Indonesia’s Peace Efforts in Afghanistan

Parwiz Mosamim

, Ida Widianingsih

and Oekan S. Abdoellah

Master student of Public Administration at Universitas Padjadjaran & Journalist, freelance

Executive Director of Center for Decentralization and Participatory Development Research, Faculty of Social & Political

Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran

Professor of human ecology, Universitas Padjadjaran

Keywords: Afghanistan, Peace, Indonesia, Conflict, Mediator, Taliban

Abstract: Afghanistan, a country with almost 30 million populations, is located at the heart (center) of Asia. This country

has burned in the fire of civil war and conflict in the last 40 years. The sustained conflict in this country has

damaged the fundamental and core roots of the development. A large number of citizens lost their bodies,

injured and immigrated, to foreign countries, especially neighborhoods (Iran and Pakistan). Peace in

Afghanistan has seemed like a non-reachable dream in the last four decades. Taliban (a terrorist group) is

killing Afghans for religious reasons; however, it has other aspects as well. At the moment, some countries

showed a willingness to bring peace in Afghanistan. Among other countries (USA, China, Russia, Germany

etc.), Indonesia also showed its willingness to act as a peace broker and mediates the negotiations. According

to Indonesia’s experience in peace-building and peace-mediation context, this study has found that this

country can be a good religious partner for Stable peace in Afghanistan. And this happens when the Taliban

accept to negotiate with Afghan officials.

1 INTRODUCTION

After 40 years of sustained conﬂict and violence, four

million Afghan nationals continue to reside in

Pakistan and Iran. Afghanistan is simultaneously a

country of origin, destination, and asylum

(International Organization for Migration, 2018).

The sustained conflict has devastated the economic,

educational, and social bases in Afghanistan from the

1960s till now. According to the data released by the

United Nations, the number of deaths among citizens

in 2017 has reached 3,438 people, while those who

were injured reached 7,015 people. (Unite Nations

Report, 2017)

During the last 2 decades, Afghanistan

government contemporary called the Taliban (the

terrorist group which is fighting against the

government) to leave the brutal attacks and join the

government as the political party and live in peace,

but Taliban refused and always emphasized on doing

Jihad against the presence of foreign troops in

Afghanistan especially the US military contribution

with Afghanistan military forces. However, the

Taliban always announced which they are fighting

because of religious reasons, but of course, there are

many aspects behind the topic as well as the foreigner

supports especially the Afghanistan neighborhood

countries. By the way, it is almost more than six

months that US special representative for peace in

Afghanistan, Zalmai Khalilzad is doing the

negotiation with the Taliban, but still, there is no

visible result. Afghanistan peace process has been

ongoing for several years without having made any

significant progress. Since 2001, the Afghan

government has undertaken a number of initiatives

aimed at making peace with the Taliban, mostly

designed to convince them to give up their military

campaign (Kaura, 2018, p. 5). The 2017Annual

Report on Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict

is available at

https://unama.unmissions.org/protection-of-

civilians-reports

268

Mosamim, P., Widianingsih, I. and Abdoellah, O.

Indonesia’s Peace Efforts in Afghanistan.

DOI: 10.5220/0009402802680275

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Anti-Corruption and Integrity (ICOACI 2019), pages 268-275

ISBN: 978-989-758-461-9

Figure 1: UNAMA annual report about the security situation of Afghanistan from 2005 till 2017

“The annual report by UNAMA shows that the

security situation in Afghanistan is on its worst

condition. In most of the attacks (bombing, suicide

attacks, explosions…etc.), only the civilians are

targeted. In this case, the hot and vital situation in

Afghanistan requires the support of different

countries and the International Community to end up

the 40-year conflict in this country”.

Figure 2: Map of Afghanistan (controlling area by

government and Taliban (BBC Report,2019)

“According to the last survey by the Long War

Journal on May 2019, Taliban increased their

controlling area in Afghanistan than some years ago.

It means a big alarm to the government of

Afghanistan and its support partners which involve in

bringing peace in this country”.

