Social Mapping Framework to Identify Readiness of Sustainable

Community based Offshore Aquaculture: Case Study: South Coast o

Malang, Indonesia

Diesta Iva Maftuhah

, Putu Dana Karningsih

, Yeyes Mulyadi

, and Silvianita

Department of Industrial Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Social Mapping, Sustainable Aquaculture, Community-based Aquaculture, Offshore Aquaculture.

Abstract: Fulfillment of fish demand in the world is generally obtained by capturing fish in the sea or on land, as well

as fish farming (aquaculture). Recently, fish production using aquaculture cultivation has rapidly increased

either on land or inshore and been expected to be able to exceed the amount of capture fish production in the

future. This will become a great potential that should be developed in Indonesia, as an archipelago.

However, offshore aquaculture in Indonesia is kind of new and becomes a pilot project adopted from a

similar program carried out by Norway. To identify the readiness of this program becoming sustainable to

be applied on the south coast of Malang, there is a need to research and conduct social mapping in order to

view and analyze socio-culture, economy, environment aspects linking with community engagement. Social

mapping is conducted qualitatively and quantitatively by collecting and analyzing demographic, geographic,

sociological data, then transferring into the framework and conceptual model. The framework of social

mapping will become an input for a sustainable community-based offshore-aquaculture model, which can

be simulated to forecast how sustainable the program is in the future.

1 INTRODUCTION

Aquaculture or fish cultivation is specifically

defined according to the law of the Republic of

Indonesia No. 31 of 2004 as an activity to maintain,

to grow, and/or to breed fish and to harvest the

results in a controlled environment, including

activities that use ships to load, transport, store, cool,

handle, process and/or preserve it. Aquaculture

cultivation continues to develop rapidly and is

widely carried out in open waters, such as rivers,

reservoirs, lakes, and coasts. Aquaculture has

increased and is very important in recent decades

throughout the world due to the escalation of

demand for fish and stagnation in capture fishery

supply (FAO, 2013). In the next few years, demand

for fishery products in developing countries is

estimated to rise because people are encouraged to

adopt healthier diets and to have the mindset that

fishery products are as healthy foods. For capture

fisheries, China was quantitatively the top-ranking

fishing country followed by Indonesia, India, the

United States of America, and the Russian

Federation. Nineteen countries caught more than one

million tonnes each for fishery products in 2017,

calculating for more than 72% of global catches. On

the other hand, fishery production from aquaculture

in the world has increased steadily to an average of

4.8% during 2011-2017 (FAO, 2019).

Additionally, as aquaculture cultivation

gradually develops, the need for suitable space in

fish farming has been followed by the development

of a sustainable, cost-efficient, and effective

environmental methodology as well as offshore

aquaculture (Maricchiolo et al., 2011). There are

also possibilities that bound the expansion on land

and inshore coastal areas, and improvement of

operational technology in fish farming studies, have

led to broadening the worldwide interest of offshore

aquaculture (Ferreira et al., 2012). Offshore

aquaculture has some great advantages over inshore

aquaculture, such as to prevent possible conflicts

between environmental effects in coastal areas and

commercial aquaculture technology (Benetti et al.,

2010), to allow a wide and rapid dispersal of

dissolved waste products as well as the higher flush

150

Maftuhah, D., Karningsih, P., Mulyadi, Y. and Silvianita, .

Social Mapping Framework to Identify Readiness of Sustainable Community based Offshore Aquaculture: Case Study - South Coast of Malang, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009424401500156

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICONIT 2019), pages 150-156

ISBN: 978-989-758-434-3

impact in open water (Holmer, 2010; Troell et al,

2009), and to reduce associated benthic stress and

local pollution (Naylor and Burke, 2005). Therefore,

it seems that offshore aquaculture will be the

solution for increasing seafood demand (Wheeler,

2013).

