well. The aspect of material quality got a

value of 46.5 with the category "Very Good". The

content aspect of the material got a value of 56.5

with the category "Very Good". The display aspect

got a score of 72.5 with the category "Very Good".

The programming scored 32.5 with the category

"Very Good".

The product evaluation data by the students in

the table showed that the application of gymnastics

multimedia learning in Junior High School Sports

and Health Physical Education had been well

developed. The aspect of material quality scored 47

with the category "Very Good". The content aspect

received a score of 55,7 with the category "Very

Good". The display aspect got a score of 69 with the

category "Very Good". Finally, the programming

aspect got the value 31 with the category "Very

Good".

Product revisions were done twice, namely

revision I and II. Revision I was carried out at the

validation stage. Revision II was carried out after the

product feasibility test. These revisions were based

on data on advice and input from experts in material

experts and media experts. The results of the

validation by the material experts got suggestions for

improvements and criticisms that became guidelines

in making product revisions. After being validated

by material experts, there were shortcomings in floor

gymnastic learning multimedia in Physical

Education for Junior High School, namely the

original images or videos. Validation by media

experts revealed several suggestions on gymnastics

multimedia learning in Junior High School Sports

and Health Education. First, on the title page, the

study program needed to be added. Next, the button

exit needed to be given a confirmation button. Then,

the profile should be more complete, and the labels

for next and back were revised. The video needed to

be given navigation buttons, and the narration was

clarified when play background music is off.

Overall, the assessment of the product showed

positive results.

Based on the results of the expert's assessment,

the PE teacher and the students indicated that the

Gymnastic Multimedia Learning in the Junior High

School had the feasibility of material quality,

material content aspects, excellent display and

programming aspects.

Tests of effectiveness were carried out by using

media in the learning process. The results of the

learning process could be seen from the percentage

of completeness of student learning outcomes on

floor gymnastic materials, which was referred as the

Minimum Completion Criteria Value. It included

affective, cognitive and psychomotor aspects. This

Gymnastics Multimedia Learning Development for Physical Education

133

effectiveness test was done by applying MaGym

multimedia in class VIII A. The class used a

learning method, namely the scientific approach.

The results from the two classes reflected the level

of achievement of competency indicators obtained

by students. Overall, the results of student learning

values including affective, cognitive and

psychomotor aspects were described in the table as

follows.

Table 3: Learning outcomes of class VIII PJOK

gymnastics at Jatilawang Junior High School 1

Value

(

KKM

)

Percentage Categories

Number of

Student

Affective

Value

34 100 Very Good

Cognitive

Value

30 88,24 Very Good

Psychomotor

Value

31 91,17 Very Good

The result of student learning values which

include affective, cognitive and psychomotor aspects

were described in the following diagram.

Figure 1: Student learning outcome values diagram by

using MaGym Multimedia in Physical Education Learning

of Gymnastic

The effectiveness test using percentage analysis

showed that the application of Android-based

MaGym multimedia, used by teachers and students

in the floor gymnastic learning process in class VIII,

was very effective. This could be seen from the

percentage of students who had fulfilled the

minimum completeness criteria. On the affective

aspect, 34 students or 100% completed and entered

in the excellent category. The cognitive values

amounted to 88.24% or 30 students completed and

included in the very good category. In the aspect of

psychomotor, there were 91.17% or 31 students

complete and fall into the very good category. The

assessment of product effectiveness test on the

development of floor gymnastics multimedia

learning in Junior High School Sports and Health

Education was in a very good category, so that this

product was suitable for use in the learning process

of physical education, sports and health.

4 CONCLUSIONS AND

SUGGESTIONS

4.1 Conclusions

Based on the results of the analysis and discussion

previously presented, it can be concluded that the

multimedia of gymnastics learning in junior high

school students was in the form of learning

applications, called MAGYM. This application

could be used as a medium for physical education

learning gymnastic material and was effectively

used to improve students' understanding in floor

gymnastic learning.

4.2 Suggestions

Based on development research, the multimedia in

this research can be used by physical education

teachers of Junior High School as an interesting,

easy and effective learning media, and by floor

gymnastics trainers as an analysis and variation in

the training process.

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