Retired National Athletes: A Qualitative Case Study about the Role of

the Family During the Athlete Retirement

Muh. Husriady Agus Lutfi

, Tomoliyus

Department of Sport Science, Graduate School Program, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keyword: Retirement of Athletes, Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis, Professional Sports

Abstract: This research was related to the experience of family and the closest people of athletes who retired from

professional sport. The objective of this research is to have a deep understanding the experience of family

and the closest people or friends in managing and interpretting their roles over when the athletes were in

retirement period from professional sport. The research method used was depth interview. The subjects

were the athletes’ family and closest people. Data analysis used was interpretative phenomenology analysis.

The results of this research were: (1) there were good relationship between the athlete and their closest

people; (2) family support worked positively against the retired athletes, (3) the changes in the behavior and

attitude of the athletes were not known by the families and the closest people. Based on the result of

research, it can be summed up that family and closest people would strengthen the positive behavior of the

retired athletes.

1 INTRODUCTION

Changes that occur in the life of an athlete related to

psychology, social and vocational are part of the

transition to sports or they are known as retirement

from sports (Cecić Erpič, Wylleman, & Zupančič,

2004). When athletes retire, there are changes that

will be experienced. These changes occur in various

aspects such as in emotional feeling. During the

retirement, the athletes even feel loss of identity in

their social life (Brown, Webb, Robinson, &

Cotgreave, 2018; Park, Lavallee, & Tod, 2013). This

change will be seen during the adjustment process,

starting with the decision to retire for the next few

years (Fernandez, Stephan, & Fouquereau, 2006;

Kerr & Dacyshyn, 2000). In some cases, long-term

mental health is a problem that is often faced when

they have difficulty adjusting (Cosh, Crabb, &

Tully, 2015; McKenna & Thomas, 2007).

From some reports, the athlete after retirement

will experience amusement, depression and drug

abuse (Gouttebarge, Aoki, & Kerkhoffs, 2015;

Lavallee & Robinson, 2007). The process described

by athletes during retirement from sports has many

influential factors, such as self-adjustment, strong

reasons for retirement, planning before retirement,

and the level of social support for sports (mis.,

Taylor & Ogilvie, 1994).

1.1 Relationships and Life Shifts

Transition is a complex interpersonal phenomenon,

so that the transition or retirement can be seduced,

influenced and resolved through the relationship

between people and others through sharing (de Jong

Gierveld & Dykstra, 1993). For a long time, social

relationships and support have been considered as

important factors during retirement (Shumaker &

Brownell, 1984). One of the examples is the

research that discusses retirement from an employee

who found that people having high quality

relationships were more satisfied with retirement

decisions and feelings of self-adjustment would be

more easily felt during the changes in retirement

when deciding to leave the job. (Sherry, Tomlinson,

Loe, Johnston, & Feeney, 2017). Several studies also

showed a disorder related to students who did not

get support from some family members that had a

very negative impact on him when trying to adjust

during the transition to university (Friedlander, Reid,

Shupak, & Cribbie, 2007). Other findings emphasize

that positive and negative life experiences will often

occur in the context of interpersonal contractions in

close relationships (Carstensen, Fung, & Charles,

2003).

On life theory and theories about the family

136

Lutﬁ, M. and Tomoliyus, .

Retired National Athletes: A Qualitative Case Study about the Role of the Family During the Athlete Retirement.

DOI: 10.5220/0009214701360142

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 136-142

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

system, Elder (1998) and Broderick (1993) explain

that someone's life intrinsically will be related to

other people. In relationships, it will not be

separated from space and time. Even better, based

on personal processes, it will shape experiences

through dynamic and complex thinking (de Jong

Gierveld & Dykstra, 1993). Through previous

research regarding the transition of life, it is

explaned that the transition period is a shared

experience. The study shows that the transition of

one individual can be very influential on the lives of

others (Holdsworth, 2004). It may not only have an

impact on those who are nearby, but also have an

impact on those who already have a close social

relationship (for example, Doiron & Mendolia,

2012). Transition phenomena can occur in a variety

of relationships, and will involve family and the

closest people (Cowan & Hetherington, 1991).

Transitions that have characteristics are often

related to how to negotiate their personal and social

identities, as well as in their definition of the role

and management of the provision and acceptance of

social support (de Jong Gierveld & Dykstra, 1993).

