The Analysis of Gratitude on Retired Civil Servants

Risana Rachmatan and Miftahul Jannah

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

Keywords: Gratitude, Retired Civil Servants, Gender

Abstract: Every worker, at a certain time will reach the retirement stage, and this period will be responded to differently

by each individual, some people deal with it negatively, while others deal with it positively. Gratitude

encourages positive emotions associated with the situations experienced by the individual during retirement.

This research aimed to identify the difference of gratitude on retired civil servants based on gender. The

technique used for sampling was the snowball sampling method with 252 retired civil servants consisting of

126 men and 126 women, all of them were fulfilled with certain criteria. Data was collected using an adapted

version of The Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) scale, created by McCullough, Emmons, and Tsang (2002)

with a research reliability coefficient of (α) = 0,758. The hypothesis which was tested by using an independent

sample t-test showed the significance of 0,001(p<0,05) and t -3,250. The result indicated that there is a

difference in gratitude between retired civil servant men and women. Therefore, it is interpreted that men

retired civil servant has lower gratitude than women retired civil servant.

1 INTRODUCTION

Every individual has needs that must be met in this

life, including physiological needs, security needs,

compassion needs, self-esteem needs, and self-

actualization needs (Maslow, 1970). Besides

fulfilling those needs, an individual also has to create

harmony and happiness in life by working, an activity

involving physical and mental as well as becoming

the main daily activity (Nuraini, 2013). Some

occupation can be done by an individual are being

entrepreneur, private employee, and civil servant

(Astuti & Fithri, 2013).

A civil servant or Pegawai Negeri Sipil which is

later on abbreviated with PNS is Indonesia citizen

who fulfills certain criteria to be appointed as state

civil apparatus or Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN)

permanently by staffing official to officiate in

government office (Regulation of The Republic of

Indonesia [PPRI] No. 5 paragraph year 2014). PNS as

a government officer obtain several facilities like

monthly salary, pension plan, healthcare insurance,

allowance for partner and children, etc (Putra, 2006;

Keban, 2004). According to Trisusanti and

Satiningsih (2012), working as a civil servant

provides meaning for an individual like happiness,

prosperity, and social status. Fanani (2005) explains

that status as a civil servant is appreciated and

honored by society.

Status and position as a civil servant will end by

the time of retirement (Putra, 2006). A retired civil

servant is a civil servant who belongs to functional

position and has reached age limit to retire will be

dismissed honorably (PPRI No. 21 Year 2014,

Paragraph 1 No. 3). Pension limit age for a civil

servant is 58 years old, 60 years old and 65-year old

depending on the kind of positions of the civil servant

(PPRI No. 21 Year 2014, Paragraph 2). Data from

Staffing and Human Resource Development

(BKPSDM) Banda Aceh City (2018), in 2012 the

number of pensioners of civil servants was 168, in

2014 they were 150, 104 in 2015, 142 in 2016, 170 in

2017.

Retirement is the end of life pattern or transition

era into a new life pattern that corresponds to a change

of role, interest, and value, as well as an entire change

of one’s life pattern (Hurlock, 2009). The end of

status as a civil servant is followed by the end of

salary, honorarium, and various kinds of allowances

that support the life of a civil servant, as the resulting

income becomes lower and it is not a pleasant

moment for some pensioners (Widyowati & Hadjam,

2012). Furthermore, during retirement, a civil servant

worries about losing his role among society, losing

Rachmatan, R. and Jannah, M.

The Analysis of Gratitude on Retired Civil Servants.

DOI: 10.5220/0009436600120018

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Psychology (ICPsy 2019), pages 12-18

ISBN: 978-989-758-448-0

power, social contact, economy and even self-esteem

(Rachmawati & Listiyandini, 2014).

For some individuals, retirement is a negative life

experience, yet for others, retirement becomes a

positive life experience because they see it as growth

and development period, the important moment

related to lifestyle and opportunity to have fun

(Stephan, Evelyne & Fernandez, 2008). One who

retires could perceive serenity because one just

archives top of the carrier, not bare any duty given by

the institution or organization in which one works, as

the result one feels peace, relax, and happy (Lesmana,

2014). Pensioners could do various activities which

are previously unable to do, one is also able to enjoy

time with family (Santrock, 2011).

According to Atchley (in Santrock, 2002), there

are several phases of retirement as follows, first

honeymoon phase, the phase is characterized with

happy feeling because of free from routine and duty,

one starts to seek a new activity like doing some

hobbies and other things related to health, finance,

lifestyle, and family, second, disenchantment phase,

a pensioner in this phase begins to be depressed and

feels empty, for some individuals, feeling of losing,

either losing power, dignity, status, income, friends,

or some regulations. In this phase, pensioners who are

depressed will get into the reorientation phase, the

phase in which an individual start to develop a more

realistic perception about life alternative by seeking

new activities. Once reaching this phase, the

pensioners will get into the stability phase in which

they start to develop certain criteria related to

selecting an activity to make life better in the future.

