The Influence of Chinese Palindrome Poem on Musical Structure

Wang Haiyue, Lee Chie Tsang Isaiah

Faculty of Humanities,Artsand Heritage Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Keywords: Chinese special poem,palindrome poem,Mirror Canon,music structure

Abstract: Palindrome poetry is one of the rhetorical devices used in Chinese and is called the "Mirror Canon "in

the West, a close relationship with music. The structure and creative techniques of the Palindrome

Poetry can be seen in music.It is reflected in the musical structures from single form to the rondo form.

As one of the Chinese Special Poems, Palindrome poem is a unique genre with change the order of

words regularly in Chinese classical poetry, produced in the early 1700s during the Jin Dynasty (266

A.D. – 420 A.D.). .With the continuous development of the standard in literature and art, the emergence

of special poetry become more and more frequent.The structural form of the palindrome poem includes

different types The way of reading or backward reading of the Palindromes has different order of words

or units of sound and able to produce different meanings. My musical thinking has been inspired by the

structure of palindrome The inspiration for Palindrome poetry is not only reflected in the structure but

also in the concept of work.

1 INTRODUCTION

Poetry and music have always been closely linked.

Chinese poetry has its own unique display style and

creative genre. It inherits and innovates traditional

Chinese music and also is an important expression of

traditional Chinese culture in the field of art. Bai Juyi,

a famous poet and musician of the Tang Dynasty,

advocated the poetry:

韵协则言顺，言顺则声易入；类举则情见，

情见则感易交

When rhythm is coordination, then

the language can become smooth, when the language

is smooth ,and then the sound will be easily to attract

people; When classification is clear,and then the

emotions are also expressed clearly,when emotions

can be expressed,and then it is easy to move people.

It means that the rhythm coordination can make

speech smoothly, and the smooth speech can make

music easily to move others; The classification is

clear can make the emotion clearly to be able to

express, the emotion expressed can make others move

easily. This reflects the laws of phonological art in

traditional Chinese poetry,and through poetry, this

literary genre can integrate word and music.

Baijuyi’s prose “Yu Yuan Jiu Shu”

2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE

ORIGIN AND

CHARACTERISTICS OF

SPECIAL STYLE OF A VERSE

Palindrome Poetry as one of the Chinese special style

of a verse is the product of the development of

literature and music, and based on our daily life.

Palindrome style poetry is also called Love poetry

and return poems. It is a unique rhetorical method in

Chinese that uses word order to reciprocate. It is

stylistically called Palindrome style. Many

palindrome poems are characterized by expressions

of emotion -- tactful, repetitive, single-minded and

complex.

2.1 The Origin of Palindrome Poetry

Many poets have written the palindrome style of

poetry in history, such as Song Dynasty,Wanganshi's

"Lv Wu": "Green turnips in the wide field, yellow

chrysanthemum in the evening village appear

particularly deep. The guest is tired, leaving the guest

here to drink together. The body will feel tired after

leisure time, and a long sigh of sadness in the heart.

Haiyue, W. and Isaiah, L.

The Inﬂuence of Chinese Palindrome Poem on Musical Structure.

DOI: 10.5220/0009446805050511

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities (ICONARTIES 2019), pages 505-511

ISBN: 978-989-758-450-3

505

碧芜平野旷，黄菊晚村深。客倦留甘饮，身闲累

苦吟 " This is a five-character palindrome poem.

Reading backwards becomes: "Talking alone about

his own complicated things pressed on his body,

drinking sweet tea became more and more sleepy,

there was a village in the depths, just in the evening

to see chrysanthemum, the field is very wide, turnips

are green.吟苦累闲身，饮甘留倦客；深村晚菊黄

，旷野平芜碧 " Another example is Su Shi's "Ti Zhi

Jin Tu Hui Wen": "In the spring night, there are

several green grass, sycamore trees in the cold night

and the low moon. People will follow the geese away,

the night is near the edge of the city, and rain falls

through the sparse curtains in the air of the attic.春晚

落花余碧草，夜凉低月半梧桐。人随雁远边城暮

，雨映疏帘绣阁空 " From the end to the head, it can

become a new poem again:" As it rained, there were

sparse curtains embroidered in the empty pavilions,

and in the distance of the city at night there were

geese flying with people to the sycamore, with their

heads lowered in the cold moonlight. The grass was

green and the flowers fell in the late spring.空阁绣帘

疏映雨，暮城边远雁随人。梧桐半月低凉夜，草

碧余花落晚春". In addition, Huang Tingjian, Qin

Guan, Gao Qi, Tang Xianzu, Naran Xingde, Zhu Xi,

etc. they all have works of palindrome poetry. So

which is the earliest palindrome poem? Who wrote

the first palindrome poem?