Indonesia as the world’s most populous Muslim-

majority country with its bright background in peace-

building and peace-mediation is interesting to help

Afghanistan for stable peace. This country has kept a

very close and friendly relationship with Afghanistan

government after the National Unity Government

presence which started its duty in 2014. Indonesia

also opened a new chapter of cooperation on a

sustainable Afghanistan in the recent four years.

Figure 3: The position of Indonesia in Afghanistan peace

(no connection with Taliban)

Indonesia still does not have direct connection

with Taliban. However; this country is trying to bring

Taliban in face to face negotiation with Afghan

officials, but Taliban did not answer this calling yet.

1.1 The Paper Main Objectives:

The main objective of this study is finding the exact

role of Indonesia in ending up 40-year sustain conflict

in Afghanistan. Also, the paper aims to answer this

question; can Indonesia be a peace broker in

Afghanistan?

1.2 Hypothesis

According to the great background of Indonesia in

peace-building, peace-keeping and also acting as a

Indonesia’s Peace Efforts in Afghanistan

269

peace-mediator in some other countries seems its

efforts for stable peace in Afghanistan as a peace-

mediator will work out.

1.3 Research Methodology

It is a qualitative study. The type of research used by

the author is a descriptive-analytic type, namely

research that uses patterns of depicting empirical facts

accompanied by relevant arguments. Then from the

results of the description continue with an analysis

that will lead to conclusions that are analytic in

nature. In this study, secondary data is used.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Peace-building and

Peace-mediation

Peace-mediation has become a prominent activity in

the post-Cold War world (Waehlisch, Lanz,

Kirchhoff, & Siegfried, 2012). Today, a large number

of International and Regional actors (organizations)

and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have

become involved in avoiding conflicts and ending

wars (Civil Wars) through dialogue and negotiations.

Nowadays, peace mediation has risen up as a very

crowded field characterized by various initiatives

resulting in growing competition between different

actors. Most of the mediators have a very visible and

valuable role in contributing to the transition of

communities from war to peace.

Johan Galtung originally popularized the term

“peace-building,” distinguishing it from

peacekeeping and peace-making. As he uses it,

peacebuilding is geared toward moving a society

recently experiencing violent conflict in the direction

of “positive peace.” Positive peace is contrasted with

negative peace. The latter generally refers simply to

ending violent conflict. The peace sought after via

peacebuilding, meanwhile, is much broader and more

inclusive. (Coy, 2014)

The sustain conflict which has continued over 40

years in Afghanistan, besides political negotiation

with Taliban, requires a third player that acts as a

peace mediator and of course an Islamic country can

do this duty better. Indonesia, as the world’s most

populous Muslim-majority country is interesting to

act as peace-broker/peace-mediator in Afghanistan.

2.2 Afghanistan – Indonesia

Relationship

Afghanistan and Indonesia relationship are mainly

based on common religious believes and solidarity.

According to the history records, both nations had a

commitment to keeping this relationship based on

mutual-respect and mutual-understanding. The two

factors helped the two nations which find more

similarities in religious and culture aspects. As far as

Indonesia is known as the world’s most populous

Muslim-majority country and as well as Afghanistan

that is called the Islamic Republic, therefore; more

than any other common aspects, Islamic believes

closed these two nations to have more contributions

(Detiknews, 2018).

Indonesia has continuously concentrated on its

commitments to support and assist Afghanistan in

different aspects which include;

rebuilding/reconstruction in different sectors,

technical training, infrastructure, women’s

empowerment, higher education, diplomatic training

and at the moment this country is interested in playing

a visible role in peace process in Afghanistan as a

peace-mediator.

Afghanistan was one of the first countries which

recognized the Independence Day of the Republic of

Indonesia. But the country only officially opened an

embassy office in Jakarta in 1954. A year later,

Afghanistan played an active role in the Asia-Africa

Conference in Bandung, 1955 (Detiknews, 2018).

On November 10th 2012, a new alliance of good

friendship was signed in the aim of promoting

corporation in political, economic and trade,

academic, education and cultural sectors (The Jakarta

Post, 2018). By signing this agreement, Indonesia has

started its contribution to Afghanistan. First of all,

Indonesia provided more educational chances

(opportunities) to Afghan students to get scholarship

and study in different Indonesian Universities. Later

on, Indonesia has helped Afghanistan in capacity

building and women’s empowerment as well.

