An Experiment of Public Speaking Anxiety on College Students
Reyhan Gufriyansyah and Maya Khairani
Department of Psychology Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia
Keywords: Public Speaking, Public Speaking Anxiety, Anxiety, College Student.
Abstract: Becoming a student in the field of health and service requires skills of public speaking. Students are trained
to speak in public in order to present their project in front of the class, give opinions in the forum, give
instructions to many people, etc. Unfortunately, in several occasions, there are students who showed some
anxiety symptoms such as sweating, tension, trembling, nervousness, and pale face. In this study, we aimed
to explore the level of public speaking anxiety on 97 students (54 psychology students, and 43 medical
students). Data were collected with PRPSA (Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety) to identify the
categories of public speaking anxiety. It was known that 47.4% of students had low public speaking anxiety,
48.5% in moderate category of public speaking anxiety, and only 4.1% in the high category of public
speaking anxiety. Then, 54 pscyhology students were investigated of their public speaking anxiety based on
listener’s characteristic. Result showed that there was the difference of public speaking anxiety based on
listener’s characteristic on psychology students, the students who spoke in front of the listeners with higher
educational level were more anxious than those who spoke in front of the listeners with lower educational
level.
1 INTRODUCTION
Students in academic field are required to develop
their public speaking soft skills. Moreover, the
students in social and medical majors who are
required to have public speaking skill in learning or
practicing process should be able to speak in front of
audiences. Gregory (2010) defines public speaking
as an oral presentation which explains things to
listeners. Jaffee (1995) previously also explains that
public speaking is a condition in which an individual
prepares and presents in front of a group of listeners
such as a presentation, a discussion and arguing in
front of the class. An ability to speak in front of
public is really helpful for students in learning
process.
However, practically, many psychology students
consider public speaking as a threatening matter.
When those students are in threatening situation, the
anxiety will emerge which can be seen from anxiety
symptoms. According to Bucklew (1980), the
anxiety symptoms can be seen from two aspects, (1)
psychological aspects; being tense, confused, worry,
and difficult to concentrate, and (2) physiological
aspects; difficult to sleep, heart beating, sweating,
trembling and nausea. In addition, Spielberger
(1966) mentions several symptoms of anxiety as
follows (1) psychological symptoms; difficult to
arrange idea or convey words like giving a speech in
public, (2) physiological symptoms; trembling body,
sweating on palm, forehead and neck, red face,
faster hear beat, and higher blood pressure, and (3)
common behavioral symptoms; walking around a
room, not being able to sit for long time, smoking
continuously and not being able to be rilex.
It is proven by the result of a survey about
anxiety symptoms conducted based on the
symptoms proposed by Bucklew (1980), Nevid,
Rathus and Greene (2005) and Spielberger (1966) to
30 students of Psychology Department, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Syiah Kuala, the result can
be seen in figure 1.
Gufriyansyah, R. and Khairani, M.
An Experiment of Public Speaking Anxiety on College Students.
DOI: 10.5220/0009433900050011
In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Psychology (ICPsy 2019), pages 5-11
ISBN: 978-989-758-448-0
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
5

Figure 1: Result of a survey on Psychology Department
students’ reaction during presentation
According to the result above, some symptoms
frequently emerge from the students like getting
tense (63.3%), mixed thoughts (63.3%), difficulty
concentrating (60%) and fast heart beat (53,3%).
The causes of being anxiety among students when
speaking in public are caused by fears to look stupid
and be laughed by listeners.
Being anxious to speak in public is one of state
anxiety forms which refer to fear, being tense,
nervous or worried along with activation of
autonomous system (Spielberger, 1972). Moreover,
Rakhmat (2002) explains that being anxious to speak
in public as a negative reaction in form of anxiety
occurs on individual during communication, either
personal or public communication. Anxiety of public
speaking is social anxiety emerging in real form
during oral presentation. McCroskey (1984) uses
communication apprehension term to describe the
level of fear and individual anxiety which are related
to communication activity with a person or many
audiences. Individual anxiety during public speaking
could hamper individual’s success in academic,
especially for university students, it will hamper
learning process of the students (Bodie in Grewe,
2010; Yusuf, 1990).