Suggestions show that some of these factors will

play a very important role in adjustments during the

transition by involving a personal and relational

welfare they are involved (Schulenberg; Schoon,

2012). For example, a very bad interpersonal

communication during the transition period will

cause damage to relationships and cause both of

them suffering (Solomon, Weber, & Steuber, 2010).

Regarding many studies related to aspects of the

transition of life, it was a bit surprising that very

little special attention given to the transition to

sports. This was a significant gap of knowledge and

research that addresses the interpersonal nature of a

close relationship is very helpful and will better

understand the transition process in sports.

1.2 Interpersonal Aspects of Transition

Interpersonal transition aspects have been discussed

through previous research which focused on how

athletes assess the availability and quality in social

support (more clearly see Park et al., 2013, for

reviews). Families and close relatives are a source of

support needed by athletes in general. The athletes

who get support from family and close relatives will

find it easier to adjust to the changes experienced

during the transition period (Gilmore, 2008; Park et

al., 2013). It is just that the support given by family

and close relatives can vary based on quality and

sometimes the support provided is not fully accepted

because they feel they do not need it (Fortunato &

Marchant, 1999; Lagimodiere & Strachan, 2015).

Some prove that the changes felt during the

transition will result in their difficult close

relationships (Cecić Erpič et al., 2004). For example,

for athletes who reveal that there is a tension or

conflict that occurs in their relationship due to their

thoughts about what is experienced, they may not

necessarily understand (Brown et al., 2018).

There is revealing evidence that families and

close relatives play very important role during the

transition process (Brown et al., 2018). It is just that

little research explaining the role of family and close

friends in the process of giving support and

influencing experience during a broader transition.

Studies outside the field of sport show the way

people often deal with several challenges when they

get social support, including the anxiety feeling that

leads to the less appropriate or even less effective

role and support (Goldsmith, 1992). The giver of

support will also feel deterioration in welfare due to

a difficult burden borne (Coyne, Ellard, & Smith,

1990). This can be a detrimental factor for families

and relatives in providing appropriate support to

athletes during retirement and is a rational challenge

and has a negative impact on both parties. Basically,

the athletes express how conflict and tension occur

in their relationships due to the perspective of

athletes who feel that family and relatives do not

fully understand the problems they are experiencing

(Fortunato & Marchant, 1999). However, to find out

the approach taken in understanding the athletes who

are experiencing a transition from professional

sports, only one example can be found in the

research of Lally and Kerr (2008) involving parents

of former elite gymnasts. From the research, Lally

and Kerr suggest that parents will experience

significant disruption to their lives when their

children retire. The disorder experienced is seen

from the changes that occur in the relationship of

parents with their children and also in other parents.

Furthermore, from the same view, it has been

described how they have lost their goals while the

roles and responsibilities of the family have also

developed. Lally and Kerr's research shows how

important it is to understand the feeling of the

athletes who will retire related to the family and

close relatives. Thus, the information is very

important as preparation for the challenges faced by

athletes during retirement.

Although the research conducted by Lally and

Kerr (2008) is greatly contributed to providing an

understanding of the transitional aspects, the

explanation given focus on the athletes' parents. In

other studies, it was shown that not only parents but

Retired National Athletes: A Qualitative Case Study about the Role of the Family During the Athlete Retirement

137

other families or close relatives, especially in

relatives or close friends, sometimes have a

significant role during retirement (Brown et al.,

2018; Chow, 2001). Although the relationship

between parents and close relatives with athletes is

fundamentally different, exploring further about the

relationship in a case study will provide an

opportunity to understand the relational aspects of

the transition in identifying similarities or

differences that occur in the family and close

relatives and a more holistic understanding of

phenomena (Noohi, Peyrovi, Goghary, & Kazemi,

2016). The study conducted by Lally and Kerr

(2008) focuses on how parents respond to the

decision of their daughters’ resign and it is very

meaningful to explore interpersonal involvement in

transition. The approach in this case will probably

have potential in interpretive phenomenological

approaches (e.g., Smith, 1996). Intersubjective

phenomenological concepts can help understanding

the shared experiences which are characterized by

the creation of interactive meanings that have been

created together. Another thing that focuses on

phenomenology is the institutions and identities that

can broaden the understanding of the personal

meaning they have during the transition to family

and closest people/ close relatives and they provide a

very important place in terms of these phenomena.

Hence, we deserve to learn more about their rights.

1.3 Current Research

This study aims to explore how experiences

experienced by families of athletes who are

experiencing a transition from professional sports.