2.3 The Historical Visit of President

Sukarno to Afghanistan in 1961

For the first time, President Sukarno, as the top

official of the Republic of Indonesia, visited

Afghanistan in 1961. He was warmly welcomed by

the King of Afghanistan (Zahir Shah) at the

international airport of Kabul. This visit opened the

formal and close relationship between the two

countries. At that time, Afghanistan was still in the

form of a kingdom led by Mohammad Zahir Shah,

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270

who was in power from 1933 to 1973 (Detiknews,

2018). In his speech, Sukarno stated that the global

political situation at that time still had to be struggled

by countries in Asia and Africa. Because of that,

among them, they need to unite and work together

closely in order to face the cold war between the two

Superpower countries.

2.4 Steps for Stable Peace in

Afghanistan

The National Unity Government in Afghanistan was

elected by Afghans in 2014. Afghanistan government

on its first days of work announced to the nation

which bringing peace is a top agenda of the

government in the next five years. Afghan officials

directly called on Taliban in face to face Afghan

peace negotiation, but the Taliban refused to talk with

the government. The United States of America as the

biggest military and economic partner of

Afghanistan, started the negotiation with the Taliban

behind the closed doors in Qatar. After passing more

than six months negotiations of Zalmai Khalilzad, the

special representative of the US to peace in

Afghanistan with the Taliban, the result is still

unclear. In this case, the Afghanistan government

tried some other ways as well as finding a religious

partner that has a great background in peace

mediation to act as a peace-mediator, and Indonesia

was a good option.

2.5 Mohammad Ashraf Ghani’s Visit

to Jakarta, Indonesia

A new chapter of the relationship between Indonesia

and Afghanistan has opened after 2014, the time

which the National Unity Government came on

power in Afghanistan. On April 2017, Mohammad

Ashraf Ghani, the president of Afghanistan visited

Jakarta for the first time after his presidency. He was

welcomed by President Jokowi, and both sides talked

on important issues including peace-building,

capacity-building, as well as trade and investment.

President Jokowi also welcomed the Afghan

government's efforts to create stability and peace, and

he declared that his country is ready to share its

experience in peace-building and reconciliation.

(Jakarta Globe, 2017)

2.6 President Jokowi’s Visit to Kabul,

Afghanistan

A year later, in January 2018, President Jokowi

visited Kabul (the capital of Afghanistan) and met

with his counterpart Mohammad Ashraf Ghani

(Jakarta Globe, 2018). Both presidents agreed to

further cooperation in peacebuilding in Afghanistan

at a meeting in Kabul on January 29th, during the

first visit by an Indonesian leader to Afghanistan in

nearly six decades.

Figure 4: What President Jokowi promised in his visit to

Afghanistan (Jakarta Globe, 2018 & photo courtesy of the

Cabinet Secretariat 29/01)

2.7 Three Countries Uluma Meeting in

Indonesia to Talk on Peace Process

in Afghanistan

The Indonesian Council of Uluma (MUI) hosted a

Trilateral Uluma Conference of Indonesia,

Afghanistan, and Pakistan on May 2018, having the

title "Islam as Rahmatan Lil Alamin, Peace and

Stability in Afghanistan," at the Istana Bogor Palace,

in Jakarta (Qureshi Arif, THE FORETREES NEWS,

2018). Among the six Presidential Palaces, the Istana

Bogor was specially chosen for this meeting, as this

palace had played a vital role in brokering peace in

the past. That palace hosted three famous peace

initiatives in the past, as Jakarta Informal Meeting

between factions of Cambodia in 1988, Mediation of

Thai-Cambodian Conflict in 2011, MILF-MNLF

special session in 2012 and now a Trilateral Uluma

Conference of Indonesia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan,

2018.

Peace-

building

• Acting as peace

mediator

• Holding Uluma

conference

Capacity-

building

• Providing more

scholarships

• Holding more

training programs

Humantrain

help

• Helpling in health

section

• Working on

poverty

Indonesia’s Peace Efforts in Afghanistan

271

Figure 5: Uluma’s meeting achievements which was held in Bogor, Indonesia on May 201(Ayaz Gul, VOA, May 2018)

2.8 Indonesia’s Experience in

Peacebuilding and Peace

Mediations

Indonesia’s active contribution to United Nations

peacekeeping since 1957, not too long after its

independence, has often been showcased as one of the

country’s greatest achievements in the maintenance

of international peace and security (Alexandra, 2017).