However, the aquaculture cultivation system is

strongly interrelated to three aspects of

sustainability: its technology, socio-economic, and

environmental and climate changes (Trapani et al.,

2014). There are some potential risks, such as few

conflicts between offshore aquaculture and its

activities in regards to recreation, tourism, or coastal

esthetics (Teitelbaum, 2011). Moreover, some

challenges of aquaculture are related to socio-

economic issues and ecological impacts (Suryanata

and Umemoto, 2005) as well as the optimal siting,

which is a trade-off between factors, such as depth

and distance to port (Kapetsky et al., 2013). In order

to know further these challenges, there are some

research which overcome that challenges, such as

the perceived impact of this aquaculture area on

small-scale fisheries had been researched using

Fuzzy Logic model (Ramos et al., 2015) and using

Bayesian approach regarding stakeholder’s

conceptualization (Ramos et al., 2017), integrated

modeling approach in providing the effects of both

inshore and offshore aquaculture production and

environment in a coast (Ferreira et al., 2014), as well

as stakeholder-driven future scenarios for offshore

aquaculture development & potential effects on

fishermen (Tiller et al., 2013).

In Indonesia, the successful development of the

aquaculture cultivation has also been proven to play

an important role in increasing national fish

production. Aquaculture has some positive impacts

which are environmentally friendly and more

sustainable. Thus, aquaculture cultivation is needed

to meet the national fish consumption needs that

increase annually. Besides that, this aquaculture

method provides a multiplier effect on employment,

both directly and indirectly, and from upstream to

downstream. Indonesia’s fishery production from

aquaculture had gradually reached a 16% average

increase during 2006-2016 (BPS, 2019). This

certainly illustrates that national fishery production

with aquaculture is in great demand in almost all

parts of Indonesia. Fish farming using aquaculture is

not a new thing for Indonesian people, especially for

inland aquaculture, and more recently is inshore

aquaculture. Nevertheless, fish farming using the

offshore aquaculture method is very new, and the

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of

Republic of Indonesia made a breakthrough to

conduct a pilot project of three Offshore

Aquaculture units in 2018.

Furthermore, according to the determined

research object on the south coast of Malang, East

Java Province, even though there was a significant

decrease in 2016, aquaculture production had risen

to 57% of the average increase during 2011 – 2015

(BPS, 2019). This definitely raises questions related

to the decline in aquaculture production in East Java.

In addition to that, fish farming using the onshore

aquaculture in East Java only produced 271 tons in

2017 (BPS, 2019). The value of production in East

Java was relatively small compared to other

provinces in Indonesia, such as Kep. Riau, North

Sumatra, Maluku, and North Sulawesi, which were

ranked top in the national fisheries production using

aquaculture.

Driven to the aforementioned concerns,

observations have been made on the South Coast of

Malang. Based on observations that have been

carried out for fishermen in 2018, it can be

concluded that the fishermen's knowledge is very

poor regarding aquaculture cultivation, especially

offshore aquaculture. With the existence of offshore

aquaculture, it will give some positive impacts, such

as the community can work for hatcheries, fish

farming, loading and unloading workers,

transportation workers, harvest workers, to offshore

aquaculture stall owners. The fisheries sector plays

an important role in Indonesia's economy through

the supply of fishery animal proteins, livelihood

diversification, revenue generation, and foreign

exchange earnings (Tran et al., 2017).

Therefore, it is very necessary to increase

fishermen's knowledge in the form of training and

assistance on the management of aquaculture

operations, especially offshore aquaculture for

fishermen in the South Coast of Malang, especially

Sidoasri Villagers, and surrounding areas. To

achieve the success of this pilot project of offshore

aquaculture, a social mapping study is needed to

observe the community of Sidoasri Village and

surrounding areas. This study aims to provide a

comprehensive picture of Sidoasri Village and its

community in the form of both potential and

challenges. This social mapping can be conducted in

identifying the form of mapped locations, including

actors who play a role in the process of social

relations, social networks, strengths, and interests of

each actor in community life, especially in

improvement of people's living conditions, existing

social problems including the presence of vulnerable

groups, and the available potential, both natural,

human, financial, infrastructure as well as social

Social Mapping Framework to Identify Readiness of Sustainable Community based Offshore Aquaculture: Case Study - South Coast of

Malang, Indonesia

151

capital. Furthermore, another aim of this social

mapping is to identify the readiness of offshore

aquaculture becoming more sustainable to be

applied based on the community in the South Coast

of Malang.