Men and women are different in terms of

undergoing retirement. According to Hurlock (2009),

generally, women are better in undergoing retirement

than the men, their role does not radically change

because the women in some aspects always undergo

a domestic role either at pre-marriage or during

marriage, they even undergo the role as workers, in

workplace a few of psychological advantages and a

little of social support are obtained by the women thus

the retirement condition less raises trauma toward the

women, moreover, when they work, a few women

hold high position so that they have no power and

prestige to lose, the women also have more social

groups to spend spare time during retirement than the

men, in contrary the men only have a few replacing

sources which can result in satisfaction usually

obtained from the previous job, as the result,

retirement becomes a mental burden for the men.

Several issues related to individuals undergoing

retirement are a retirement plan, marriage status and

member of family's attitude, financial management,

mental condition, social life, acceptance on condition

and gratitude (Widyowati & Hadjam, 2012; Hurlock,

2009; Sudarilah, 2012). According to Benso (2005),

gratitude is the main pillar in achieving success in

retirement. Furthermore, Benso explains that being

grateful will create happiness naturally and share with

the social, spiritual community as well as with other

people.

Gratitude is thankful feeling and happiness by

accepting bounty either benefit seen from others or

peace which is born from natural beauty (Peterson &

Seligman, 2004). According to McCullough,

Emmons, and Tsang (2002), gratitude can emerge as

a trait, feeling, mood or emotion. Gratitude can be

defined as a general tendency to realize and respond

by gratitude emotion toward an individual's kindness

in a positive experience and what an individual

receives. Gratitude can be a solution to various life

problems and a way to get a peaceful mind,

happiness, physical health, and to improve

relationship and welfare (Emmons & McCullough,

2003).

Individuals with much gratitude will show

positive emotions like happiness, good health, hope

and will obtain satisfaction in life, meanwhile,

individuals with a little gratitude will have negative

emotions including anxiety, depression, and jealousy

or envy (McCullough, et al., 2002). Froh, Kashdan,

Ozimkowski, and Miller (2009) say that individuals

with gratitude will gain happiness, optimistic, and life

satisfaction.

Individual with gratitude tries to see a condition

which is experienced with more positive perspective

so that one feels no burden with the condition, one

even can be motivated to improve performance as

thankful feeling for the grace that one receives

(Cahyono, 2014). A retired civil servant experiences

the same thing, one used to work in a government

institution after one retires, one will experience a

different situation and condition, thus with gratitude,

the individual can see the future positively. As

explained by Wood, Joseph, Lloyd, and Atkins

(2009) that gratitude is a character from an individual

who has positive thinking and creates a better life.

Research by Kashdan, et al. (2009) showed that

there was a difference in revealing gratitude between

men and women especially in elderhood where

women were more grateful than men. Moreover,

Kashdan, et al explains that the high gratitude among

women is related to the improvement of social

relations and the freedom to achieve a goal as well as

being able to express feelings openly, the women also

intensely communicate toward each other verbally by

using a language that can improve their personal

The Analysis of Gratitude on Retired Civil Servants

relationship, while men only recognize language as

an instrument to give and receive information. Levant

and Wiliams (2009) add that men possibly recognize

an experience and gratitude expression as a weakness

that can threaten their masculinity and break their

social status.

The differences between men and women in

expressing gratitude emerge from the difference in

appreciating an experienced event (Kashdan, et al.,

2009). Also, Wood, et al. (2009) says that gratitude

starts from advantageous appraisement toward value

or benefit that is received. Compared to men, women

particularly tend to consider interpersonal and social

care more important so it makes women more enjoy

life experience and is possible to improve frequent

gratitude feeling (Schwartz & Rubel, 2005).

Based on the phenomenon, there is different

gratitude among retired civil servants. Many studies

about gratitude among men and women have been

conducted previously in other countries, but very few

studies from Indonesia. Therefore, the researcher is

interested in conducting a study entitled the

difference of gratitude on retired civil servants based

on gender

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Liyan and Xiaohua (in Rusdi, 2016) explain gratitude

as a value, being grateful has a moral function that

encourages someone to act prosocially. Gratitude is

also a positive psychological function to increase

happiness. According to McCullough, Emmons, and

Tsang (2002), gratitude can emerge as a trait, feeling,

mood or emotion. Gratitude can be defined as a

general tendency to realize and respond to a gratitude

emotion toward others' kindness in a positive

experience and what an individual receives. Later,

Emmons, McCullough and Tsang explained that

gratitude is variously seen as moral virtue, an attitude

that can be seen, an emotion, a habit, a personality

trait and even a coping response (in Killen and

Macaskill, 2015). Gratitude includes 4 aspects,

namely: Intensity, Frequency, Span, Density.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This study is comparative quantitative research. The

population of the study is the 252 retired civil servants

in Banda Aceh city consisting of 126 men and 126

women. The sampling used is snowball sampling.