One argument is that it began in the Southern

Song Dynasty Hedaoqing. the Liang Dynasty Liu Xe,

"Wen Xin Diao Long·Ming Dynasty Poetry": "The

place where the palindrome rises is the place where it

began. Each sentence has a rhythm. It is the

Bailiangxu system.回文所兴,则道原为始,联句共韵

,则柏梁徐制". The Dao Yuan mentioned in the poem

is the first author of the palindrome poem, but there is

no detailed record of the history of Dao Yuan, nor is

there any relevant literature pointing out which one is

the palindrome poem he wrote. Meigeng's note in the

Qing Dynasty: "A four-character palindrome written

by He Daoqing in the Song Dynasty has a total of

twelve sentences and forty-eight words. From the first

to the last, there will be a rhythm. However, Dao

Yuan did not have it. Therefore, the word 'Yuan'

should be 'Qing', the wrong word. 宋贺道庆作四言

回文诗一首 , 计十二句, 四十八言 , 从首至尾 , 读

亦成韵。而道原无考 , 恐 `原 , 为 `庆 , 字之误 "It

means that because of mistakes, the" Daoyuan

"mentioned in the poem should be" Daoqing. "

Another way of saying is the style verses written

by the wife of Su Boyu in the Han Dynasty. Su Boyu

once went to Si Chuan province to work. As soon as

he arrived in Sichuan. He was attracted by the

beautiful and strange scenery of the mountains and

rivers. He spent a lot of time chatting with his friends

through the mountains and rivers, and he was very

busy with his work. He gradually forgot his wife who

stayed at his home in Chang'an. His wife in order to

express miss his husband and skillfully used poetry

and Chinese characters to make a poetry in the plate

to express her feelings. This kind of poem is written

on a plate and is read from the center, so it is called

"the poem in the dish盘中诗." The original picture of

this poem has not been verified, but it should be round

like a plate from the shape, but from the verse "Read

from the center to the surroundings当从中央周四角

", it may also be square. It is a circle that is arranged

clockwise from the inside out. No matter what kind

of statement, we cannot ignore that Su Boyu's wife is

a very intelligent person. This poem is written like

this:

The trees in the mountains are tall and the birds

are singing sadly. The spring water is deep, and the

carp in it grow very large. The Sparrow in the granary

often suffers from hunger. A small official's wife,

rarely saw her husband, she went out of the door

looking at her husband, far from seeing a white

clothes, thinking that his husband, went in to see it is

not. Turn back home, close the door, her heart is very

sad. To the North room, and then to the West room,

her heart is not unstable, she can only long sigh, who

can she tell? her husband went away, how her miss

him, time passed, but his return date has not been. Tie

up the hair with a silk scarf, a long deep miss, do not

know you have not forgotten me, I do not know. If I

forget you, it likes a crime. You should have told me

when you were coming back. Golden is gold, White

is jade, tall is the mountain, planted in the field is rice,

your surname is Su, the word is jade, you are very

talented, smart and strategic, the family in Chang 'an,

Now the body is in Shichuan, why not ride back

quickly. A few thousand pounds of lamb, drink a few

hundred bottles of wine? Make your horse eat more

food and grass. At this time, I am not smart now,I

write letters to you. You can not read them. You

should read from the middle to the outside four

corners.