2 METHODOLOGY

The methodology of this research combined social

mapping activities and System Dynamics modeling.

The main research stage of this study is mainly

carried out with two stages: (1) preliminary studies

of the research area in the case study in order to

draw a framework of social mapping and (2)

developing the System Dynamics model using

Causal Loop Diagram as a mental and conceptual

model. In attaining the research objectives, this

study shows the existing condition of the system

observed and combines the framework with the

Causal Loop Diagram, then to perform

interdependencies within variables and to show the

closed feedback loops formed by variables

relationships (Vanany et al., 2019). Firstly, we

gathered secondary data and did visualization using

a geographic map. Secondly, modeling sustainable

community based offshore aquaculture using System

Dynamics approach was conducted. Before

conducting the main research stage, the

understanding of the study area as a research object,

and how data to be gathered should be accompanied.

The following below is the description of the

preliminary studies of the area.

Moreover, relevant data were gathered from two

types of data sources, such as primary data –

conducting direct observation, including in-depth

interviews and surveys with relevant stakeholders as

well as secondary data –using literature review (BPS

reports and some journals & articles). The

stakeholders analyzed in this study were selected by

the recommendation of the previous study in the

same area through Enabling Community Action

(ENACT) (Riniwati et al., 2014). These collected

data were identified and were processed then in

order to get the relevant variables in the observed

system within the chosen variables. It is essential to

conduct in order to build the conceptual model.

Nonetheless, some corrections of the model were

often conducted in creating model conceptual until

the model was assuredly valid and representative.

The validation method was performed by using

Boundary Adequacy Test and Structure Verification

Test (Barlas, 1996). Boundary Adequacy Test takes

into account key structural relationships, which are

significantly necessary to fulfill the model’s

objectives. In addition to that, the Structure

Verification Test was carried out by directly

checking and ensuring model structures with the real

system structure.

2.1 Preliminary Study of Area

In the first stage, conducting a preliminary study of

the research area is needed. The area observed in

this study is exactly Perawan Beach, in the South

Coast of Malang. Perawan Beach is administratively

located in Sidoasri Village, Sumbermanjing Wetan

District, Malang Regency (Figure 1). This village is

the result of the division of Tambakasri Village and

is about 60 km to the south of Malang City (see

Figure 1). The beach is still very beautiful, not yet

widely known, even by the majority of Malang

residents themselves. Since this beach has not been

managed as a tourist attraction, so it is still very rare

to know the existence of the beach. This is very

different from Sendang Biru Beach, which is a

Fishery Port or Tiga Warna Beach, which is already

well-known by the community as a tourism

destination. Some people call this beach as Sidoasri

Beach because it is located in Sidoasri Village or

Tambakasri Beach because it used to be in the

Tambakasri Village area. Therefore, Perawan Beach

has a great potential to be developed more in terms

or offshore aquaculture, which will deliver positive

impacts for tourism, economy, and socio-culture of

villagers.

Figure 1: Location map of Perawan Beach, South Coast of

Malang (source: google map)

Besides that, from the topography point of view,

Sidoasri Village is in the form of lowlands, which is

around 0-100 meters above sea level with a slope of

15o and has fertile brown soil for agricultural land.

This village has some land with different functions,

such as forest (mangrove around the shore), paddy

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fields, plantation, settlements, and fishpond which

are respectively 60%, 16%, 12%, 11%, and 1% of

total land (BPS of Malang Regency, 2018). Due to

its geography and topography condition, the

profession of the villagers is highly dominated by

farmers in a paddy field or plantation, and some of

them as fishermen with small proportions. However,

many villagers have multiple professions, which

means that they will be farmers while the harvest

time comes. Otherwise, while the weather is suitable

for sailing, then they will be fishermen in order to

generate revenue for their lives. Based on

demography, the total number of Sidoasri Villagers

is around 5000 people who are divided into the same

proportion of gender, with 50% of women and 50%

of men. Regarding the main natural resource

products of Sidoasri, there are various fish products,

such as lobsters, shrimps, squids, kerapu fish,

stingray, and other types of fish as well as

agricultural products, such as paddy, coffee, banana,

and cloves.