Indonesia concentrates its peacebuilding efforts on

sharing its experience and knowledge in democracy

as key factor to sustaining peace, playing a huge role

as mediator/facilitator/observer and also

implementing humanitarian actions which can help as

relevant connection on peace process.

Indonesia absolutely has owned the good

experience of acting and being involved in mediation

activities for decades, but the peacebuilding role in

this country developed more than any times between

2004 to 2014 while President Yudhoyono’s

administration (Alexandra, 2017). The transition of

an authoritarian regime to the democratic government

led toward trustful stability, pointed by the ability of

the government to initiate peace process that

navigated the settlement of different civil conflicts,

and in another case the implementation of the first

direct presidential election in the country.

Figure 6: Indonesia’s peacebuilding context (Alexandra, 2017).

At the moment, Indonesia is interested in sharing

its experience and knowledge regarding the peace-

mediation and peace-building, and it's a big part of

Indonesia's soft power policy. Through this, the

country wants to be recognized in the regional and

international level to achieve its vision of becoming a

middle power. Indonesia has gradually transformed

itself from an aid recipient into an emanating donor

or development partner, peace-building has become

as one of the main key factors in which the

government assists other countries that are struggling

to rebuild their core political and economic

infrastructures in order to achieve sustained peace.

Currently, Indonesia is interesting to play as a peace-

mediator in Afghanistan to show its soft power and

Islamic Diplomacy effectiveness to the region and the

world.

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Australian diplomat Greg Moriarty, for example,

argued that the Indonesian democratic transition

served as a good example for the ‘Arab Spring’

countries that Islam and democracy can be

compatible (Alford 2011).

According to the Indonesia history, the role of this

country as a mediator, facilitator and observer is

nothing new. During the Cold War era, Indonesia was

highlighted for its visible and active role in the

Cambodian peace process, holding the Jakarta

Informal Meeting I and Jakarta Informal Meeting II.

In the early 1990s, Indonesia has played a very active

role in brokering peace in the Southern Philippines.

In another side, Indonesian non-governmental

organizations (NGOs) have also played vital and

significant facilitation roles. Muhammadiyah, an

international non-governmental organization

(INGO), has tried its best to act as mediator. This

organization which is based in Indonesia, also has

participated in the International Contact Group and

asked to provide support to the parties (Alexandra,

2017). Indonesia also appeared to act as a mediator in

Southern Thailand as well.

Indonesia had played a leading role in reaching

the military Junta in Myanmar. Indonesia opened

access to outside humanitarian aid to help the victims

in Myanmar. Later on, Indonesia had the experience

of handling the impact of the tsunami disaster that hit

Aceh in December 2004, after that the peace

negotiation between the Indonesian government and

the Aceh secessionist movement summarized

immediately after the tragedy took place. Recently, In

December 206, the government of Indonesia once

again has taken the invention to send humanitarian

aid to the Rakhine state to ease the suffering of the

people, especially the Rohingyas.

3 DISCUSSION

The armed conflict in Afghanistan does not involve

religious reasons directly. But this conflict has taken

lots of casualties among security forces, Taliban

militia, and Daulah Islamiyah jihadists as well as

civilians. The presence of foreign parties in

Afghanistan on the grounds of securing the situation

does not seem to solve the problem.

The conflict in Afghanistan continues to occur not

only because of the political reason but also due to the

difference in ideology or sects related to Islam which

is the religion of that State. From the aspect of

ideology or religious approach, it seems that the role

of Indonesia as the world’s most populous Muslim-

majority country and its Uluma’s efforts for stable

peace in Afghanistan needs to be optimized. In this

perspective, although not necessarily solve the

problem instantly, this inter-clerical meeting can be

one way of realizing peace in Afghanistan. The

clerics in Afghanistan and Pakistan can see the

condition in Indonesia as well as observing the role

and position of uluma in maintaining a conducive

situation in this predominantly Muslim countries.