山树高，鸟啼悲。泉水深，鲤鱼肥。空仓雀

，常苦饥。吏人妇，会夫稀。出门望，见白衣。

谓当是，而更非。还入门，中心悲。北上堂，西

入阶。急机绞，抒声催。长叹息，当语谁。君有

行，妾念之。山有日，还无期。结巾带，长相思

。君忘妾，未知之。妾忘君，罪当治。安有行，

宜知之。黄者金，白者玉。高者山，下者谷。姓

者苏，字伯玉。人才多，知谋足。家居长安身在

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蜀。何惜马蹄归不数。羊肉千斤酒面斛。令君马

肥麦与粟。今时人，智不足。与其书。不能读。

当从中央周四角。

There is also a saying in history that the first

palindrome poem named "璇玑图" is by a poetess

who named Suhui in the former Qin

Dynasty(350A.D.-394A.D.). Yan Yu's book "Notes

on Poets and Poetry·Poetry Style is the Second"

mentioned in the Song Dynasty(960A.D.-1279A.D.):

"The palindrome poem was written by Doutao's wife

and embroidered on handkerchief and sent to her

husband. 回文起于窦滔之妻,织锦以寄其夫也"It

means that the palindrome poem was written by

Doutao's wife and embroidered on handkerchief and

sent to Doutao. The original poem has 840 words.

Later generations added a "心" word to the original

center. This poem has 841 words. It can be inferred

from the meaning that it can be divided into three-

character poetry, four-character poetry, five-character

poetry, six-character poetry, and seven-character

poetry. A total of 7,985 poems.

In summary, we can infer that Suboyu's wife's "盘

中诗" is an earlier palindrome poem. Since the

Western Jin Dynasty, the creation of many poets has

promoted the development and innovation of

palindrome poetry. There have been serial

palindrome styles, disassemble words styles,

overlapping palindrome styles, borrowed palindrome

styles, and poetry double palindrome styles.

2.2 Characteristics of Palindrome

Poetry

In the writing techniques, palindrome poems make

full use of the rhetoric and grammar skills of Chinese

characters, it can arrange the words according to

certain rules, and the poems can be read back and

forth. The form of this poem has changed a lot and is

very interesting. According to the records of Wujing's

"乐府古题要解" in the Tang Dynasty, "The

palindrome poetry, can be repeated reading, it can

become songs and words.回文诗，回复读之,皆歌

而成文也 "It means that the words in the verses can

be read cyclically. On this basis, new, meaningful,

rhythmic, and readable poems can be formed.

The form of palindrome was very popular after the

Jin Dynasty and was adopted in various styles. People

use this method to make sentences, write poems,

write lyrics, and compose music. They are called

palindrome poems, palindrome words, and

palindrome songs. It shows the skill can use this

grammar to make new sentences flexibly.

Liupogong's "学诗百法" records: "The Palindrome

poetry are read in order from beginning to end. They

can be poems in order from the end to the end. The

structure is interlaced and exquisite. You can't treat it

as an ordinary novel.回文诗反复成章，钩心斗角，

不得以小道而轻之 "It means that palindrome poetry

can be repeatedly read as a coherent and meaningful

poem, but often palindrome poetry is not only a

positive reading and reverse reading, each word must

be carefully considered, as long as the wrong word in

the text, it may affect the meaning of the entire article

or poem. Therefore, there are not many poems written

palindrome poetry by the literati in the past. Due to

the long history, there are few that have been

preserved until now. The collection of palindrome

poetry that we can see in modern times is composed

of four volumes of "回文类聚" compiled by

Sangshichang in the first year Qiandao of Song

Xiaozong(AD 1,165). In the early Qing Dynasty,

Zhucunxiao supplemented a volume and received a

total of Palindrome poetry about 150 poems.

3 THE RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN POETRY AND

MUSIC

This connection between poetry and music is mainly

manifested in people's life and witchcraft religious

activities. Rhythm is a common basic element

between poetry and music. Poetry and music are

closely related.

3.1 Music and Daily Life

Lu Xun said, "Poetry originated from labor."

Therefore, a kind of Chinese folk song called Chanty

has a great relationship with poetry. In order to relieve

fatigue in collective labor, in the process of

coordinating the movement, people can make sounds

unconsciously, then there's rhythm and rhyme. The

rhyming word has evolved into poetry, and rhythmic

music is the prototype of Chanty in Chinese folk

songs. This is the connection between rhythm and

rhyme in poetry and music. The "Crossbow songs"in

Zhaoye's "Wu Yue Chun Qi" in the Western Han

Dynasty（202 B.C.-0 C.E.） described the process

of ancestors from making tools to hunting. This poem

is considered to be the earliest two-character poem in

China. This poem records and reflects the real life of

people in that era. The king of Yue, named Gou

Jian,he asked archery expert Chenyin how to make a

The Inﬂuence of Chinese Palindrome Poem on Musical Structure

507

slingshot. When Chenyin replied, he quoted this

"Crossbow Songs" Cut bamboo 断竹,make a

slingshot续竹, shoot the mud-made projectiles飞土

,catch the wounded prey 逐宍.