3 DISCUSSION

In this part, there will be sub-topics that will be

discussed regarding the objective of the study, which

is to create a social mapping framework for

sustainable community based offshore aquaculture

and to model this aquaculture in terms of a

conceptual model.

3.1 Framework of Social Mapping

Social mapping aims to provide a comprehensive

picture of mapped locations, including actors who

play a role in the process of social relations, social

networks, the strengths and interests of each actor in

community life, especially in improving people's

living conditions, existing social problems including

the presence of vulnerable groups, and available

potential, both natural, human, financial, and

infrastructure as well as social capital.

Based on this study, the following data will be

obtained, such as:

1) Village profiles which includes: (a)

Demographics, statistics on population composition

(sex, employment, poverty level, education level,

welfare level, etc.), (b) Socio-economic, cultural,

community norms and values, community structure,

social relations, social mobility, community

leadership, customs and habits, (c) Geographic,

including location of the community, location of

facilities, access roads, land use, and other

geographical aspects.

2) The mapping of social networks includes

Relations between actors (stakeholders), both

individuals and institutions, and the nature of the

relationship. Forums that are used by the community

to discuss public interests. Potential in the

community which may be developed: natural

potential, human resource potential, financial

potential, physical/infrastructure potential, and

social capital potential. In this study, there are some

stakeholders involved, namely village government

(Village Council-BPD, Village Community

Empowerment Organization-LPMD, Family

Welfare Programme-PKK), fishermen and farmers

community, youth organization (Karang Taruna),

church and mosque community, saving and loan

cooperatives, Fostering Community Monitoring

Group (POKMASWAS), and Women’s cooperative

(KOPWAN). These stakeholders provide close

engagement with the villagers and social networks

among them.

3) Social problems which become obstacles or

often arise so that they become obstacles to the

development of society.

Furthermore, the social mapping framework had

been designed in order to enable and to facilitate the

overall mapping activities in the observed

community in regard to operating sustainable

offshore aquaculture. This framework can be seen in

Figure 2.

Social Mapping Framework to Identify Readiness of Sustainable Community based Offshore Aquaculture: Case Study - South Coast of

Malang, Indonesia

153

Figure 2: Social mapping framework considering sustainability aspects (socio-culture, economic, environmental) related to

community engagement.

3.2 Conceptual Model of System

Dynamics

In the second stage, system modeling related to the

research object is conducted to comprehend the key

leverage elements that contributed to system

improvement. Furthermore, understanding the

elements of the system can be performed by

firsthand identifying relevant variables related to the

community based offshore aquaculture system in

Indonesia generally and in the South Coast of

Malang particularly. Afterward, a system dynamics

model is conceptually created using a conceptual

model based on the social mapping results of

offshore aquaculture cultivation for the community.

This mapping framework is used to understand in

identifying the main variables in the system easily.

A model represents the basis of experimental

investigations, which has some advantages, such as

relatively inexpensive and time-efficient rather than

conducting an experiment in a real system

(Forrester, 1968). In this case, the conceptual model

of sustainable community based offshore

aquaculture was designed using a causal loops

diagram (CLD).

In addition to that, the causal loops diagram is

essentially built to correlate the main variables that

will be depicted in the model. By using causal loops,

it is able to easily understand the causal relationship

between variables and how far the influence of

variables on system behavior is as well as how the

impacts of each variable to the others area (Sterman,

2000), such as community-based mangrove

cultivation policy (Maftuhah, 2013). In developing

the system dynamics model, there are some elements

of the causal loop diagram, which are represented as

a set of variables, arrows/links, feedback, and

feedback loops. The variables of CLD indicate

sequences of cause and effect, as well as arrows,

represent which variables affect other variables.

