Influence of Working Conditions, Human Failures, Unsafe Action of

Work Accidents on Farmers Palm Oil Garden Community

Jun Musnadi Is, Chairiyaton, Ishalyadi

Teuku Umar University School of Public Healt Jl. AluePeunyareng, Meulaboh Aceh Barat, Indonesia

Keywords: Working conditions, Human negligence, Unsafe actions, Work accident

Abstract: Occupational accidents at community oil palm plantations are very common based on the results of medical

record data from the Lueng Keubeu Jagad Community Health Center in 2019 January-May, there were 29

cases of severe and minor accidents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of work accidents

on community oil palm plantation farmers. This research was conducted in TripaMakmur sub-district, Nagan

Raya Regency on June 23 - July 10, 2019 with a total population and sample of 72 farmers (total sampling)

working on community-owned oil palm plantations and analyzed quantitatively using the Chi-square test. The

results of the study were significant influences of work conditions (Pvalue = 0.011 <α = 0.05), human

negligence (Pvalue = 0,000 <α = 0.05), unsafe action (Pvalue = 0,000 <α = 0, 05) against work accidents. The

conclusion is that there is a significant influence of working conditions, human negligence, unsafe actions on

workplace accidents. It is expected that oil palm farmers can avoid working accidents to the maximum extent

possible by taking into account working conditions, human negligence and unsafe actions, the government

should provide clear information about work accidents to community oil palm farmers.

1 INTRODUCTION

A farmer is someone who is engaged in

agriculture, mainly by carrying out land management

with the aim of growing and maintaining plants (such

as rice, flowers, fruit, etc.), with the hope of obtaining

the results of these plants for their own use or selling

them to others. . They can also provide industrial raw

materials, such as cereals for alcoholic drinks, fruit

for juice, and wool or cotton for weaving and making

clothes.

Everyone can become a farmer (as long as he has a

plot of land or more), even though he already has a

job not as a farmer. The purpose of the sentence does

not mean that the landowner must hoe or cultivate his

own land, but can work together with genuine farmers

to plant crops on his farm. If this is applied, it means

that the land owner has given someone else a job even

though the results are not much. If you intend to

cultivate yourself, of course you have to really be able

to divide your time, but it is likely to be difficult if the

land is more than one plot.

Palm oil (Elaeis) is an important industrial plant

producing cooking oil, industrial oil, and fuel

(biodiesel). Oil palm plantations produce large profits

so that many forests and old plantations are converted

to oil palm plantations. Indonesia is the world's

largest producer of palm oil. In Indonesia the

distribution is in the Aceh region, the east coast of

Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Sulawesi.

Tree shaped palm oil. Its height can reach 24 meters.

Palm plant fiber roots point down and side. There are

also some breath roots that grow pointing sideways to

get additional aeration.

As with other palm species, pinnate compound

leaves composed. The leaves are dark green and the

stem is slightly younger in color. Its appearance is

somewhat similar to the salak plants, only with thorns

that are not too hard and sharp. The stem of the plant

is covered in fronds up to 12 years of age. After the

age of 12 years, the dried up crust will come off so

that it looks like a coconut.

Oil palm farmers are "farmers who plant oil

palm, sometimes interspersed with other crops, where

some workers are their own families. The land is the

main source of income, which covers less than 50

hectares of oil palm land.

Some of the problems that are often faced by oil

palm plantation workers include issues of wages,

occupational health and safety, benefits, and other

problems. In general, oil palm plantations are quite

extreme areas. Located far from the city center and

348

Musnadi Is, J., Chairiyaton, . and Ishalyadi, .

Inﬂuence of Working Conditions, Human Failures, Unsafe Action of Work Accidents on Farmers Palm Oil Garden Community.

DOI: 10.5220/0009515003480355

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology (ICHIMAT 2019), pages 348-355

ISBN: 978-989-758-460-2

access that is difficult to pass, making this oil palm

plantation in remote areas. This resulted in many

dangers that threatened workers who worked in the

middle of the garden. Based on research in South

Kalimantan, oil palm plantations do not provide

workers with adequate equipment. At the initial entry,

workers are equipped with equipment including

goggles, boots, helmets, and masks. According to the

statement of laborers found in the field, this

equipment cannot last long with heavy terrain in the

middle of oil palm plantations. In the oil palm

plantation industry there are several main parts of

work, the first of which is part of harvesters.

Harvesters are laborers who are tasked with

harvesting oil palm fruit from the tree. In carrying out

their duties, workers in this section must cut bunches

of oil palm from their trees using dodos.

According to World Health Organization

(WHO) data, Work Accidents are getting higher and

higher, especially in developing countries such as

Asia, Africa, Central America and Latin America, but

these developing countries account for only 43% of

total work accidents worldwide. Even though these

developing countries only use 43%, 99% of deaths

occur in occupational accidents in the region. This is

due to the low level of education of employees in

these countries so that the way to work is very unsafe.