The feature of this two-character poem

is its

structure, and the two words are one syllable. This can

be understood as a rhythm factor in music. Later, in

the history of Chinese poetry, there appeared five-

character poem and seven-character poem, and at the

same time produced a corresponding rhythm.

3.2 Music and Witchcraft

The relationship between poetry and music is also

reflected in the religious activities of witchcraft. In

ancient times, because of the low level of

productivity, witchcraft and religious activities were

frequent. Wizards played a major role in these

activities and were the hosts of sacrificial activities.

Many wizards have a good knowledge of music and

know some natural and medical knowledge. This

provides more possibilities for the combination of

poetry and music. The ancient ritual song "Zha Ci" in

the Book Li Ji· Jiao Te Sheng reads: The soil should

return to its original place, maintain the integrity of

the land 土反其宅，the river should flow into its

rivers, do not flood水归其壑，insects should not

breed into disasters 昆虫毋作，vegetation should

grow in swamps, do not grow in farmland 草木归其

泽。

It means that the sandstorm should not do evil,

should return to its place. Don't flood the river and

return to its ravines. Insects should not breed disaster.

Wild weeds and trees go back to the marsh and do not

grow in the fields. This is a message that is obviously

sorcery. You can imagine witches chanting these

"spells" singing and dancing to pray that the people

are not affected by natural disasters.

3.3 The Correspondence of Chinese

Poetry Structure in Music

Structure

Regarding the connection between the structure of

poetry and the music, "Peng zhimin has made

wonderful 'life explanations with Chinese

characteristics' on the main types of music, and has a

'single' or 'inseparable' nature of 'Complete song

form';As Li Bai said,”The water of the Yellow River

This is the earliest form of ancient Chinese poetry.With

two words for a rhyme.

comes from the heaven黄河之水天上来,running into

the great ocean,and never returns 奔腾到海不复回

”.The beginning of Han Yu's “Ting Ying Shi Tan

Qin”begins with “Like a pair of intimate little

children are saying small words, whispering, mutual

love, mutual forgotten hurt. 昵昵儿女语,恩怨相尔

汝A moment later,the voice suddenly became loud

and violent,just as the brave soldiers rushed into the

enemy line哗然变轩昂,勇士赴战场”.This is a

binary form of contrast or dualization nature;It is easy

to understand the basic characteristics of the Ternary

Form from the famous phrase of Hezhizhang's “I left

home when I was a kid, I came home when I was old

少小离家老大回”The case of 'The mountains

overlap, and when the water twists and turns, it is

worried that there is no way to go山重水复疑无路

,Suddenly, a mountain village appears in front of the

beautiful flowers and willows柳暗花明又一村.

Naturally, it is related to the Rondo form;There are

many characteristics of compatibility between the

Variational Form and Wang Wei's "Yang Guan San

Die" and also Mao Zedong's "Shi Liu Zi Ling San

Shou........."。

The development of Chinese poetry has

experienced two-character poems, "Shi Jing", "Chu

Ci", Yuefu ballads, and then Tang poetry, Poetry of

the Song dynast, Yuan opera, and so on. In these

stages of development, the relationship between

poetry and music can be found in structure, genre, and

creative techniques. The development process of

Chinese poetry is a process of inheritance and

innovation of national culture, and it is also a process

of common development of literature and music.

4 THE EMNODIMENT OF THE

PALINDROMIC STRUCTURE

IN THE MUSIC STRUCTURE

In the process of the development of poetry, people

use the grammar laws of Chinese to explore and

recreate poetry, adding more colors to the original

regular words. There are special poems such as leave

poems, palindrome poems, collection poems, cycle

poems, and overlapping poems. Among them, it can

use the order of words from beginning to end or from

the end to the head to form different meaningful

poems, they are palindromes poetry. This poetic

structure also has a correspondence in music.

Qian Renkang,2003,“似倒而顺”的回文诗和回文曲【J,

Shanghai music university ,12.