The snowball sampling is a technique to select a

sample from a smaller number to higher by

continuously identifying, selecting and taking the

sample in a network or relationship chain (Sugiyono,

2013). The sample criteria of this study are: a) retired

civil servant, b) retired based on Retirement Age

Limit (RAL), and c) willing to be respondent.

3.1 Methods of Collecting Data

The method of collecting data in this study is The

Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) instrument by

McCullough, et al. (2002). The scale includes six

items with a Likert style and consists of a favorable

and unfavorable question group with 7 choices.

3.2 Method of Analyzing Data

The collected data was analyzed by using a one-

sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to test data

normality and test homogeneity using oneway

ANOVA. Also, the hypothesis test was conducted by

applying a parametric technique i.e. independent

sample t-test using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows.

4 RESULT

4.1 Data Description of Gratitude

General description about data of gratitude variable is

in the table below:

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

Table 1: Data Description of Gratitude Research Variable

Gratitude

Variable

Hypothetical Data

Empirical Data

Xmax

Xmin

Mean

Xmax

Xmin

Mean

Men

32.13

4.748

Women

34.06

4.670

Total

33.09

4.798

According to statistics, hypothetically descriptive

analysis shows that minimum response is 6 and the

maximum response is 40. The mean is 24 and the

standard deviation is 6. Meanwhile, the empirical data

shows that the minimum response is 14 and the

maximum is 42, with the mean is 33,09 and the

standard deviation is 4,798.

According to the description above, the division

of categorizing subjects includes three categories as

follows low, moderate, and high. Subject category

classification used by the researcher is categorizing

method based on a normal distribution with level

category because the subject score in population is

normally distributed (Azwar, 2013). Categorizing

will use interval formula as follows:

Table 1: Gratitude categorization

Score

Category

Men

Women

Total

Percentage

Total

Percentage

X < 18

Low

0,8%

18 ≤ X < 30

Moderate

34%

17%

≤ 30 X

High

65%

103

82%

TOTAL

126

100

126

100

Based on the table above, it can be seen that the

majority of retirees, both men and women, feel a high

level of gratitude. Only 0.8% or only 1 man and

woman who have low gratification.

4.2 Assumption Test

The result of the assumption test shows that data are

normally and homogeneously distributed. Result of

normality test from gratitude variable is (p=0.139

with p>0.05) and result of homogeneity test shows

score of significance at 0.851 (p>0.05). The result

shows that data are normally and homogeneously

distributed.

4.3 Hypothetical Test

Hypothetical test implements Independent Sample T-

Test because the data were normally distributed. The

analysis result shows that the significance score of

this study is 0.001 which is lower than the

significance level, at 0.001<0.05. The analysis result

shows there is different gratitude among retired civil

servants based on gender. According to the result, the

hypothesis is accepted.

5 DISCUSSION

The study conducted to see different gratitude among

retired civil servants based on gender. The result

shows that gratitude among men retired civil servants

are significantly different from women retired civil

servant. It shows the score (Sig. 2-tailed) is lower than

The Analysis of Gratitude on Retired Civil Servants

the significance level, which is 0.001 (p<0.05), which

means that the gratitude is different among retired

civil servants based on gender.

According to the result, women have a higher

gratitude level than men. It is showed by the mean

score of gratitude scale in which the women retired

civil servants obtain a mean score for 34.06 and men

for 32.13.

This study is supported by the previous study by

Khashdan, et al., (2009) who says that gratitude

among women higher than men. Froh, Kashdan,

Ozimkowski, and Miller (2009) also find that women

tend to show higher gratitude levels than men. The

different gratitude between men and women emerges

from the difference of seeing an experienced event

(Khashdan, et al., 2009). Wood, Maltby, Linley, and

Joseph (2008) explain that gratitude is started with

advantageously valuing the obtained benefit.

Men and women are different in recognizing

retirement. Hurlock (2009) states that men recognize

working as the most important thing in life, so that the

retirement becomes a burden and usually makes men

difficult to adapt with the changing role during

retirement, moreover, men only have a few of

replacing sources which they obtained from the

previous job, on contrary, women do not recognize

working as the only way to achieve their identity,

even though women go to work, they still consider

family as the main priority, so that the retirement does

not create major change in development of identity

because there are more other things that women can

do inside or outside the household. Women do not

experience a radically changing role, moreover, the

job only provides a few psychological benefits and

supports as the result the retirement does not result in

trauma, moreover women who hold high positions are

so small numbers so that they do not feel losing

prestige.

