Analysis of Turbine Round Effect with the Voltage Generated in

Micro Hydroelectric Power Prototype

Ain Sahara, Frederikus Aly, Riza Hadi Saputra, Meita Rezki Vegatama

Sekolat Tinggi Teknologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi Balikpapan, East Borneo, Indonesia

Keywords: Prototype, Micro-Hydro, Turbine, Voltage

Abstract: In connection with the high demand for energy in remote and rural areas, one way to meet these needs is to

make micro hydro-based electricity. Microhydro electrical energy is very suitable for use in rural areas

because the area is usually found in many sources of waterfalls that can be used as a source of micro-

hydropower without causing environmental damage. In this case, the author made a prototype of micro-hydro

power to be able to analyze the effect of rotation of the turbine with the voltage generated, before it will be

implemented. The faster the generator rotates, the greater the voltage caused by the rotor cutting the line

magnet force on the stator coil so that the resulting voltage will be faster too. In testing the maximum 6V

results in the 1200 RPM turbine rotation, it can be said that the results obtained are only half of the generator's

work, due to the water pressure that does not affect the turbine rotational motion.

1 INTRODUCTION

New and renewable energy sources in the future will

increasingly require a very important role in meeting

energy needs. This is caused by the use of fossil fuels

for conventional power plants, which in the long run,

will deplete the source of petroleum, gas, and coal

whose reserves are increasingly depleting. The

National Electricity Company (PT. PLN) as an

energy-producing industry also uses fuel (fuel oil) to

turn large generator engines. Natural resources are

non-renewable; what can be needed requires a long

time (Reharmanto, 2007). Therefore, alternative

energy is needed to overcome this. That can be

realized with the increasingly developing technology.

Therefore, there is alternative energy that can be used

to replace fossil fuels, such as sunlight, geothermal,

wind, air, and coal (Yogo Pratisto, 2014). Alternative

energy like this, which is expected to replace the

fossil fuels used so far to be converted into electrical

energy, replaces the reserves of fossil fuels that we

will get (Liun, 2011). The author will choose a micro-

hydropower plant, and a micro-hydropower plant is a

power plant that uses air power, which is one

alternative energy that uses air power.

2 BASIC THEORY

2.1 Hydroelectric Power Generation

Hydroelectric power generation is a generation of

electrical energy by converting the potential energy

of water into mechanical energy by a turbine, which

then converted into electrical energy by a generator

by utilizing the height and speed of water flow

(Pranata, 2014). There are several types of

hydroelectric power plants, including:

a. Hydropower type waterway

b. Hydropower DAM/DAM type

c. Hydropower with regulatory pond

d. Hydropower type pumped storage

2.2 Water Turbine

Water turbines are tools for converting potential

energy from water mechanical energy. The

mechanical energy is then converted into electrical

energy by a generator. With the advancement of fluid

mechanics and hydraulics, as well as paying attention

to the abundant sources of water energy available in

rural areas, the plan for turbine emerges which varies

with the high fall of water (head) and available water

discharge (Q) (Haimerl L.A, 1960).

124

Sahara, A., Aly, F., Saputra, R. and Vegatama, M.

Analysis of Turbine Round Effect with the Voltage Generated in Micro Hydroelectric Power Prototype.

DOI: 10.5220/0009423501240128

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICONIT 2019), pages 124-128

ISBN: 978-989-758-434-3

2.3 Generator

The generator is a device that can convert mechanical

energy into mechanical energy. Mechanical power

can be gained from heat, water, and steam. The

electrical energy produced by a generator can be

either AC (alternating electricity) or DC (direct

electricity). This depends on the construction of the

generator used by the power plant. The generator is

closely related to faraday law. The following are the

results of the legal faraday "that if a piece of the

electrically conductive wire is in a changing magnetic

field, then an electric force will form in the wire."

If a long metal is in an electric field, it will cause the

free electron to move to the left, which will eventually

cause an induced electric field that is as strong as the

electric field so that the total field strength becomes

0. In this case, the potential of the two metal ends

becomes equal, and the electron's flow will stop. As a

result, both ends of the metal have an induction

charge. For the free electron flow to continue, the

induction charge must continue to be taken, so that

the induced electric field does not arise on the metal.

Furthermore, the source of electromotive force (emf)

in the form of a battery can make the potential

difference between the two ends of the price remain

fixed so that the electron flow continues.

