The Role of Trait Mindfulness and Relationship Quality toward

Depression Symptom in Pregnant Women

Diriyanti Purnama Sari

and Endang Fourianalistyawati

Faculty of Psychology, Universitas YARSI, Indonesia

Keywords: Depression Symptom, Pregnant Women, Spirituality, Trait Mindfulness.

Abstract: During the period of pregnancy there are many changes that occur in women . The changes that can lead to

symptoms of depression during the period of pregnancy. Some of the results of research related trait

mindfulness and quality of relationships may lower the level of symptoms of depression. By because it,

research it aims to examine the role trait mindfulness and the quality of the relationship to depressive

symptoms in pregnant women. The study is using a tool measuring the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression

Scale (EPDS), The Five- Facet Mindfulness questionnare (FFMQ), and The Perceived Relationship Quality

Components (PRQC). Method: This research was conducted with a quantitative approach with a

correlational design. Participants in the study it was 65 mothers pregnant who have a score cut-off

symptoms of depression >9, housed live in the Greater Jakarta, and selected based on the technique of

accidental sampling . Results: The study showed that there is a role -dimensional non-judging on the trait of

mindfulness as well as the quality of the relationship that is experienced by mothers pregnant which has a

value of 9 % against the symptoms of depression during the period of pregnancy.

1 INTRODUCTION

During the period of pregnancy, many changes

occur in women . Changes that occur starting from

changes in hormones, attitudes, and physical form

(Wilson, 2017). Mother pregnant will have emotions

that tend to fluctuate without any cause were clear,

making the mother pregnant becomes sad, easily

irritable, angry or just otherwise feel very happy

(Astuti, Santosa & Utami, 2000). Mothers pregnant

also experience stress or anxiety about the health of

the child, a variety of complications that can occur

with pregnancy. Concerns that happened to be in the

level of mild or severe, but stressed that caused

cause some mothers experience an increase in

tension physical or mental, depression or health

physically that bad, that everything can lead to an

increase in risk at birth later (DiBenedetto, 2015).

Stress that is not addressed can lead to a person

falling on a phase of depression (Sudirman, 2016).

In one of the studies, stress can contribute to

depression in which the reaction of stress often

causes the occurrence of depression ( Harvard

Health Publishing, 2017). It will make mom

pregnant depressed because of the feeling that worry

excessive in the circumstances infants (Kaplan and

Sadok, 1998). According to the Health Organization

or the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016,

depression is a state full of sadness, loss of appeal to

the interest and fun, guilt or low self-overload, sleep

disturbances and appetite, easily fatigued, and high

concentration of concentration. A person is said to

be experiencing interference depression if the person

concerned experienced a disruption in the field of

physical ( somatic ) and psychological that interfere

with functioning in life every day.

The results of Dunkel's research (2011) stated

that depression rates in pregnant women reached

16% of them experienced 5% with severe

depression. Not there are figures which definitely on

the prevalence of depression were experienced by

mothers pregnant in Indonesia currently is.

According to Roomruangwong and Epperson (2011)

who examined perinatal depression, it is known that

Asia is a continent that has the highest level of

perinatal depression compared to Western countries.

Also, the findings in many surveys and studies in

various countries found that 23% -50% of pregnant

women at risk of experiencing psychological

disorders, including depression.

Sari, D. and Fourianalistyawati, E.

The Role of Trait Mindfulness and Relationship Quality toward Depression Symptom in Pregnant Women.

DOI: 10.5220/0009471603130321

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Psychology (ICPsy 2019), pages 313-321

ISBN: 978-989-758-448-0

313

Depression during pregnancy has been shown as

harm to birth. This was found in the Grote study (in

Kristj√°nsd√≥ttir , 2014), which found that

depression during pregnancy can cause premature

birth and low body weight when the baby is born.

Also, depression in pregnant women can affect the

fetus, the child tends to experience depression when

he is large, and the lack of nutrition of the mother

and stomach disorders due to decreased appetite in

the mother. Because it is, the condition of the mother

was pregnant at the symptoms of depression that

need to be understood and researched more about

the factors that affect or contribute to the symptoms

of depression.