The approach used specifically was the interactive

phenomenology approach to explore the

interpersonal nature of the transition experienced, in

which the transition period affects the closeness of

their relationship. Another purpose of this research

is to understand more deeply how family can

manage and interpret their important roles during the

transition period, including their role as supporters.

(C. J. Brown et al. Sports Psychology & Exercise 40,

2019: 51-60).

2 METHOD

The methodology and philosophical basis of this

research were designed and implemented based on

the theoretical principles of interactive

phenomenological analysis (IPA; Smith, 1996) and

philosophical assumptions of critical realism.

Wiltshire (2018) argues that crisis realism is a way

to overcome persistent paradigmatic debates that

limit the impact of research in the field of sports and

psychological sports by linking the gap between

realist and constructive-interpretivist approaches.

Critical realism views the reality as an independent

subjective perception of the world (Bhaskar, 1989).

In reality, it depends on the sensory perception and

interpretation of reality in a different way (Parker,

1992). This is congruent to the interpretive aspects

of the phenomenological philosophy which

recognizes that the social world existed before the

people were thrown in (Heidegger, 1962/1927).

However, it also accepts that the world perspective

is mediated through individual awareness, as well as

their interpretations of their experiences (Finlay,

2009; Heidegger, 1992). Based on that, this research

was conducted from ontological perspectives that

recognized that the real world already existed but

still recognized that it would not be possible to

describe objective reality (Danermark, Ekstrom, &

Jacobsen, 2005; Finlay, 2009; Heidegger, 1992).

Therefore, on the contrary, its aim is to explore and

understand the nature of participants' experiences

and how they can understand these experiences

when involved in their own social world (Smith,

1996; Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009). In the end,

this research was a perspective which was congruent

with epistemological relativism (Willig, 2016).

Basically, science is a hermeneutic

(interpretative) phenomenology and considers

language to be important to describe, in

understanding the meaning of experience.

Experience means that it involves a double period of

hermeneutics when researchers try to find out the

efforts of participants to understand their own world

(Smith et al., 2009). This was why the researchers

interpreted the participants’ experience. Science was

considered very suitable to be used to investigate the

experiences of parents and partners from the

transition out of sports. It is because it refers to a

phenomenological philosophy that seeks to explore

the intersubjective nature of the world as an

experience that will develop from time to time

(Smith et al., 2009). Thus, the IPA could be used to

explore the nature of social relations between

individuals during the intermediate stage.

2.1 Participants

The sample was chosen using purposive sampling in

which the samples were family and the closest

people from three professional former athletes, both

at regional and national levels. Usually in the IPA

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

138

study, the use of a sample was in the form of a

homogeneous sample, except that in this case the

nature of homogeneity was slightly different

depending on the research and its focus. In selecting

the samples, the participants could give a particular

view of certain interesting phenomena (Smith et al.,

2009). In the research carried out, the selected

participants would be invited if they meet the

requirements such as having experienced or having

rank as a former professional athlete and having

transition period. It should be remembered that the

lack of previous research, the nature of the

exploration of the presentation of research, and the

practical problem of gaining access to participants

having the criteria are the restrictions in the research.

One long-term partner such as the husband of a

former athlete who had entered the age of 27 years

and two of them consisted of family and people

closest to the athlete themselves (one male and one

female) who were in 20-30 years volunteering to

participate in the research. All participants were

from Indonesia who lived with the athletes from

their career until entering the retirement period.

Overall athletes were former athletes who

participated in various competitions both at regional

and national level for 5 to 15 years and participated

in various championships such as Porprov, Kejurda,

Kejurnas, and PON. When the families and the

closest friends were interviewed, these former

athletes had retired in 3-15 years of their career.

2.2 Procedure

After obtaining approval from the institutional

sector, the researcher contacted the former athletes

through social media or the existing contacts. The

researcher then explained the purpose of the study,

asked the former athlete to take part in the study and

asked permission to contact the family members

who were willing to participate in the study.

The participants had the chance to choose the

people who were near them and those who had an

important role during the athlete's transition period.

The decision to allow the athletes to choose the

suggested people to participate was intentional. This

was because the athletes were free to choose who

had an important relationship with the athlete. This

strategy was a strategy of personality and social

psychology (see Snyder & Ickes, 1985). The

suggestion of this strategy was that the research

related to phenomena or social processes must first

study people who were very likely to manifest or

offer insight into phenomena of interest. This

statement will produce knowledge about phenomena

or processes because naturally it will be more

effectively and efficiently. This was our reasoning

that interpersonal processes related to identity,

communication, and social support - which was

identified as important during the transition (de Jong

Gierveld & Dykstra, 1993) - would stand out in

close relationships that were nominated by the

athlete itself, compared to our choice. The former

athletes then invited their closest friends to join in

this research. In this case, some of the parents and

the partners refused to participate. The reason was

because the ex-athletes and/or the parents and the

partners wanted to live as they were now. They did

not want to repeat the difficult times in their lives.