Witt, Brown, Roberts and Weisel (2006) find
that a person shows higher anxiety level after
speaking in public than before it. It happens because
the person is anxious to what he/she has conveyed in
public. Sawyer and Behnke (1990) explain that the
level of speaker’s self-monitoring (an individual’s
effort to behave on social situation) and the reaction
of listeners contribute to speaker’s anxiety during
public speaking. Furthermore, Pertaub, Slater and
Barker (2006) state that there is a difference of
anxiety when an individual conducts a presentation
before different listeners. The listeners with negative
behavior (disrespectful) tend to make the speaker
more anxious than those with static behavior
(ordinary) and those with positive behavior
(respectful) do.
Beatty (in Witt, et al., 2006) found a significantly
positive correlation between speaking in public and
situation during speaking, clarity of speaker during
public speaking, prior anxiety experience of public
speaking and the difference between speaker and
listener. The more speaker and listener become
different, the more speaker’s anxiety gets affected
(MacIntyre & Thivierge, 1995), such as the
difference of educational background between
speaker and listener.
To be a good speaker, an individual should
recognize listeners’ characteristics. According to
Gregory (2010), there are seven characteristics of
listeners that should be concerned on, one of which
is educational background. The educational
background of listeners should be concerned by
speaker in order to make the message easily
accepted by the listeners. Speaker’s status which is
lower than listeners contribute to speaker’s anxiety
during public speaking (Beatty in Witt, et al., 2006),
therefore listeners’ status is considered having a role
on high and low of individual’s anxiety during
public speaking.
It shows that listeners’ characteristics are a factor
that affects on university student who experiences
anxiety during speaking in front of the class. Based
on the phenomena above, this research aimed to see
public speaking anxiety based on listener’s
characteristics on college students.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Reaction of Psychology Department
Students during Presentation
50%
53,3%
63,3%
46,6%
36,6%
63,3%
60 %
33,3%
36,6%
ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology
6

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Public Speaking Anxiety
McCroskey (1984) reveals that public speaking
anxiety as part of communication apprehension, the
level of fear or individual’s anxiety related to
communication activity with a person or many
people. Furthermore, Wrench, Brogan, McCroskey,
and Jowi (2008) say that public speaking anxiety is
an individual’s tendency to be obstructed when
he/she imagines himself/herself communicating with
a person or many people.
2.2 The Characteristics of Listeners
West (2008) defines listeners as audiences or a
group of people who have motivation, decision and
preference. Meanwhile, Cangara (2009) defines
listeners as audiences who are actors of
communication process. Audience is usually called
as a receiver, target, reader, viewer, audience,
decoder, or communicant. According to Gregory
(2010), listener is a receiver of messages from
speaker.
According to Gregory (2010), there are seven
characteristics of listener that should be concerned
to, namely: educational background, age, sex, job
status, religious affiliation, social and economical
status, and international listener (different country).
Of 7 characteristics above, this research focuses on
educational background of listener. Gregory (2010)
explains that searching for information about
educational level of listener should be done by
speaker in order to make the language during
message delivery easily accepted and corresponding
to listener’s knowledge. Educational background
makes a speaker prepare the delivered message that
is corresponding to listener’s educational level. It is
conducted to make listener understand the message.
For instance, if the educational level of listener is
lower than that of speaker, the speaker should
deliver an understandable message corresponding to
the knowledge of listener in order to avoid
misunderstood words by the level of listeners.
3 RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Participants
97 students (43 medical students and 54 psychology
students) were involved in this research. Later on,
the 54 students of psychology (batch 2013) were
involved in an experiment to see the effect of
listener on participants’ anxiety condition.
3.2 Instrument
The data in this research were collected through
Personal Report of Public Speaking anxiety
(PRPSA) scale which was arranged by McCroskey
(1970) containing 34 items. This scale was adapted
by the researchers through expert review and try out
process toward 60 subjects and the reliability score
of the adaptation was α=0.912.
3.3 Prosedures
This research ran two steps. First, all pasticipants
from two departments (Medicine and psychology)
filled PRPSA scale. Later on, the psychology
students took part in an experiment by conducting
presentation in front of 20 listeners. Those
psychology students were divided into two groups,
control and experiment groups. The control group
conducted a presentation in front of the listeners
who were their junior. Meanwhile, the experiment
group conducted a presentation in front of their
lecturers and alumni. After the participants
conducted the presentation, they were asked to fill
PRPSA scale.