By knowing things are, it can be done in

anticipation of or treatment of symptoms of

depression in mothers pregnant.Several

psychological factors are correlated with low levels

of depression in pregnant women. On factors

internal consists of strategy coping, self-esteem, trait

mindfulness (Dumont & Provost, 1999; Matsudaira

and Kitamura, 2005; Felder, Lemon, Shea, Kripke,

and Dimidjian , 2016). Among several factors that,

researchers will focus on the relationship between

trait mindfulness with depression.

Based on several studies have found that the

noodles mindfulness as a trait can help individuals

reduce depression. In the research of Carson,

Carson, Gill, and Baucom (2004), trait mindfulness

can improve the function of interpersonal

relationships and be able to overcome depression.

Besides that, research Muzik, Hamilton, Rosenblum,

Waxler, and Hadi (2012) explain that the mother

pregnant who have trait mindfulness by combining a

focus of meditation is significant can reduce the

symptoms of depression. Concerns were

experienced by mothers pregnant also can be

reduced after applying trait mindfulness (Guardino,

Dunkel, Bower, Lu, and Smalley, 2014).

Trait Mindfulness is the ability of individuals to

deliberately bring attention and awareness to the

experience when it is unintentional and without any

assessment that can respond to the reception, and

rather than react, to experience the experienced

every day. (Bishop et al., 2004; Chiesa, 2013;

Kabat-Zinn, 1994; Khaddouma et al, 2016). Besides

that, Kabat- Zinn et al (in the West, 2008), revealed

that trait mindfulness can help a person to be able to

have a better life, improve relationships positively

with others, increase self-esteem, and improve the

function of the resilience of the body human. Baer

(2006) defining the trait of mindfulness as an

increased awareness by focusing on experience

when it and the reception without giving a rating.

Baer (2006) revealed 5 facet trait mindfulness

namely observing, describing, acting with

awareness, non-judging, and non-reactivity. Some

research shows facet trait mindfulness has a negative

relationship with depressive symptoms. In the

research of Forianalistyawati, Listiyandini and

Fitriana (2017) revealed that if an individual has the

trait of mindfulness, paying attention, and accepting

all internal and external experiences that exist

without judging or reacting negatively, the lower the

tendency to experience depression or anxiety, and

the more he feels have good health. Other research

showed that higher non-reactivity to the pregnant

mother will be lower symptoms of depression

because of trait mindfulness give a positive effect

during pregnancy (Duncan & Bardacke 2010).

Therefore because of it , each facet on the trait

mindfulness fairly able to cope with depression

symptoms well.

The results of the study Brown and Ryan (2003)

showed that high trait mindfulness can be associated

negatively with depression, seen in clients who have

a consciousness of time to the time associated with a

decrease in the level of depression. In the study of

Lailatulshifah and Sulastoyo (2008), it was

suggested that the higher the trait mindfulness, the

lower the level of depression in adolescent girls,

seen in the contribution of the level of trait

mindfulness to depression in adolescent girls in his

study of 46.5% with behavioral habits that tend to be

driven by emotional. In addition to the research by

the exposure of the above, then mindfulness as a

trait can help individuals to reduce the symptoms of

depression. By thus, mothers pregnant to cope with

the symptoms of depression if it has the trait of

mindfulness that is pretty good.

Besides trait mindfulness, there are several

factors psychological else that is a factor of external

influence the level of depression in mothers

pregnant, such as the experience of life, quality of

relationships, and support social ( O'Hara, 1986;

Karacam & Ancel, 2009). Focus on research this on

the quality of the relationship, seen in the course of a

study conducted Witt (in Kristj√°nsd√≥ttir , 2014)

showed that when individuals have the quality of

relationships that both can reduce the level of

depression and vice versa if the individual has the

quality of the relationship that bad then level high

depression. According to Collins (in Ducat &

Zimmer , 2010) the quality of a relationship is an

individual's perception of the meaning of a

relationship that is being intertwined giving or not

providing benefits through experience and

interaction. In research Proulx, Helms , and Buehler

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

314

(2007) found the correlation significant between the

quality of the relationship with depression, where

the quality of the relationship that is bad will affect

depression in pairs. On the quality of the relationship

between the mother was pregnant and her partner,

need to maintain a relationship that is owned

because the condition of the relationship in a

marriage will continue to change, as children are

born and grow mature, bear responsibility and

interests of children change as well as the search for

identity itself.