Then, it would make them feel depressed. Three of

the former athletes participated in the research

reported in other publications (see Brown et al.,

2018).

The parents or the partners agreed to participate

would be interviewed. Face-to-face interviews were

conducted directly because IPA was more suitable

for methods that gave participants the opportunity to

choose the first person to know deeply their

experiences (Smith et al., 2009). Generally, the

discussion conducted by the author used a semi-

structured interview schedule. The guidelines for

conducting interviews from phenomenological

perspectives (eg, Bevan, 2014; Smith et al., 2009)

were chosen to be able to develop questions in

exploring context, structure, and meaning of

participants' experiences. For example, the

participants were asked like: Can you tell me about

sports careers (athlete's name)?", "Can you tell me

about how the situation when (athlete's name)

retired?", and "Can you tell me about how it feels

when (athlete's name) retired?". Although there were

interviews, but it could be done openly and flexibly.

The participants were required to lead interviews by

discussing experiences and problems they

experienced together. The time taken in interviews

was between 90 to 120 minutes and the interviews

would be transcribed verbatim. The participants and

the athletes would be given a pseudonym in order to

keep their privacy a secret.

2.3 Data Analysis

Every transcript from the information through

interactive phenomenological philosophy was the

concepts related to agency, identity,

intersubjectivity, and the processual nature of

experience (Ashworth, 2003; Smith et al., 2009).

This concept was the final stage that was more

visible from the psychology of sports and exercise

Retired National Athletes: A Qualitative Case Study about the Role of the Family During the Athlete Retirement

139

C.J. Brown et al (2019). The research involved the

researchers in reflection dialogues between

psychological knowledge and data in order to

produce the most important interpretive analysis for

IPA (Smith et al., 2009). Transcript analysis was

carried out through the guidelines described by

Smith et al. (2009).

A special component of science was to commit

idiographic questions; therefore, the analysis could

be carried out in each different case before

conducting a cross-case analysis. At the initial stage,

the analysis involved the reader in several transcripts

before a detailed set of notes and comments in order

to capture the important components of the account.

The notes focused on describing participants'

experience content, frequently used languages and

conceptual interpretations that aimed to provide a

deep perspective on things that were meaningful and

inherent to the experiences someone had gone

through. The note was used as a form of developing

a theme and it had a function to shorten data and

capture the structure of participant identity.

Then, in the process of extracting and

summarizing the theme, it might be possible to

group them together to form a superordinate theme

that would represent the same meaning or the central

concept/ cross-case analysis in identifying a pattern,

similarity and difference between superordinate

themes and the themes. Therefore, the participants

were used to develop high-level concepts. This

aimed to provide a coherent data account, while still

retaining the ideological focus which was the core of

the IPA. Writing final analysis had an equally

important role from the analytical process. This was

due to its deep involvement in the participant's

account and allowed further interpretation of the

data. Thinking about the philosophy of science, the

account shared between the researchers and the

participants and also the final report representing the

interpretation of the researcher about experience was

during the participant's transition (Smith et al.,

2009). Therefore, this was considered tentative, not

a true account of experiences in the transition period

of parents and partners.

3 RESULTS

In this study, the main focus was on the experience

of the family and the people closest to an athlete

experiencing retirement. Before entering the main

topic, the author wanted to give a little description of

the athlete experiences after deciding to retire. There

were indeed many responses about the decisions

chosen, including some of the changes experienced

such as losing self-confidence, identity, the

difficulty of building a new career and changes in

traits that might affect the relationship between

family and those around them. From some of these

explanations, there were actually some previous

studies which discussed the experience of athlete

transitions (e.g., Brown et al., 2018; Park et al.,

2013) and this underlay the author's focus on the

family and the closest friends of the athlete during

retirement.

3.1 Outline

As long as the athletes were still in the field of

sports, the family and close relatives of the athletes

was very supportive. However, if it goes further

some of them just know and do not further know

how the athlete develops. In this case, they

continued to support their activities. This was

because some families did not feel too close due to

the exercise that was too often done by the athlete.

