Four Types of Moral Holistic Values for Revolutionizing the Big Data

Analytics in IoT-based Applications

Norma Alias

Department of Mathematical Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Center for Sustainable Nanomaterial, Ibnu Sina Institute, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Keywords:

IoT, Applications, Data Analytics.

Abstract:

The high data speed generated by sensor devices has led to an awareness of the potential impact of big data

analytics (BDA) and the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper highlights 4 types of moral holistic values for

BDA analyzer, system developer, data provider and user in integrating the BDA and IoT applications. Being

ethical is about confronting ethical issues. Wisdom, glory morality, courage, and justice are important holistic

values for handling data sharing, data collaboration and data analytics. Four moral holistic values will reduce

the gap between IoT, human and practice to improve the performance and revolutionize the performance of

BDA and IoT-based applications.

1 INTRODUCTION

The potential impact of BDA and the challenges of the

IoT-based has been explored by the high speed data

generated based on sensor devices. Huge memory al-

location, high-speed processor and network commu-

nication has led to the challenges presented by big

data size, such as gigabytes, terabytes, and petabytes,

that are generated by IoT-based device. The analysis

of the IoT data set is basically obtained from the inte-

grated technologies. For example, the combined IoT-

based system for smart city development and urban

planning using big data analytics has been suggested

by Rathore et al. (Rathore et al., 2016) Hence, the

moral holistic values approach is needed for investi-

gating various performances and analysis indicators

that are associated with prediction, visualization and

decision making.

M. Ge et al. (Ge et al., 2018) stated that the con-

cern of big data collection, data processing, data an-

alytics, data security, and the holistic value for the

data provider or data analyzer have become impor-

tant. This is because the management of big data re-

quires a continuously expanding network. The func-

tion of the data provider and data analysis can be

classiﬁed according to their focus on the develop-

ment of a complete IoT system consisting of var-

ious types of sensor deployment, smart home sen-

sors, vehicular networking, weather and water sen-

sors, smart parking sensors, and surveillance objects

(Rathore et al., 2016). The tasks of data providers in-

clude customizing IoT hardware and software, com-

bining multiple processing tasks, handling data man-

agement, conducting data analysis, managing projects

and data collections, transforming database structures

and maintaining cloud-HPC Platform (Lanza et al.,

2016). These functions must be conducted in such

a way as to lead to integrity, trustworthiness, justice,

courage, and excellence. Based on the requirement

of human-to-human or human-to-computer interac-

tion, this paper highlights four types of moral holis-

tic values for BDA analyzer, system developer, data

provider and user in integrating the BDA and IoT ap-

plications, (Al-Turjman and Alturjman, 2018). Wis-

dom, glory morality, courage, and justice are impor-

tant holistic values for handling data sharing, data col-

laboration and data analytics.

2 MORAL HOLISTIC VALUES

Quran describes that it is within the nature of the

soul to commit crime (Saged et al., 2018). Accord-

ing to the Lord as Musa A. S stories, which have been

passed down by Allah S.W.T in the Quran, fear re-

sides within the soul. In addition, the soul is home

to animate the deﬁant feeling to face malicious acts

(Dawud, 2002; Miskawayh, 1977; Bakar, 2010) con-

cluded, based on the agreement of scholars, that the

Alias, N.

Four Types of Moral Holistic Values for Revolutionizing the Big Data Analytics in IoT-based Applications.

DOI: 10.5220/0009445303570362

In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICoSET 2019), pages 357-362

ISBN: 978-989-758-463-3

357

cardinal virtues existing in humans can be divided

into four categories. If a man contributes his excel-

lence, glory, courage, and justice to others and people

can beneﬁt from it, then he will be recognized and

praised as as wise, noble, courageous and fair (Misk-

awayh, 1977). Being ethical is about confronting ethi-

cal issues based on the holistic value of wisdom, glory

morality, courage, and justice. The ﬁrst moral holistic

value of this paper is wisdom.

2.1 Wisdom (al-hikmah)

Revolutionizing the big data analytics in the aspect

of Islamic civilization involves the process of puriﬁ-

cation of the soul. This process is determined by

the rational sense of mind. Furthermore, to disci-

pline emotional strength and rational sense of mind

forces the emotions to behave and push it toward

goodness. Meanwhile, the power of lust can be disci-

plined by the power of emotion. This process involves

the change of the rational sense of mind (Miskawayh,

1977). If the process of soul puriﬁcation is successful,

then the rational sense of mind will enhance the wis-

dom (al-hikmah). The emotional strength will trig-

ger courage (shaja

at) and the power of lust will re-

veal the glory of morality (

iffat). Ultimately, justice

(

adl) can be achieved when the three holistic values

force the form of the cooperation privilege (fadhilat)

(Miskawayh, 1977). Thus, these four cardinal virtues

will drive the revolution of big data analytics.