Data from the United Nations Environment Program

(UN) estimates that there are 4 million people

working in several companies in developing countries

where workplace accidents occur and around 18,000

of them die each year. (WHO, 2016).

The Managing Social Security Agency noted

the number of occupational accidents in Indonesia

tends to continue to increase. The total number of

work accidents in 2016 with a claim value of only

more than Rp 792 billion, while work accidents in

2017 increased more by 123 thousand cases with a

claim value of more than Rp 971 billion and in 2018

reached 173,105 cases with Work Accident

Guarantee claims of Rp 1.2 trillion.

Based on data from BPJS Employment of Aceh

Province in 2016, there have been work accidents as

many as 105,182 cases and in 2017 as many as 80,392

cases. Whereas in 2018 there were 157,313 cases. The

causes of work accidents are not yet optimal OHS

supervision and implementation as well as OHS

behavior in the workplace.

Based on work accident data from South West

Aceh, work accident cases in 2016 there were 86

people died due to work accidents, in 2017 there were

87, and in 2018 there were 9 people who died due to

work accidents and in 2018 decreased (BPJS

Employment , 2019)

Errors caused by workers and due to unnatural

attitudes such as being too brave, careless, ignoring

instructions, neglect, daydreaming, not cooperating,

and impatient. Unsafe actions are failures (human

failure) in following the requirements and correct

work procedures that cause work accidents, such as:

actions without qualifications and authority, lack ofor

not using personal protective equipment, failure to

save equipment, working at a speed that dangerous,

failure to warn, avoid or move work safety

equipment. Accidents occur because of actions that

are one of the unsafe conditions in the form of

dangerous machines, noise and vibration, materials

that harm the lungs, eyes and skin, physical injuries

and stress, limited workplace, slipping, tripping

falling and falling on the goods. (Winarsunu, 2010).

Occupational safety and health are those related

to equipment, workplace & the environment, as well

as ways of doing work. As well as the meaning and

purpose of occupational safety and health is to

guarantee the condition, wholeness & perfection both

physically and spiritually of humans as well as the

work & culture, aimed at the welfare of society in

general and humans in particular.

Work accidents can be caused by environmental and

human conditions. Hazard factors caused by working

environment conditions include:

1. Physical factors, for example: lighting, sound,

radiation, temperature, humidity and air pressure.

2. Chemical factors, for example: gas, steam, dust,

fog, smoke, clouds, liquid, fly ash and solid

objects.

3. Biological factors, for example: viruses and

bacteria both from plants or animals.

4. Ergonomic or physiological factors, for example,

machine construction, attitude and work methods.

And

5. Mental - psychological factors, for example, work

atmosphere, relations between workers and

employers

Safety is not only the supervision of the

equipment, but more important is the human or

workforce. This is done because humans are the most

important factor in a work process in progress,

accidents often occur at the workplace both serious

accidents and minor accidents. However, the accident

was not reported and did not get a handler on the

grounds that it was not a serious health problem and

was considered not to reduce work productivity.

Besides that, from observations there are many other

sources of hazards that can cause workplace accidents

seen from the type of work that has the potential to

cause work accidents, the most fundamental thing

potential for workplace accidentsis human factors,

Inﬂuence of Working Conditions, Human Failures, Unsafe Action of Work Accidents on Farmers Palm Oil Garden Community

349

namely unsafe behavior (Unsafe action) and

environmental factors (Unsafe Condition).

Unsafe actions are human actions and can

protect yourself, others, equipment or machinery and

the surrounding environment. There are four mistakes

made by each employee, namely: 1. Skill-based

errors, 2. Rule-based errors 3. Rule-based errors, 3.

Knowledge-based errors, and 4. Violations. (Reason,

1997). In addition, according to Arksorn (2007),

factors causing unsafe actions are 1. Personal factors,

2. Occupational factors, 3. Management factors, 4.

Working group factors.

Environmental factors (Unsafe Condition) is a

bad working environment or dangerous working

equipment or machinery. Unsafe environment can

lead to potential hazards that result in injury to

workers and can interfere with work productivity.

(Anizar, 2009)

Occupational accidents at community oil palm

plantations in Tripa Makmur sub-district are very

frequent, based on information from the community

and the results of medical record data from the

LuengKeubeuJagad Community Health Center in

2019 January-May, there were 29 cases of severe and

minor accidents. Some cases of accidents that occur

in farmers include severe accidents such as falling

palm oil falling on the farmer's body parts, cuts and

sickles of oil palm dodos and minor accidents such as

being pricked by oil palm fruit spines and oil palm

fronds, slipping and falling while walking in the

garden Palm oil. The purpose of this study was to

determine the effect of work accidents on

community-owned oil palm plantation farmers.