There are two types of electric generators:

a) AC generator (alternating current)

b) DC generator (direct current)

AC generators produce alternating electric current

because of the current direction will be reversed at

every half turn. DC generators produce direct current

of electricity because the construction is equipped

with a commutator, usually functions as an amplifier

in the main generator induced.

2.4 Arduino

Arduino is an open-source single-board

microcontroller, derived from the wiring platform,

designed to facilitate electronic use in various fields

(Santoso, 2015). The hardware has an Atmel AVR

processor, and the software has its programming

language. Arduino is a versatile microcontroller kit

that is very easy to use. To make it needed a

programmer chip (to embed the Arduino bootloader

on the chip). Both Arduino's hardware and software

are available from open sources. On the side of

software, Arduino can be run on various platforms,

namely Linux, Windows, or also Mac. Arduino

hardware is a microcontroller based on AVR from

ATMEL, which has been given a bootloader and also

has standard I / O pins.

2.5 Voltage Sensor

The voltage sensor functions to read the voltage value

of a circuit. Arduino can read the voltage value using

an analog pin. If the voltage range that is read

between 0-5 V, it can directly use an analog pin,

whereas if the voltage range is above 5V, we must use

an additional circuit voltage divider. This is due to

circumstances that the Arduino pin works at max 5 V.

2.6 RPM Sensor

The RPM sensor is a sensor that serves to read how

many rotating objects are rotating, such as the wheel

rotation, turbine rotation of gear rotation. The

common principle of this sensor is to calculate the

speed of magnetic pulses or the principle of using

light as in an RPM sensor that uses an optocoupler

consisting of LEDs and phototransistors where the

phototransistor captures the speed of light from LEDs

to be converted as RPM sensors (Winanti, 2014).

3 METHODOLOGY AND

ANALYSIS

In this research report, there are research flow

diagrams, workflow diagrams, and tool block

diagrams that are intended to make it easier for

readers to understand the flow of starting data

collection and also how the stages of this tool work.

3.1 Flow Chart of The Tool Design

The following is a working flow chart of the tool

designed in Figure 1.

From the flow chart above can be explained the

working principle of the tool as follows:

a. Fill the reservoir with water,

b. Turn on the monitor/LCD first,

c. Water will move the turbine so that the turbine

will rotate, and the turbine rotation will drive

the generator so that the generator produces

electricity voltage.

d. The sensor will read how many voltages and turns

produced by the tool. There are two

possibilities:

- "Yes": The sensor volt will read how much voltage

is generated from the generator, then the RPM

sensor will read how many turns are produced

by the turbine

- "No ": step back on the monitor/LCD while

checking the problems that occur in the device.

Analysis of Turbine Round Effect with the Voltage Generated in Micro Hydroelectric Power Prototype

125

e. The result of the voltage read by the sensor volt

and the rotation generated by the turbine read

by the RPM sensor will be displayed on the

LCD.

Start

Putwaterintotheshelter

Turnonthemonitor

Turnonthewaterpump

Turbinesandgenerators

move

Sensorreadings

Outputisdisplayedon

theLCD

Finish

Yes

Figure 1. Flowchart of The Tool Design

3.2 Block Diagram of the Tool

The following is a block diagram of the tool created:

PompaAir Turbin

Sensor

Volt

Generator

Power

Supply

SensorRPM

Arduino LCD

OUT

Figure 2. Block Diagram of The Tool

From the block diagram above, it can be explained

the workflow component of the tool as follows:

a. When the power supply is connected, it will run

the water pump, and the LCD will turn on.

b. The water pump will work so that it spills water

to turn the turbine

c. When the turbine rotates, the turbine rotation

will be connected to the generator using a belt so that

the generator will spin too

d. The generator will spin so that it produces

voltage. The voltage that comes out will be read by

the voltage sensor, and the turbine rotation will be

read by the RPM sensor that uses a magnetic sensor

e. The results of the two sensors will be sent to

Arduino/microcontroller for later

f. The results of the data from Arduino/

microcontroller will be displayed on the LCD so that

we can find out the output voltage and how many

RPM the turbine rotates.

3.3 Design Hardware

The hardware design in this tool can be seen in the

schematic circuit of the microcontroller. In this series,

we can see how the schematic electronic circuits are

arranged, as shown in Figure 3 as follows:

Figure 3. Schematic Tool Set

In this schematic, it can be seen that the turbine

rotation is read by the RPM sensor that uses a

magnetic sensor, as in Figure 3. The reading results

then will be read by the microcontroller itself.