The high gratitude among women is also related

to social relationship and freedom to achieve the goal

as well as openness to express their feeling, women

are more intense to communicate toward each other

in form of detail verbal expression, women more

enjoy using a language that can build personal

relationship, meanwhile men recognize a language as

a tool to share and receive information, so that women

obtain more benefits from expressing gratitude

because it manages the feeling and improve freedom

to act consistently based on believed values

(Khasydan, et al., 2009).

Generally, women tend to put up an interpersonal

relationship and social care which require them to act

more passively than men, it makes women more

enjoy life experience that can improve the frequency

of gratitude, on the other hand, men more appreciate

power and authority than women (Schwartz & Rubel,

2005). Men tend to perceive help from others as

threats against their autonomy and authority, hence

the consideration becomes negative perception which

can decrease the level of gratitude (Khashdan, et al.,

2009). Moreover, women tend to express emotion to

a higher level than men (Khashdan, et al., 2009;

Timmer, Fischer & Manstead, 2003).

It is emphasized by analysis data result based on

categorization in this study, high category gratitude is

obtained by the women retired civil servants for 82%

of 126 total, moderate is at 17% and low is at 0,8%,

meanwhile only 65% of men retired civil servants are

at high category of 126 subjects, 34% are at moderate,

and 0,8% are at low.

The study by McChullough, et al. (2002) shows

one of the factors that affect the gratitude is

religiosity. An individual with religious faith has

higher gratitude (Rosmarin, Piruntinsky, Cohen,

Galler, & Krumrei, 2011). Ulina, Kurniasih, and Putri

(2013) explained that religion teaches its followers to

consistently make an effort and pray, uneasy to

desperate, think positively, and grateful. Religion

makes the followers have hope and high optimism

(Ciarrocchi, Liacco & Deneke, 2008; Biswas, Diener

& Dean, 2008).

The study by McChullough, et al (2002) finds that

there is a relationship between religiosity and

disposition (tendency) of gratitude and improving

daily gratitude. Being grateful in performing religion

influences the emerging of other positive variables,

lie being grateful to God which can decrease the

negative effect of health and poverty among

American adult women (Krauss in Tsang, et al.,

2011). Lambert, et al. (in Tsang, et al. 2011) also finds

that an individual who consistently performs religious

teaching is more grateful than an individual who does

not.

Another study by Mutia, Subandi, and Mulyati

(2010) shows that by giving gratitude therapy, an

individual will be calmer when facing a problem. This

study shows that 65% of men and 82% of women

have high gratitude, it is because the gratitude is

related to religion, faith, and God (McChullough, et

al., 2002), and the total subjects in that study, 252

subjects (100%), are the followers of Islam.

According to data description about the length of

retirement, there are 161 subjects are at range 1-5

years, 74 subjects are at 6-10 years, and 17 subjects

are at 11-16 years. Santrock (2011) states that the

more adult an individual is, the wiser and the more

religious one will be, therefore the longer the

retirement they undergo, the more they can improve

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

their gratitude focus on positive things or aspects in

their environment. It is different from individuals

with depressive tendencies who see their environment

negatively and focus on negative things of the world,

of themselves, or the future (Wood, 2008).

This study shows that there is significantly

different gratitude between both genders, it is

obtained after conducting analysis using Independent

Sample T-Test to test hypothesis of gender, however,

the researcher realizes that there are many limitations

when the study is conducted as follows data analysis

is statistics and number, so that it cannot be reviewed

more deeply, because of limited time and cost, so that

the study is only conducted in Banda Aceh, and the

subject is only based on Limit Retirement Age

(LRA), so that not all individuals can be involved as

sample, moreover the researcher could not conduct

the research in some institutions so that the study runs

longer than it was planned

6 CONCLUSIONS

This study is to see the different gratitude among the

retired civil servants based on gender. The result

shows that there is different gratitude between men

and women, in which women have higher gratitude

than men. Based on the result, it can be concluded that

gender has a role in the level of gratitude among the

retired civil servants.

The retired civil servants in Banda Aceh city

should keep and improve their gratitude, either when

they get little grace or much grace to enjoy life more

positively and well so that they will not be jealous of

what others have. The retired civil servants’ family in

Banda Aceh city should care, accompany, support

and give motivation to pensioners so that they keep

feeling appreciated, needed and passionate in

undergoing their old age. The future researcher who

is interested in conducting a research about gratitude

should use qualitative method through observation

and in-depth interview to enlarge the result, if using

quantitative method, one should relate with other

variables like psychological well being, post power

syndrome, self-adaptation, happiness or something

that can influence gratitude of retired individuals in

Banda Aceh

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