4 RESULT
In PRPSA scale, there are 3 categories of anxiety,
low, moderate, and high, which were obtained from
the result of calculating PRPSA score by using the
formula below:
PRPSA = 72 – total of unfavorable score +
total of favorable score
(1)
Based on the norm above, the researchers
categorized the scores of each subjects on each
research group. The categorization result can be seen
in the table below:
An Experiment of Public Speaking Anxiety on College Students
7

Table 1: Categorization of Public Speaking Anxiety in medicine and psychology students
Score
Category
Total
Medical
%
Psychology
%
X < 98
Low
15
34.9%
31
57.4%
98 ≤ X < 131
Moderate
27
62.8%
20
37%
131 < X
High
1
2.3%
3
5.6%
54 psychology students was later on divided into
two groups (experiment group; conducting
presentation in front of higher level audiences, and
control; conducting presentation in front of lower
level audiences). The comparison of public speaking
anxiety score of both groups can be seen in figure 2.
Figure 2: Comparison of Public Speaking Anxiety Score
between Experiment group and control group.
The categorization result of the experiment group
showed that majority of the subjects in the
experiment group had moderate level of public
speaking anxiety for 59.3% (16 students),
meanwhile, the others were at low level for 29.6% (8
students) and those who were at high category were
for 11,1% (3 students). The result of control group
categorization showed that 85.1% (23 students) were
at low level of public speaking anxiety, while 14.8%
(4 students) were at moderate and 0% of high
category.
4.1 Assumption Test
Result of assumption test showed that the data were
normally and homogeneously distributed. It can be
seen from normality test with the significant score of
0.807 (p>0.05). While homogeneity test gained
significant score for 0.708 (p>0.05).
4.2 Hypothetical Test
Analysis result using independent sample t-test
showed t value (df) = 4.05 (p<0.05) and p = 0.000
(p<0.05) which meant that there were the difference
of public speaking among students of Psychology
Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Syiah Kuala.
4.3 Cohen Test
Analysis result of Cohen Kappa test showed that the
score of 0.013 meaning that the difference in this
study is at low category. So that, the hypothesis of
this study is accepted.
5 DISCUSSION
This study was conducted to know the difference
between public speaking anxiety based on
characteristics of listeners on the students of
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine,
The University of Syiah Kuala. Based on result, the
hypothesis is accepted, it means there is the
difference of public speaking anxiety based on
characteristic of listeners on the students of
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine,
The University of Syiah Kuala.
McCroskey (1984) calls public speaking anxiety
as communication apprehension meaning the level
of fear or anxiety of an individual related to
communication activity with a person or many
people. Jackson and Latane (in MacIntyre &
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Experiment Control
Chart Title
Low Moderate High
ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology
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Thivierge, 1995) state that speaking in front of
audiences is one of anxiety triggers. MacIntyre and
Thivierge (1995) explain that listener’s
characteristics could influence how speaker
anticipate anxiety during public speaking.
This present study result shows that speaking in
front of listeners who have higher education could
make an individual feel more anxious than speaking
in front of those who have lower education. It is
proven by mean obtained from PRPSA scale
measurement, it shows that individuals speaking in
front of listeners with higher level education obtain
score of 103.63, meanwhile, those speaking in front
of listeners with lower education obtain score of
81,96. Moreover, categorization result of the
experiment group shows that most students in the
experiment group (51.8%) are at moderate level of
public speaking anxiety, while 37.1% of them are at
low level, and the rests (11.1%) are at high level, on
the other hand, categorization result of control group
shows that most of control group students (85.2%)
are at low level of public speaking anxiety, while the
rests (14.8%) are moderate. It explains that speaking
in front of higher level education listeners would
make the individuals feel more anxious that
speaking in front of lower level education listeners.
Public speaking anxiety is social anxiety
emerging in real form when doing presentation
orally. According to Ramaiah (2003), anxiety is a
normal reaction toward a stressing situation in one’s
life and it would not stay long. Anxiety can
positively impact an individual, if he/she can
motivate him/herself to learn well. However, over
anxiety, especially during public speaking, will
hamper an individual to show self-capacity. The
difference of anxiety impact on people is caused by
the difference of each person. The characteristic
differences will determine individual’s response
toward stimuli which become sources of anxiety,
therefore each individual will differently respond
even though having similar source of anxiety
(Wahyuni, 2015).