The quality of the relationship with the partner

have impacted significantly the positive on the

symptom of depression when the gestational mother

( Records & Rice; Kristj√°nsd√≥ttir , 2014). The k

Quality of relations during the period of pregnancy

and support were emotional highly associated with

happiness in a woman pregnant. (Blake, 2007;

Rahmatika , Fourianalistyawati , & Akmal, 2014) .

According to Fletcher (200 0 ), there are six

dimensions of quality of relationships in marriage,

among others, namely: satisfaction relationship,

commitment, intimacy, trust, passion, and love. The

quality of the relationship is important based on the

results of research that has been done Guardino and

SCHETTER (2014), that the process of coping

Asians when facing situations that suppress the role

is psychosocial compared characteristics personal.

On their finding, Guardino and SCHETTER

strengthen the research is due in Indonesia is very

influential on the part of the quality of the

relationship ( Karacam & Ancel, 2009).

Based on the research that is done as far as this,

research on depression in mothers of pregnant

already done by Dunn, et al (2012) revealed that trait

mindfulness can reduce the level of depression that

was included in the factor internally. In addition, on

external factors, the quality of the relationship can

also reduce the level of depression (Witt, 2010;

Kristj√°nsd√≥ttir , 2014 ). In previous studies in

Indonesia related to depression in pregnant women

were quality of life ( Fauzy & Fourianalistyawati,

2016), spirituality (Chairunnisa, Fourianalistyawati,

2017), and husband support ( Rahmi, 2010). In

studies previously not combine factors internal and

external to associate depression in mothers pregnant.

By because it's, researchers assume the study is

important because it emphasizes on factors internal

and external to assess symptoms of depression.

Researchers focused on analyzing the role of trait

mindfulness and the quality of the relationship

between the symptoms of depression in mothers

pregnant.

This research is expected to enrich the literature

relating to mindfulness trait, relationship quality,

and depressive symptoms, especially for pregnant

women. In addition to that, the research is expected

to provide benefits for psychologists to develop

interventions that are appropriate for the mother

pregnant who have symptoms of depression and

expected to provide input for a mother pregnant or

practitioner related the way to manage or anticipate

the symptoms of depression..

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Symptoms of Depression

Symptoms of depression is a disorder of mental

general, characterized by sadness that constantly as

well as the loss of interest and inability to perform

activities of daily, at least for two weeks (WHO,

2017). Besides that, according to the American

Psychology Association (2017), the symptoms of

depression is the reduced interest pleasure in

activities of daily, occurrence of a decrease in

weight body, sleep that is less or sleep that is

excessive, decreasing energy, decreasing the

concentration, the feeling is not worthwhile or a

sense of guilt that excessive as well as the mind

which constantly thinking about death or suicide

himself. According to Parekh (2017), the symptoms

of depression is a disease medical are common and

serious and tend to be negative, which can affect the

feelings of someone like feeling sad and losing

interest in activities. It's can cause a variety of

problems emotionally as well as physically and can

lower the ability of a person. If the case is constantly

going on up in time two weeks then individuals

diagnosed with depression (Parekh, 2017).

2.2 Mindfulness Trait

According to Kabat-Zinn ( in Baer, Smith, Hopkins,

Krietemeyer, and Toney, 2006). Mindfulness is a

state of consciousness at the moment is with the

attitude of acceptance and not judgmental. Baer et al

(2006) defining the trait of mindfulness as an

increased awareness of the experience when this and

the acceptance and without judgment. Katz (2015)

defines that mindfulness is a form of consciousness

that occurs in a variety of activities when these.

According to Bishop (2004), trait mindfulness is a

state in which a person focuses the mind and body in

the experience of time is. Kabat-Zinn also revealed

that trait mindfulness can help a person to be able to

The Role of Trait Mindfulness and Relationship Quality toward Depression Symptom in Pregnant Women

315

have a life that is healthy and not easily anxious, not

easily depressed, looking at life more better,

improve relationships positively with others, and

improve self-esteem, as well as increased

functionality resilience of the body humans (in

West, 2008).