According to (Miskawayh, 1977), there are six

types of wisdom that can be identiﬁed in individu-

als; wisdom, retention, rationality, clarity of mind,

quickness, soundness of understanding and capacity

for learning easily. The society that emphasizes the

importance of education and knowledge will be able

to produce a better human civilization. Intellect is a

very useful gift for humans in the quest for science

and wisdom. The expression of ideas will encourage

the production of a new creation. The reality is that

the evolution of these creations occurs beyond the ju-

risdiction and control of humans. On the contrary,

it is an inspiration that is the gift of Allah the Most

Knowledgeable (al-’Alim). Although it seems to be

naturally born, in fact it is the result of God’s gift, fol-

lowing the correct and valid rules of thought (Yang,

2012).

Abu Bakar al-Razi (1987; 73) argues that humans

have never been created for physical pleasure, but are

created to seek knowledge and to practice justice. For

a prosperous life, (Dawud, 2002) emphasized that ev-

ery individual must familiarize himself with good-

ness, obedience to the practices of religion and dis-

tance themselves from evil and sin. People who live

in suffering are those who gird themselves with evil

and immorality and are separated from kindness and

obedience to God. Ibn Hazm (Dawud, 2002) men-

tions that if knowledge is spread among people who

do not deserve it, it will ruin them. He mentions the

parable of prescribing perfume to the person who has

a headache, as it will cause the person to get even

sicker. Miskawayh (Miskawayh, 1977) divides wis-

dom into two groups, wisdom from a theoretical and

wisdom from a practical point of view. Wisdom from

a theoretical point means the ability to deliver the

right thought, while in the practical point, wisdom is

the sense of ability to produce a good situation that

promotes the right action. Individuals with discretion

will ensure that each activity or product is produced in

accordance with the measuring stick and symbolizes

the wisdom of the mind. Besides intelligence, Misk-

awayh also included some other elements including

retention, rational, clear mind, speed and ﬁrmness of

understanding, and ability to learn easily.

Data policy of the fourth industrial revolution

(4iR) is highlighting the relationship between risk and

beneﬁt. Islam encourages risk-sharing in our daily

life, be it in the transaction or not. When a risk is

shared among two or more parties involved in daily

activities, the burden of the risk faced by each party is

reduced. The intelligent policymaker recognizes the

impact of culture, morals, and socialization of the 4iR

practitioners to reduce the risk globally. According

to Chen. J. (Liu et al., 2015), the intelligent system

developer provides a proper infrastructure for users

to gather and to share data wisely. The success of

big data-driven and updating data bank property will

be appreciated by the researchers. Intelligent algo-

rithm and data training for machine, deep and extreme

learning are the artiﬁcial infrastructures to stimulate

data-driven. The wisdom for data processing, iden-

tifying, classifying and categorizing the huge dataset

can be performed by behaving and pushing it toward

goodness. Hence, the emotion to act has to be the

rational sense of mind force.

For example, using the big data for predicting,

measuring the performance indicator for disseminat-

ing analysis, enhancing intelligent data training for

large-scale data analysis, and establishing the excel-

lence library for data bank development. Therefore,

to enhance the discovery of knowledge, wisdom is an

important factor in assisting human intellectual abil-

ity, handling the artiﬁcial intelligence process (Alias

et al., 2018) and analyzing the performance of BDA

and IoT.

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

358

2.2 Glory Morality (al-

iffah)

Humans become ’human’ because of the advantages

of his existing rational soul (al-nafs al-natiqah). The

glory morality has a strong rational soul (Miskawayh,

1977). The existence of glory morality distinguishes

humans from animals and angels. If the movement

of the pious soul (al-nafs al-bahimiyyah) is normal

behavior, then he is responsible for the rational soul

without rejecting what is given to him and he is not

immersed in lust. Furthermore, the moral holistic

value of glory morality (fadilat al-

iffah) will be fol-

lowed by the privilege value of benefactors (fadilat

al-sakha’), (Miskawayh, 1977). Miskawayh divides

glory into twelve types namely; modesty, sedateness,

self control, liberality, integrity, sobriety, benignity,

self-discipline, good disposition, mildness, staidness

and piety. In the formation of spiritual values and

power within an educator, muj

ahadah is the most im-

portant jihad.

Big data morality refers to the glory behavior to

improve society, to understand the problem and to

solve with a true interpretation. The examples of

immoral behavior are accessing personal data or us-

ing public data without permission. Lack of glory

morality can be seen in the process of analysing data

and producing enabled data source. For example, the

parochially altruistic acts determining ethical paths

through a datafying world and understanding factual

via a trusted data base. Referring to big data ana-

lytics process, we can understand the effects of de-

cisions morally. We can determine the right outcome.