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Whether it is a large palindrome or a small

palindrome, even in the West there is a Mirror Canon,

which is the embodiment of palindrome structure in

the music structure.

4.1 Form

In the process of the development of poetry, people

use the grammar laws of Chinese to explore and

recreate poetry, adding more colors to the original

regular words. There are special poems such as leave

poems, palindrome poems, collection poems, cycle

poems, and overlapping poems. Among them, it can

use the order of words from beginning to end or from

the end to the head to form different meaningful

poems,they are palindromes poetry. This poetic

structure also has a correspondence in music.

Whether it is a large palindrome or a small

palindrome, even in the West there is a Mirror Canon,

which is the embodiment of palindrome structure in

the music structure.

4.2 Types

As for the type of palindrome, the examples of

palindrome in "辞海" actually include two different

categories. One is the palindrome of words. such as:

Pride can not progress, progress can not be proud. The

other is to read backwards in the order in which the

word appears. For example, in the Northern Song

Dynasty, the poet Su Shi's "记梦二首": First, "Jade

color slightly red, beautiful girl slowly holding out the

jade bowl, the bowl of tea splashed wet green clothes.

The song stopped gradually, and the light of the sky

was condensed into a quiet courtyard. When suddenly

awakened in a dream, the snow on the pine branch

had fallen into the hollow rock.酡颜玉碗捧纤纤﹐乱

点余花吐碧衫。歌咽水云凝静院﹐梦惊松雪落空

岩 "Second,"The flowers were gone, the wine jar was

empty, the sun rose, and the snow on the mountain

melted. The melted snow flowed into the river and the

river rose. The fire was baking the little pot of tea on

the stove, and the poet was cooking the tea in the

snow before the sunny window. 空花落尽酒倾缸﹐

日上山融雪涨江。红培浅瓯新火活﹐龙团小碾斗

晴窗"You can read it backwards into two other

poems: First," The crevices between the rocks were

covered with snow, and the pine trees woke my

dreams. The small courtyard is quiet, condensing

clouds, the water sound also forms a beautiful song

slowly. The clothes seemed to have been dyed green,

and the tea in the bowl became a jumble of luster. Her

delicate hands were holding the tea bowl, her cheeks

flushed.岩空落雪松惊梦﹐院静凝云水咽歌。衫碧

吐花余点乱﹐纤纤捧碗玉颜酡" .Two,"The sky is

clear, and the crushed tea is boiled on a new fire. The

water in the river rised, the snow in the mountains

melted under the sun, and the wine in the jar was filled

with the petals that had fallen from the sky. 窗晴斗

碾小团龙﹐活火新瓯浅焙红。江涨雪融山上日﹐

缸倾酒尽落花空".

The famous Chinese musicologist and theorist

Mr. Qian Renkang wrote in the article "“似倒而顺”

的回文诗和回文曲" that there are three forms of

palindrome poetry: 1. In units of sentences, the first

sentence is reversed into the second sentence, and the

third sentence is reversed into the fourth sentence,and

so on; 2, take the paragrah as the unit, the previous

paragrah is read backwards into the next paragrah; 3,

the entire article is read into another complete poem.

Later, there were palindrome songs in national

musical instruments, which were created in the

format of palindrome poetry. The palindrome in

sentences is called "small palindrome", and the

palindrome in paragrahs is called "big palindrome."

Large and small palindromes are microscopic

palindromes. In units of sound sets and single

sentences, it is called macroscopic palindromes.

4.3 Mirror Cannon and Palindrome

Song

Palindrome poetry and palindrome song are ancient

and modern art forms with a long history. Palindrome

song is a musical work created by composers using

special and repeated combinations. It first appeared in

Europe in the 15th century. The most famous

palindrome song is a piece of "palindrome" written by

the classical musician Mozart at the age of 18. It is

called "The Mirror Duet for Violins", also known as

"Table Music for Two." The creative technique of this

Mirror Canon is a complex alignment technique in

polyphonic techniques. The entire song does not have

a termination symbol. From the beginning to the end,

or from the end to the head, it can also become a good

song. If two people play at the same time, that is, one

person starts from the beginning and the other starts

from the end, it can constitute a beautiful and strange

duet,this belongs to an inverse palindrome.