An individual experiences anxiety when facing
public speaking that emerges a stimulus in form of a
forum in certain capacity, there are authority figure
and stimulus in form of listeners’ view on the
speaker. The anxiety could also be caused by
negative consequences from society like criticism,
insult, and bad reputation as part of negative
evaluation of neighborhood. An individual is afraid
of being called stupid, boring, offensive, rude,
uninteresting, diffident, not charismatic and so on.
Anxiety could also emerge because an individual
observes or interact with the society by responding
fear, verbal anxiety, expressing worry and others
comment the way of the individual speak in public
(Monart & Kase in Haryanthi & Tresniasari, 2012).
The lecturers, alumni and last year students who
become the listeners for experiment group are
considered as authority figure, it makes the
individuals feel threatened because they feel stupid,
criticized, insulted, bad reputation and afraid of
making mistake during presentation of material.
Total listeners in experiment group are 20,
consisting of 4 lecturers, 1 alumnus, and 15 last year
students. Based on Raja’s findings in 2017, the size
of the audience can affected the public speaking
anxiety level.
Meanwhile, the individuals in control group have
lower anxiety during presenting material because
they feel that they are knowledgeable and master the
material better than the listeners who are their junior
or their classmates, so that those in experiment
group look more anxious than those in control group
during public speaking in front of the listeners. Total
listeners in control group are 20, all of whom are the
youngest batch in the department, batch 2015. It
shows that the presence of significant effect toward
low and high individual’s anxiety during public
speaking with different listeners’ characteristic
(Beatty, in Witt et al., 2006).
The result is also enforced by some responses of
samples to the researcher after the research process.
Samples in experiment group responded that they
were rushed in preparing material, it made them less
master the material hence influencing their readiness
and anxiety when delivering the message. In
addition, the samples experienced more anxiety
when speaking in front of senior, alumni and
lecturers because they were afraid of their improper
explanation, and they felt more anxious because they
were afraid of being questioned by the listeners after
delivering the message. Besides it, confidence level
also can affected the public speaking anxiety (Raja,
2017). Furthermore, some samples in control groups
also said that they felt rilex after presenting a
material in front of listeners who are their junior
(batch 2015) because they felt that they have more
ability than the listeners. These findings showed that
some action need to take in order to overcome the
public speaking anxiety problems. There are some
strategies that can be applied to the students or
anyone whose experience public speaking anxiety,
for instance personal counseling, training and
coaching, and virtual exposure treatment (Raja,
2017).
In this research process, the researchers are
aware of the limitation during conducting this
An Experiment of Public Speaking Anxiety on College Students
9

research, so that there are some feedbacks from the
researchers for future research. First, presentation
material from subjects should be submitted first
before presentation starts, the participants are asked
to present as the prepared material without adding
other materials. Second, preparing for more assitants
to help research process such as becoming operator,
time keeper, and calling participants. In addition, it
is important to prepare non-technical things to
minimize interrupting matters during research.
Suggestion for future researcher who wants to study
the similar topic is to concern on several things
before conducting experiment research, namely
obvious regulation and procedures during the
research in order to minimize things which could
influence the research. Moreover, it is expected for
future research to be able to connect public speaking
anxiety with other listener’s characteristics.
6 CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTION
The research result shows that there is correlation
between public speaking anxiety based on
characteristic of listener on student of Department of
Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Syiah Kuala. Based on the result, there are some
suggestions that the researchers propose to be
considerated.
1. For Students
For students, especially students of Department
of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine Unsyiah, it
is suggested that they have to prepare
themselves by more mastering material before
speaking publicly because mastering material
that will be delivered is very helpful to ease
message delivery when speaking in public.
2. For Educational Institution
Educational Institution has to improve ability
and public speaking-related educational
program for students in order to make the
students have the ability of public speaking for
their study, during among society, and for
entering work field.
3. For Future Researcher
Future researchers are expected to conduct
further research about public speaking anxiety
by considering other public speaking-
influencing variables. We also expect the next
researcher to be able to prepare better and deep
experimental research by concerning things
which could hamper research process.
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