If the outcomes are good, then the actions, intentions

and moral decisions will be right. If the outcome is

poor, then the actions, intentions, and decisions will

be wrong. Thus, the invention of network commu-

nication of IoT device should have a glory morality,

integrity, privacy, and autonomy.

2.3 Courage (al-shaja

ah)

The power of anger comes from jealousy and envy

(quwwah ghadabiyyah). If he can control his emo-

tion, then he has the potential to develop the courage

(shaja

ah) with conﬁdence. In addition, this person

will have the courage to ﬁght and justify the truth. The

inﬂuence of anger can make him arrogant. In con-

trast, the absence of temper can make him become

timid. Individuals who have the bravery, yet don’t

contribute it to other people, will be known as proud

individuals. The normality of emotional soul (al-nafs

al-ghadabiyyah) can affect the rational soul to face

charges. He will be given the advantage of manners

(fadilat al-hilm) and the beneﬁt of boldness to remain

calm. Moreover, if the privilege of courage (fadilat

al-shaja

ah) enables him to control his temper, then

he will be brave (shaja

ah) to uphold justice and have

faith in making the right decision for himself.

Miskawayh separated the eight types of courage

into greatness of spirit, intrepidity, composure, for-

titude, magnanimity, self-possession, manliness, and

endurance. Fakhruddin al-Razi (Al-Razi, 1978), how-

ever, asserted that humans are the God creatures who

have the intellect and wisdom other than the natural

feeling and the orgasm. Such features of creation ex-

poses humans to do damage on the face of the earth.

This is because the combination of lust, emotional and

intellectual emotions, can induce a person to be dom-

inated by lust and excessive anger. Based on surah al-

Baqarah (2:30), al-Razi (Al-Razi, 1978; Manawi and

Akib, 2018)(tt: 4-5) explains that the damage on the

earth is caused by lust, while the bloodshed is caused

by angry emotions. However, the personality of an in-

dividual will be perfect by always purifying God and

praising and admiring His supremacy.

Big Data is revolutionizing the peace and justice

sector, declaration of data authorities, artiﬁcial intel-

ligence processing technologies for case law analytics

and big data analysis for decision making. An idea of

data justice is needed to establish the rule of law, con-

cern for the new public–private interfaces of big data,

namely the disciplinary and frequently discriminatory

nature of large-scale databases, activist organizations

in the ﬁeld of data and rights. For example, dealing

with data-driven for business transformation, obtain-

ing coward demographics data based and potential

misuse of data to unintended consequences. These

are the challenges for courage to deal with difﬁcult

issues and impossible circumstances. Data collection

and analysis are shared between public authorities and

the commercial ﬁrms. The shared declaration is pro-

vided by mobile phone, internet access and the user

applications (apps). Thus, the related social justice

concern with dataﬁcation will beneﬁt everyone in so-

ciety, data fully support efﬁciency in the public sec-

tor and public security. Hence, big data security for

IoT domains should be an effective way in line with

data recovery. Enhancing Data Protection Standards

increase the recognition of the need for accessing a

huge volume of the dataset across the world.

The process begins with developing a transference

data guideline toolkit and clear knowledge reposi-

tory of case studies for policymaker and policy leader

globally. For instance, it requires trust and courage to

make a report on data leakage or cyber-attack. It is il-

legal to transfer data that required cyber security and

data security. Data leakage can be protected by ad-

vanced mathematical modeling in the encryption and

Four Types of Moral Holistic Values for Revolutionizing the Big Data Analytics in IoT-based Applications

359

decryption of cryptography theory. Therefore, to pre-

vent disclosing security breaches, they must be exer-

cised with a sense of responsibility, integrity, honesty,

courage and persisting for what is right.

2.4 Justice (al-

adalah)

Miskawayh (Miskawayh, 1977) recognized the moral

holistic values with truly understanding the term it-

self. Someone will be fair and just (al-

adalah)

if they can control rational nature, anger and lust.

These three privilege values are interconnected with

each other to support the justice attribute (fadilat al-

adalah). Moreover, if the three powerful values are

practised, then fairness and justice can be achieved

globally (Miskawayh, 1977)(Miskawayh, 1964) clas-

siﬁed that there are eight types of justice; friendship,

concord, family fellowship, recompense, fair play,

honest dealing, amiability and worship (al-ibadah).

He said that man is both a social and political being by

nature. He is born neither complete nor self-sufﬁcient

but with deﬁciencies. He cannot, therefore, live by

himself alone but has to have the resources to help

other people in order to preserve himself as well as to

remedy his weakness and become complete through

the co-operation of others (Miskawayh, 1977; Misk-

awayh, 1964; Miskawayh, 1951).