Afterward, in the rotating valve of the turbine will be

displayed on the LCD. The turbine rotation

magnitude is calculated by how many times the

magnet passes through the sensor. Then for the

voltage reading itself, it is read by a voltage sensor

where the voltage sensor will read what voltage is

generated from the generator, for the voltage

generated from the generator is an alternating voltage

(AC) then rectified by a rectifier (DC). After that, the

data will be brought to the microcontroller to be

converted into numbers and displayed on the LCD.

Figure 5. Results of Testing Tools

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Figure 6. The Prototype of Micro Hydro Power Plant

Tools

3.4 Software Program

The software used in this tool uses the CVAVR

program language to read the RPM rotation

magnitude and the amount of voltage generated on

the generator of this tool. The RPM sensor will detect

the input signal, which is then processed by the

microcontroller to be converted into RPM.

The amount of RPM is determined by the number

of times the magnet passes through the sensor module

which is given a counter-information every 1 second,

then multiplied by 60, so that the RPM is displayed

on the LCD.

The voltage readings produced by the generator

are obtained from the output voltage generator to the

microcontroller, which is then processed using

programming. So that it can be known how much

voltage is generated and displayed on the LCD.

3.5 The Results of Testing The Tool as

Follows

As for the test results of micro hydropower plants

obtained after testing by looking at the numbers on

the LCD or with a multimeter as in Figure 6, we

obtained data such as Table 1.

Table 1. Data on The Results of Tool Testing

Putaran Turbin

(RPM)

Output Voltage

(V)

0 0

120 1.4

300 1.6

600 2.5

720 3.2

840 3.7

900 4.0

960 4.4

1020 4.9

1080 5

1140 5.4

1200 6

The turbine that was driven by rotating water then

moved the generator connected to the connecting belt.

According to the laws of physics, linear velocity (v)

of turbines and generators are measured using the

same units (m/s). Therefore, the calculation will be

the same. However, for radian velocity measured in

RPM units, they will have different results depends

on the radius of the turbine and the generator

pulley. In testing the maximum 6V results in the

1200 RPM turbine rotation, it can be said that the

results obtained are only half of the generator's work,

due to the water pressure that does not affect the

turbine rotational motion.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The conclusion from the test results is that the greater

the speed of the turbine radians, the greater the speed

of the generator radians because the radius of the

turbine is greater than the radius of the pulley

generator, the faster the generator rotates, the greater

the generator produced by the rotor. So the voltage

produced will be faster too. Turbine rotation is the

key to this hydroelectric or micro hydropower plant

so that this tool can be used optimally, and other

things needed are sources to drive the turbine, such as

airflow factor, air velocity, and also air pressure to

increase the rotation of the turbine itself, and also the

turbine support shaft. Therefore, the calculation will

be the same. However, for radians speed measured in

units of RPM, they will have different results

depending on the radius of the turbine and pulley

generator. In answering the maximum 6V results in a

1200 RPM turbine rotation, it can be accepted that the

results obtained are only from the work of the

generator because air pressure does not affect the

rotation of the turbine. Future development can be

carried out by micro-hydro applications using the

Crossflow Turbine Operation method: High airflow

rates falling from 3m - 50m or average water flow

discharges 25-1500 liters/sec, or the Pb Propeller

Turbim Discharge method: Has a waterfall height of

1m - 6m or discharge average water flow from 100 to

700 liters/sec, which can produce electrical energy

from KW.

Analysis of Turbine Round Effect with the Voltage Generated in Micro Hydroelectric Power Prototype

127

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I want to give thanks to the Almighty God because

with his permission this tool can be completed, and I

say thank you as much as possible to our parents who

have provided support, and prayers for all of us, and

for all those who cannot mention their names one by

one we thank you for all of your support. Thanks also

to the campus community who provided support,

laboratory facilities for the manufacture of this tool.

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Kelistrikan Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Pengembangan

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Muzidi, M. A. (2011). The Microcontroller and Embedded

System: Using Assembly and C. New Jersey: Pearson

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Reharmanto, A. (2007). Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga

Mikrohidro (PLTMH). Jurnal Vokasi , 28-36.

Santoso, H. (2015). Panduan Praktis Arduino untuk

pemula. Trenggalek: www.elangsakti.com.

Simamora, M. S. (2015). Perancangan alat uji prestasi

turbin pelton. Salatiga: Politeknik Elektronika

Surabaya.

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energi kinetik air untuk penerangan. Salatiga:

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Tenaga Air Memanfaatkan Teknologi Sistem Pipa

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