2.3 Relationship Quality

The quality of the relationship is how happy or how

satisfied someone is in the relationship (Khaddouma,

et al., 2016). Khaddouma, et al (2016) also reveal

there are two approaches to the quality of the

relationship, namely: first, the approach

interpersonal focuses on the interaction partner,

communicating with a partner, the behavior of the

conflict that faced, and how to spend time together.

Second, the approach intrapersonal that way couples

cherish happiness or contentment couple against the

relationship. On the approach to this involves the

evaluation of the subjective in the pair. Besides that,

according to Willetts (in Hardie & Lucas, 2010), the

quality of the relationship is a level of welfare of the

couple which can be measured objectively and

subjectively. According to Collins (in Ducat &

Zimmer, 2010), the quality of relationships is an

individual's perception of the meaning of a

relationship that is being intertwined giving or not

providing benefits through experience and

interaction.

The hypothesis, there is the role of trait mindfulness

(observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-

judging non- reactivity and ) and the quality of the

relationship of the symptoms of depression in

mothers.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

Variables that are used in the research of this are:

Symptoms of Depression Mindfulness Trait and

Relationship Quality.

3.1 Research Subject

Subjects in the study have amounted to 65 mothers

pregnant who have a score cut-off symptoms of

depression > 9 is based on a scale of EPDS and

housed live in the Greater Jakarta.

3.2 Research Instruments

Instruments in the study is in the form of a

questionnaire which consists of four parts, namely

Data demographics, The scale of the Edinburgh

Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Scale The Five

Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Scale

The Perceived Relationship Quality Components

(PRQC), Questionnaires are shaped self-report,

where participants study were asked to provide a

response that is appropriate to the conditions of his

time was.

3.3 Data Analysis Method

Research is using multiple linear regression to test

the hypothesis to know influence of variable trait

mindfulness and symptoms of depression to the

symptoms of depression in mothers pregnant.

4 RESULT

4.1 Description of Research Subjects

Table 1: Demographic Data.

Variable

Amount

Percentage

Ages (Papalia, 2009)

Teen (10-20 years )

3.1%

Young adults (20-40 years )

96.9%

Domisili

Jakarta

27.7%

Bogor

16.9%

Depok

15.3%

Tangerang

7.7%

Bekasi

32.3%

Education

Basic education

(elementary, junior high)

4.6%

Secondary education

(SMA)

12.3%

Higher education (D1, D2,

D3, S1, S 2, S 3)

83.1%

Expenditure (World Bank,

2018)

< Rp . 867,792

Rp. 867,792 - Rp.8,677,920

89.2%

> Rp . 8,677,920

10.8%

Marital status

Married (First marriage)

100%

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

316

4.2 Analysis of Research Results

4.2.1 Normality Test

Normality test is not done through the Kolmogorov-

Smirnov technique with the results of Z = 0.118, p =

0.118 (p> 0.05), which means the symptoms of

symptoms of depression , trait mindfulness, and the

quality of the relationship are normally distributed.

4.2.2 Linearity Test Analysis

Linearity test is performed to determine whether the

independent variable and the dependent variable

have a linear relationship. The following results

from the linearity test:

Table 2: Linearity Test Results.

Variable

Sig.

Mindfulness trait

Observing

0.082

.776

Describing

0.570

.454

Act with awareness

0.469

.497

Non-judging

4,667

0.036

Non-reactivity

0.330

0.568

Relationship quality

12,825

0,000

Based on the results of the test of linearity can be

known that the dimensions of the non-judging on

variable trait mindfulness and the variable quality of

the relationships formed relationships linear

significantly with variable symptoms of depression

(p <0.05). Meanwhile , the dimensions of observing,

describing, acting with awareness and non-reactivity

on variable trait mindfulness does not form a

relationship linear significantly with variable

symptoms of depression because it has a number

that is more substantial than the value of the

significance of which has been determined is 0.05.

Analysis of regression linear multiple between

symptoms of depression, trait mindfulness. The

regression test is performed to see which variable

has the most influence on depressive symptoms. The

following are the results of the hierarchy regression

test.