They could meet and communicate only a few times.

At this time, they would feel close even if it only

lasted briefly, but they could know at a glance what

things experienced by these athletes.

The interpretation was carried out to find out the

views of the family and the closest people using the

overall theme by labeling "experience of parallel

transition and sharing". The theme provided two

specific contexts and formed a structure of analysis

such as: experience when retiring for the first time,

and experience when supporting.

3.2 Experience when Retiring for the

First Time

This theme was based on how the family and the

closest people reacted and how the retirement

response of athletes and during retirement could

affect their own relationships.

3.2.1 Reaction of Family and Closest People

When being interviewed, the three people from the

family and the closest person of the athlete

explained that when the athlete decided to retire, the

first thing that came to their mind was that they

would always fully support the decisions chosen by

the athlete. As stated by Slamet (a close relative of

Nuzul Hoky athlete) regarding the decision of Nuzul

who wanted to retire because he wanted to focus on

continuing education and looking for a permanent

job that was more guaranteed and did not forget to

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

140

get married. Slamet revealed that he would always

support any Nuzull’s decision as long as what he

decided was the best for him. The same thing was

also conveyed by Fero who was a close friend of a

karate athlete from Kalimantan. Fero said that he

would always support whatever decision from

Jannet. Although the decision was very unfortunate

for the family, especially for the coaches and the

colleagues as stated by Nuzul, but they continued to

support the decisions that had been chosen.

3.2.2 The Perceived Impact on Yourself

As long as the athlete had a career in the world of

professional sports, the family and the closest people

were often directly involved or watched the

competition through the athlete. As stated by Fero,

for Janet, participating in competitions, not

infrequently Fero is always with him. Frequently,

Janet told about how she felt during a match and

asked for her response. Thus, when the athletes were

in their retirement years, they experienced changes

in which they would no longer feel the atmosphere.

On the other hand, the relatives of Nuzul revealed

that they only accompanied him while competing so

that there was no significant change experienced.

However, Slamet continued to support by giving

motivation when Nuzul would compete.

3.3 Experience When Supporting

During the interviewing process, there were several

important points delivered by family and close

relatives. They revealed that the support provided

was not only in communicating, but also many

things that were very necessary in supporting the

athletes especially during the first time the athlete

entered retirement where changes occurred in the

athlete's environment. Support in the form of an

emotional approach was one of the most common

types of support given by family and closest

relatives.

When entering the early stages of retirement, of

course many changes that occur starting from

strange feelings caused by drastic changes in daily

life, anxiety and fear. When this kind of family and

close relatives strived to help with moral

encouragement such as motivating and giving

advice, the athletes were not alone in facing the

problems. As stated by Slamet, he (Slamet) always

provided the best motivation and advice needed so

that the anxiety experienced by Nuzul could be

reduced and could live the life during the transition

to retirement.

The same thing was conveyed by Fero who told

me that Janet often told him about how he felt. At

that time, it was the one who did it (Fero) just

listening to all the complaints of Janet until it was

finished, then Fero embraced and hugged Janet and

said "You have to be strong, I'm sure you can.

Remember, I'm always here, so it's a good spirit."

While laughing, Fero said "It's a bit better, but at

least that's what can make him (Janet) calm down a

bit".

Based on what Slamet and Fero stated in giving

moral support, giving emotional support and

providing motivation would stimulate athletes who

really needed such support. Drastic changes would

make the athletes experienced emotional height and

desperately needed a place to vent all their feelings

by telling stories. Communication is the basic

foundation so that athletes could feel close and they

were not awkward in expressing all their emotions.

This was very useful for families and close relatives

to know what was needed and what needs to be done

to help the athlete got out of the turmoil of the

problems being faced.

4 CONCLUSIONS

This study used an interpretative phenomenology

approach to find out the experiences of family and

people closest to them when the athletes were in the

period of retirement from professional sports. Some

families and close relatives felt that there were not

too many changes experienced, but their roles were

adjusted and one of them experienced a change in

increasingly close relationships.

The process of support focused more on how

communication and encouragement were done to

strengthen the athletes. Some of the relatives felt that

there was no change and they only supported every

decision made by the athlete fully. The support

provided during the period of the athlete's retirement

was in the form of moral support and motivation to

strengthen the athletes.

Intense communication was very useful to

strengthen the relationship between them so that

trust and encouragement could be easily received by

the athletes. Then it was the thing that helped to

identify the needs of the athletes.

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