Moreover, feedbacks indicate positive/negative

polarity of the influential relationships, as well as the

feedback loops, represent loop types (both in the

clockwise direction) - reinforcing loop (R) and

balancing loop (B).

Preparation

- Loca l p erm ittance

- Surveyor recruitment

- Surveyor briefing

- Sampling & survey

design

- Instruments design

(questionnaire)

Data collection

Survey

In-depth

interview

Focus Group

Discussion

- Demographic data

- Social & environmental

conditions

- Livelihood information

(economic activities)

- Identified economic activities, community

networks, and stakeholders

- Information of vulnerable groups

- Identified problems & needs

- Perception of external social program

- Constraints & expectation of community

- Program follow-up

- Confirmation of community

needs

- Community expectations

- Proposals of social program

- Monograph data

- Map of observed area

- Statistical reports

Literature

review

Data processing

& analysis

- Problems m apping

- Mapping of community

structure in social, economic,

and environmental aspects

Community needs

Appropriate &

feasible programs

Priority programs

Confirmation & socialization

to village representatives

Implementation & program

assistance

Primary data Secondary data

Analysis of strengths,

weaknesses, opportunities,

and threads

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Furthermore, reinforcing loops (R) can be

defined as a positive loop; otherwise, balancing loop

(B) is a negative loop. Each identified variable in the

proposed system dynamic model was defined. The

model of the system was divided into five sub-

systems, namely socio-culture, offshore–aquaculture

cultivation, economy and infrastructure,

environment, tourism impact, and stakeholders,

which can be seen in Figure 3. Then, the main

variables within sub-systems were identified for

each variable.

Figure 3: Conceptual model of sustainable community based offshore aquaculture.

4 CONCLUSIONS

In general, the aims of the study had been achieved

in order to make a social mapping framework as an

input for modeling sustainable community based

offshore aquaculture in Perawan Beach, South Coast

of Malang. In doing social mapping study,

preparation of survey had also been conducted by

making questionnaires which involves sustainability

aspects, demography, and etc. These questionnaires

were distributed to many respondents of villagers as

samples, and afterward, the results were processed

using statistical analysis. This survey was confirmed

with Focus Group Discussion as feedback of survey

results. The analysis of survey and Focus Group

Discussion shows many critical and potential

variables which can be encouraged into better

condition, such as villager's perceptiveness of

offshore aquaculture, economic and environmental

aspects, socio-cultural aspect, and stakeholders

involvement which provide social engagement

among villagers and them. The result of social

mapping is essential for modeling input and

completely depends on the direct observation and

social network analysis, which has been described in

the discussion.

Furthermore, the conceptual model of this study

had been created, as well. This model is derived

from the results of the social mapping framework

with Causal Loop Diagram's rule. Regarding the

next research, this conceptual model is for input to

do further analysis, such as creating a simulation

model and determining the best policy scenarios. By

the time the simulation model has been created,

there will be a prediction of preparedness of

community in implementing offshore aquaculture in

Infrastructure index

Offshore aquaculture

implementation

Economical index

Environment index

Socioculture gaps and

discrepancy

Stakeholders

involvement

Tourism attraction

Community

engagement

Fishery products potential

Road accessability

Investment capital for

aquaculture

Operational &

maintenance cost

Cost allowance or

subsidy

Total cost of

aquaculture

Benefit from tourism

business

Synergy between

stakeholders & community

Nonfishery resource potential

Revenue generator for

villager's livelihood

Business creation chance

Carrying capacity of

environment

Fishery supply

Fishery demand fulfillment

Nonfishery resource

supply

Social Mapping Framework to Identify Readiness of Sustainable Community based Offshore Aquaculture: Case Study - South Coast of

Malang, Indonesia

155

a better and more sustainable way in the South Coast

of Malang, particularly and in Indonesia generally.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research took part in a research project in the

scheme of Research-based Community Service,

which was gratefully funded by the local fund from

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya.

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