Based on the data contained in Table 5 at the top,

seen that the first models of researchers just entering

the variable quality of the relationship and generate

perananan 17.7% ( Rsquare change = 0.177; F

change = 13.512, p <0.05) against the symptoms of

depression in mothers get pregnant.

Table 3: Hierarchy Regression Test Results.

Mod

Variab

Adjust

ed R

∆R

Sig.

(Mode

l 1)

.164

.177

13,5

0,00

Qualit

y of

relatio

nship

-0,4

0,00

(Mode

l 2)

.193

0.09

1,45

0.21

Qualit

y of

relatio

nship

-0,0

0.00

Non-

judgin

0,32

0.02

Descri

bing

-0,0

.348

Non-

reactiv

ity

-0,1

0.26

Acting

With

Aware

ness

-0,1

.200

Obser

ving

0,00

.994

In model 2 researchers added a variable trait

mindfulness dimensions of observing, describing,

acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-

reactivity in addition to the quality of the

relationship to see the variables where the

dimensions of the most instrumental the results show

that there is a role that is significant between the

quality of the relationship and the dimensions of trait

mindfulness in model 2 amounted to 9% of the

symptoms of depression (R square change = 0.092,

F change = 1.454; p <0.05). When seen in each

dimension , a variable that is significant is the

dimension of non-judging on the trait of mindfulness

with the value of the coefficient B of -0.323, and the

variable quality of the relationship with the value of

the coefficient B of -0.074. It 's means that the

variable quality of the relationship and a non-

judging can decrease the symptoms of depression

during pregnancy.

The Role of Trait Mindfulness and Relationship Quality toward Depression Symptom in Pregnant Women

317

5 DISCUSSION

Participants in the study it is the mother pregnant

who have a tendency to symptoms of depression that

is located on a score cutoff ‚â• 9 that housed live in

Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi. The

results of the research test regression hierarchy

indicates that there is a role in the quality of

relationships, non-judging, describing, non-

reactivity, acting with awareness, and observing that

experienced by the mother pregnant against

symptoms of depression in JABODETABEK.

It is in line with research beforehand , the more

high- quality relationship which is owned by the

mother was pregnant , then increasingly contribute

to the reduction of depression that he had. Results of

the study is also in line with research beforehand,

that the quality of the relationship that high proved

to have effect positively on the reduction of

depression during pregnancy (Witt, 2010;

Kristj√°nsd√≥ttir , 2014). Other studies also say that

the quality of the relationship has a significant

impact on depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

Mother pregnant who have a quality relationship that

both mentioned in the study are becoming more

easily in a live birth (Records & Rice, 2007;

Kristj√°nsd√≥ttir , 2014).

The test results of regression hierarchy who do,

look at one of the dimensions of trait mindfulness

that is non-judging and the quality of relationships

has a value significantly against the symptoms of

depression (0.022, p <0.05). Non-judging is the

ability of a person receiving any feeling or pikirin

that happen without giving ratings (Baer et al, 2006).

If there is a non-judging in self mother pregnant, the

mother pregnant is able to accept all the terms of the

ever berlapang chest and heart open and able to

make sense of all things is what their without siding.

With regard this, the more the mother pregnant is

able to accept all the problems that occur without

sided and judgmental , and capable berlapang chest

with a heart open , then more able to escape from the

symptoms of depression.

On the whole, the research is still has some

shortcomings. The sample distribution in this study

was not evenly distributed, either based on age

range, region, education or income. Besides that, the

population of the study who did not focus on the

pregnancy first or next could potentially affect the

results of the study , shg need to be considered

Limitation of pregnancy in the study next addition to

that, studies have yet to consider factors other that

helped contribute to depression in mothers pregnant.

Factors other that may be the length of marriage and

the number of members of the family were there in

the house , such as the results of research that found

in research Miller ( in Cavanaugh & Blanchard-

Fields, 2006), that the quality of the relationship in

the couple found the most high at the start of the

wedding . In addition to the samples that mothers

pregnant may be at very specific such as pregnant

with problems physical or pregnant normal.

6 CONCLUSION

Research is finding that the quality of relationships,

non- judging, describing, non-reactivity, acting with

awareness, and observing a role in the symptoms of

depression were experienced by the mother was

pregnant.

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