2 METHOD

This research method is quantitative, with a cross

sectional survey design that is a study in which

variables including effects are observed at the same

time (Notoatmodjo, 2010). This research was

conducted in Tripa Makmur sub-district, Nagan Raya

Regency on June 23 - July 10, 2019 with a total

population and sample of 72 farmers (total sampling)

working on community-owned oil palm plantations.

The study was conducted by direct interviews with oil

palm plantation farmers using a questionnaire so that

respondents clearly understand the questions raised in

answering questions that aim to find out the

Determinants of Occupational Accidents in

Community Palm Oil Plantation Farmers. Data were

analyzed using a computerized system with SPSS

application using the Chi-square test.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Effect of Factors Working

Conditions on Workplace

Accidents in Oil Palm Growers.

Based on Table 1, it is known that of 33 respondents

whose working conditions are safe and there are no

work accidents amounting to 21 respondents (63.6%),

while of 39 respondents whose working conditions

are unsafe and there are work accidents totaling 27

respondents (69.2%).

Table 1: Factors of working conditions that affect

workplace accidents in oil palm growers

This is in accordance with the results of the chi

square statistical test known that the value of Pvalue

= 0.011 and this is smaller than α = 0.05 (Pvalue =

0.011 <α = 0.05) so that it is concluded that there is a

significant effect of working conditions on workplace

accidents in garden farmers Palm oil.

Based on the results of the Prevalence Ratio of

0.254, it can be seen that respondents who have

unsafe working conditions have a chance of getting

0.254 times more likely to experience workplace

accidents compared to respondents who have safe

working conditions.

3.2 Effect of Human Negligence

Factors on Workplace Accidents in

Oil Palm Growers.

Based on Table 2 it is known that of the 40

respondents who were human negligence and there

were workplace accidents totaling 35 respondents

(87.5%). While of the 32 respondents who did not

exist and there were no work accidents, there were 28

respondents (87.5%).

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

350

Table 2. Factors of human negligence that affectworkplace

accidents in oil palm growers

This is in accordance with the results of the chi square

statistical test obtained value of Pvalue = 0,000 and

this is smaller than α = 0.05 (Pvalue = 0,000 <α =

0.05) so it is known that there is a significant effect of

human negligence on workplace accidents in coconut

palm farmers palm oil.

Based on the results of the Prevalence Ratio of 49 it

can be concluded that the respondents who have had

human negligence have a total of 49 times the chance

to experience workplace accidents compared to

respondents whose human negligence does not exist.

3.3 The Influence of Unsafe Action on

Work Accidents in Oil Palm Growers

Based on Table 3, it is known that out of 41

respondents unsafe actions (unsafe actions) are

dangerous and there are work accidents totaling 36

respondents (87.8%). While of the 31 respondents

whose actions were unsafe (unsafe action) were not

dangerous and there were no work accidents totaling

28 respondents (90.3%).

Table 3. Factors unsafe actions that affect workplace

accidents in oil palm growers

This is in accordance with the chi square

statistical test results obtained value of Pvalue = 0,000

and this is smaller than α = 0.05 (Pvalue = 0,000 <α

= 0.05) so that it is known that there is a significant

effect of unsafe action on the accident work for oil

palm plantation farmers. The use of personal

protective equipment is simply a set of tools used by

workers to protect part or all of the worker's body

from potential work hazards or accidents.

Based on the results of the Prevalence Ratio of

67.2 it can be concluded that respondents who are

unsafe actions (unsafe actions) are dangerous will

have the opportunity amounted to 67.2 times having

work accidents compared to respondents who are

unsafe actions (unsafe actions) are not dangerous.

3.3.1 Effect of Factors Working Conditions

on Workplace Accidents

As a set of conditions or working environment

conditions of a company that is a place of work for

employees who work in that environment. Unsafe

working conditions will result in various occupational

hazards which will result in accidents in working for

oil palm farmers. As for unsafe working conditions

such as: slippery plantation land, there are a lot of

sheath thorns that are not well ordered, unsafe garden

conditions. Work hazards caused by unsafe working

conditions include falling, pricked by thorns, and

crushed by oil palm fruit. Accidents in the oil palm

sector are relatively high. Cases in PT.XYZ company

were 955 cases consisting of 91 crushed by palm

fronds or fruit, 317 felled or other rubbish, 213

pricked by thorns, 121 injured due to work tools. The

work accident eliminated 1434 working hours. (Nur,

2007)

Based on the research results obtained in the

field that respondents who work conditions are not

safe and have work accidents because respondents do

not have enough knowledge to do work and only rely

on the results of experience so far obtained

whileworking such as not wearing personal protective

equipment in accordance with work, for example, not

wearing boots, helmets, gloves, as required under

work safety laws. In terms of the working conditions

of oil palm plantation farmers, it is said that the use

of personal protective equipment still feels

uncomfortable and uncomfortable when wearing

personal protective equipment such as boots and

gloves when working.