The work uses only one row of treble clef, so the

axis has been determined to be the third line, that is,

B. Therefore, when writing, it must be conceived

according to the axis of B. Mozart chose B as the

commonly used III-axis, so G major(the same as in g

minor) was used. After the reversal, the dominant

became the tonic, and the conversion between the

The Inﬂuence of Chinese Palindrome Poem on Musical Structure

509

subjects was also very convenient. In addition to this

palindrome song, Palindrome

Figure 1: The Mirror Duet for Violins.

Cannon also appeared in the 14th and 15th

centuries in the west. Cannon means imitation of the

voice. It is a vocal part that mimics itself and forms

two vocal parts. The music content of the two vocal

parts is the same, but the time is staggered with each

other, sometimes shifting place or changing the tone.

Of course, there are many different forms of Canon,

such as the expansion/tightening of Canon, no-final

Canon, the riddle Canon ... and the mirror Canon.

Mirroring Canon is to put a "mirror" in a certain part

of the work, using the reflection of the "mirror" to

form another part of the sound. This creative

technique has the same effect as the poetry of the

return style. Although it is not like the traditional

Canon creation techniques--one voice chasing

another, it is still Canon.

Many mirror Canon or palindrome song creation

techniques are to move the "mirror" position. When

the "reflective surface" of the "mirror" is a whole,

what is formed is the retrograde of the music, which

is like Mozart's "The Mirror Duet for Violins" playing

from the end. When the "reflective surface" of the

"mirror" is up and down, the resulting music is

Inversion. For example, Brahms's "Schumann theme

variation". The external voice of the work uses the

technique of reflection.

Figure 2: Part of Schumann theme variation.

When a "mirror" is placed in two different

directions at the same time, a reflection is retrograde.

It is also a basic technique for creating sequence

music. For example, Schoenberg's retrograde

reflection of the Canon String Quartet in "Style and

Creativity". This writing is an excellent exercise for

the composer's ability to control the part of the voice.

Schoenberg likes this practice.

Figure 3: Part of Schoenberg’s music

In addition to these Western palindromes, there

are also some palindromes worth studying in

China.For example, Cantonese opera music "闺怨

". The first subsection corresponds to the third

subsection, and the two beats of the second

subsection repeat to form a correspondence, which

constitutes a large palindrome.

Figure 4:Part of “闺怨”.

The famous Chinese composer and pianist Yan

Xinghai's "到敌人后方去" and "回文"(1944) all use

palindrome writing techniques. In particular, in 1944,

he wrote the song "回文" based on the famous Hui

nationality poet Ding Yaoyuan's poem "菩萨蛮" in

the early Qing Dynasty. It was originally a

palindrome poem based on sentences,

下帘低唤郎知也，

也知郎唤低帘下；

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510

来到莫疑猜，

猜疑莫到来。

道依随处好，

好处随侬道；

书寄待何如，

如何待寄书。

Xian Xinghai's creations in his works all use big

palindromes instead of small palindromes. For

example, in the second paragraph of the song, the

music material of the first paragraph was used to

create retrograde writing in units. It's a typical big

palindrome.

Figure 5: 回文.

Guangdong little tune "回文锦" and "双龙戏珠"

are representatives of small palindrome's works. In

the excerpt of "Two Dragons Play Ball", the first two

subsections and the latter two subsections are based

on the subsections of the second section to form a

small essay. The fifth subsection to the eighth

subsection form a small palindrome structure based

on 5, 6, 7, 1,2 sounds.

Figure 6: 双龙戏珠.

5 CONCLUSION

One of the special poems of Chinese poetry, the

palindrome poetry, as China's national heritage,it left

a deep impression on us. This is the basis for the

exploration and inheritance of traditional Chinese

musical thinking left by our ancestors. It includes the

exploration of the structure of music and the form of

existence, as well as includes the use and

transformation of palindrome poetry in rhythm,

breathing in chanting, elements of timbre, intensity,

etc. embodied in poetry. And we can produce music

creation thinking that influences the structure of

palindrome style. This is a very meaningful

exploration and study in the overall conception and

performance form of the musical work.

The creation of the works will refer to the unique

structure of Chinese verses in terms of conception and

performance, and we hope that we can create a way

in which the performance of palindrome works can be

infinitely close to the literary creation.We realize how

precious national culture is. This should be the culture

we strive to inherited and innovate in our lives.

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