The results of the discussions and agreements of

the Indonesia government could be a new starting

point for further dialogue in Afghanistan, which will

discuss technical issues and tactical strategies in

realizing peace. Indonesia's credibility and

experience in pioneering peace have been proven. In

Cambodia, for example, Indonesia succeeded in

initiating peace talks that eventually were realized. In

addition, the role of Uluma in Indonesia in

maintaining a condusive and united situation can also

be a concrete example of how the uluma playing their

roles.

By the way, If Taliban agree to negotiate with

Afghanistan government, on that time the role of

Indonesia to act as a peace-mediator will be very

useful and visible, because Indonesia has very good

experience in peace-building and peace-mediation.

As it seems which Afghans do not trust too much in

Saudi Arabia’s role in peace negotiation and the only

reason is a very bad experience of an old peace

agreement in that country which was not stable. In

this case, Indonesia is one of the most trusted

countries for Afghanistan to act as peace-mediator

and facilitator. Indonesia can also grantee the peace

agreement between the Taliban and Afghanistan

government if the Taliban agree to start negotiation

with and inter-Afghan dialogue.

4 CONCLUSION

The current conflict in Afghanistan is proven not to

have a military solution. After the 18 years presence

of international community forces, especially USA

troops in Afghanistan, this issue is internationally

proven to stop fighting against the Taliban and start

negotiations. At the moment, besides the will of the

Afghanistan government and the citizens, a collective

decision from regional and international level is made

to bring peace in Afghanistan. Of course, each

Regional, Western, and European country wants to

play its roles in the peace process in Afghanistan, but

some countries are in the core of the concentration.

One of the main countries in this topic is Indonesia.

Afghanistan government and Indonesia government

both have the commitment to put efforts in peace.

Indonesia’s Peace Efforts in Afghanistan

273

According to the great background of Indonesia in

peace-building and peace-mediation, this country can

be a good help for Afghanistan in the peace process.

But, still, the Taliban did not accept to negotiate with

Afghanistan government and also they refused the

role of Indonesia to act as a peace-mediator. By the

way, still, Indonesia and Afghanistan government are

optimistic about satisfying the Taliban in face to face

negotiation with the Afghanistan government.

5 RECOMMENDATIONS

No Recommendations

1 International Community with the support of

USA should obligate the Taliban to start face to

face negotiation with the Afghanistan

government, and Indonesia hosts these

negotiations as a peace-mediator.

2 The role and efforts of Indonesia for peace in

Afghanistan should continue till the Taliban get

ready for face to face negotiation, because

Afghanistan government besides having a

political partner (USA), needs a trusted

religious supporter as well.

3 Indonesia better to use its past experience in

how to satisfy the Taliban for peace negotiation

with the Afghanistan government, because of

Taliban besides being in power, looking for a

country which grantees the peace process.

4 Afghanistan and Indonesia governments need

to work on a long-term Islamic policy to

decrease extremisms in Afghanistan even after

the peace with the Taliban.

5 The great relationship between Indonesia and

Afghanistan will play a big role in the region;

therefore; both countries should support one

another in a different aspect, especially in

capacity-building and economy investment.

6 It will be better if Indonesia signs a long-term

agreement with Afghanistan to grantee peace-

making in this country even after peace with

the Taliban because peace-making in

Afghanistan is also a vital issue in the future.

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SOME RELATED LINKS

The visit of President Sukarno to Afghanistan in 1961

https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3840273/ke-

afghanistan-1961-sukarno-disambut-raja-dengan-

upacara-militer

UNAMA annually report in 2017 about war in Afghanistan

from UNAMA

https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-10000-

civilian-casualties-2017-un-report-suicide-attacks-and-

ieds-caused-high-number

BBC report on area which Taliban are controlling

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47021424

VOA report about Uluma’s meeting in Bogor, Indonesia

https://www.voanews.com/a/indonesia-to-host-

trilateral-afghan-peace-meeting/4378410.html

ASEAN Today report

https://www.aseantoday.com/2018/03/can-indonesia-

broker-peace-in-afghanistan/

The Jakarta Post report on President Jokowi visit to Kabul

https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/03/14/

editorial-afghanistan-a-bridge-too-far.html

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