The concept of data justice is that everyone has the

right to be treated fairly by the public and private au-

thorities. Data justice affects different aspects of our

lives. The production of digital data is fairness in the

way people are made visible, represented and treated.

Fair data principles emphasize enhancing the ability

of machines to ﬁnd and to use the data automatically

(Alias et al., 2018).

In addition, these principles support its reuse by

individuals in the e-community for case law analyt-

ics. Data analysis should be performed by fair mea-

surement and fair decision making. Moreover, fair

treatment is an important tool in justice work. Data

provider, data repositor and data depositor should be

treated fairly and with sensible principles in the digital

library and the repository management. Big data sets

can improve the accountability and functionally of the

digital library and repository. Hence, worldwide data

ecosystem will be encountered by the fair data sys-

tem. Furthermore, inspiring the sense of wisdom and

fairness of spirit is the main focus in the revolution

of big data analytics and IoT applications. The moral

holistic values help to bring the revolution of human

development.

For instance, Khan et al. (Miskawayh, 1964) clas-

siﬁed the value of the different phases of IoT data col-

lection including all phases of its business value. To

decide ethical parts, all four holistic values are needed

to establish the rule of law and data justice.

3 IMPLEMENTATION AND

RESULTS

Since the inception of HPC systems, it was realized

that IoT is a crucial tool to be utilized by the human.

The behavior, psychological and physiological prin-

ciples were inﬂuenced by the moral holistic value and

good human factors. The billions of physical devices

around the world are presently connected to the in-

ternet, gathering and sharing data information based

on IoT innovations. Xie, R., et al., (Xie et al., 2018)

stated issues such as huge communication costs, high-

speed training for the machine learning process, se-

curity for managing a big data require the successful

integration of holistic values and high generation of

computer systems. In order to fulﬁll people’s ben-

eﬁcial values, it is necessary to have a superior un-

derstanding of transition from small to huge data an-

alytics, the idea of sharing for conducting the huge

memory architecture of HPC, the integrity, safety and

privacy values in preventing the leaking of data (Liu

et al., 2015), trust in the network communication and

the information bank sharing. Hence, for cloud as

well as IoT dataset, authenticator-based information

integrity validation techniques were analysed by Liu,

C., et al. (Liu et al., 2015). An analysis regarding

lightweight asymmetric encryption, the AAβ (AA-

Beta) was performed by Adnan, Isa and Hashi (Adnan

et al., 2016). It is possible that the execution on the

‘Things’ is practiced as a way to enhance the network

communication of IoT. In order to ensure the abil-

ity of authentication, privacy and integrity through-

out the collection of sensed data, a ﬂexible method-

ology which applied elliptic curve cryptography was

proposed by Al-Turjman and Alturjman (Al-Turjman

and Alturjman, 2018).

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Most research activities involve physical equipment,

data collection and analysis of the IoT-based applica-

tion. Next, the research proposed the prediction and

decision making based on the analysis indicator of

the parameter changes. For example, eye blinks, eye

movements, and muscle stress are important biolog-

ical sources to investigate the characterization of dy-

namic brain activation. We can build a holistic expe-

rience for data collecting process across IoT devices

ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology

360

that span ensuring the impact of IoT technologies and

characteristics of the glory morality and ethical be-

havior.

By ensuring data quality, we will mitigate risks

associated with bad data and eliminate data doubts.

Trusted network communication among HPC is able

to support the message passing paradigm and large

sparce memory allocation. Second, the machine

learning was chosen to implement ANN honestly.

For fair decisions, a classiﬁcation algorithm of ma-

chine learning is based on the most accurate classi-

ﬁcation rule on possibly-reweighted data, while the

fairness enforcer checks the chosen weighted param-

eter. The training data is reweighted based on the out-

put of the fairness enforcer and passed back the pa-

rameter changes to train the classiﬁcation algorithm.

Third, in parallelelization process, data decomposi-

tion is a highly effective technique for breaking work

into small tasks. Data derived from decomposition

techniques are applied to explain fairness phenom-

ena. Making decisions are also taking responsibility

and learning courage to deal with the consequences.

Lastly, to control the parameter changes process, web

based software is developed. Thus, justice must begin

with a decision concerning the integrated methods to

be employed rationally.

5 CONCLUSION

The sustainable of big data analytics in IoT-based ap-

plications should be integrated with four moral holis-

tic values. This cycle starts from things to data, infor-

mation, knowledge, wisdom, glory morality, courage,

justice, services, people and back to things. Intel-

ligent information technology application constructs

IoT cycle, which leads to a harmonious symbiosis.

The harmonious attention obtains an accurate predic-

tion, visualization and decision making. Thus, this

paper highlights four privilege values to bridge the

gap between IoT-based applications, people and prac-

tice which contribute to revolutionizing the big data

analytics in IoT application holistically.

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