Based on the results of the study it is also known

that the working conditions that occur in oil palm

growers still do not understand working conditions

well, where there are those who do not wear personal

protective equipment when working such as helmets,

boots, gloves, work clothes as protectors due to the

workplace many thorns, bearing fruit on top and

slippery soil and muddy, causing work accidents

because there is no sanction for undisciplined,

therefore employee discipline in this company is still

low. To improve work safety supervision needs to be

done in the form of enforcement efforts that must be

obeyed. This is done so that the existing regulations

are actually obeyed or not violated, so that what is the

Inﬂuence of Working Conditions, Human Failures, Unsafe Action of Work Accidents on Farmers Palm Oil Garden Community

351

target or objective of work safety regulations can be

achieved. For those who violate these rules should be

given sanctions or punishment and The need to

provide training because new workers tend not to

know things that are in the company they just

occupied. Because every workplace has policies and

regulations that are not the same as other workplaces.

The work hazards are also very different.

The results of the above study are in line with

research by Fadhilah, et al (2013), at PT. X Cikarang

Barat Bekasi Regency West Java where the results of

this study indicate the effect of work procedures on

workplace accidents by 0,009.

The Nagan Raya health office or puskesmas

have an important role in increasing farmers'

knowledge. The health office can work together with

agricultural support institutions to provide training on

the prevention of workplace accidents for oil palm

stewards.

In addition to occupational safety and health

training, the health department can also form a post

occupational safety unit (UKK) in the group of oil

palm farmers. The establishment of the UKK post is

intended as a forum for information on occupational

safety and health for oil palm farmers. Health efforts

aim to protect workers so that they can live healthy

and free from health problems and bad effects caused

by work. The Occupational Health is a service for the

improvement and maintenance of the highest degree

of health for workers in all positions, prevention of

health irregularities caused by work conditions, work

protection from risks resulting from adverse health,

placement and maintenance of workers in a work

circle which is a adaptation between work and

humans, and humans with their positions. (Law No.

36 of 2009).

3.3.2 Effect of Human Negligence Factors on

Workplace Accidents

Often stated as the main factor causing an

accident. For ordinary people, news about

transportation accidents with human error as the

cause is often interpreted as human error by the

system operator. In the plantation sector, especially

private oil palm plantations also have the same

characteristics of human error. In addition to lack of

knowledge, negligence on the job of oil palm

plantation workers can also be caused by a lack of

motivation of workers to maintain health and personal

safety. We can see that from the actions of farmers

while working. Farmers often ignore their safety and

health for a variety of reasons. It is often found that

oil palm farmers do not control personal protective

equipment while working. Like not wearing a mask

when spraying, not wearing a helmet when cutting

fruit, not wearing shoes when going to the plantation

Based on the results of the field research, it was

found that respondents who experienced human

negligence and had work accidents due to the

respondent at work had almost an accident, often

sleepy and fatigued, lack of supervision work from

the government and owners of oil palm plantations in

work never attended training, had physical problems

and psychologically, have minimal work motivation

or improper work placement, lack of rest time.

Whereas respondents who did not have negligence

and did not experience work accidents because

respondents had experience in working because they

had attended training, did not have physical and

psychological problems and high work motivation or

proper work placement.

The owner of the oil palm plantation must

provide adequate personal protective equipment and

in accordance with the standards that have been

decided. If the Personal Protective Equipment that is

prepared does not meet the standards, it will cause

accidents that can harm the company and the workers.

Example: Helmets worn by workers must be made of

materials that are resistant to hard object clashes. For

example the helmet is resistant to clashes of blocks or

bricks. If the helmet that is used cannot stand the

materials that have been written above, it will cause

huge losses, especially for the workers because it can

cause a commotion in the brain.

Based on the results of research in which the

working conditions that occur in oil palm growers

neglect human beings who are often sleepy when

working, urgent time in completing work, and less

motivated, causing work accidents. then the author's

assumption relates to the fact that there are still

employees who do not have actions, because

employees still lack information related to the use of

PPE, lack of employee information caused by

employees lacking action about the use of PPE, then

to improve the actions of employees it is better for the

oil palm plantation owner to convey to the employee

that if the employee do not pay attention to the use of

PPE then it will result in work accidents. The use of a

set of tools used by workers to protect part or all of

his body from the presence of potential hazards or

work accidents. PPE does not perfectly protect the

body, but will reduce the severity that may occur. The

use of personal protective equipment can prevent

work accidents greatly influenced by the knowledge,

attitudes and practices of workers in the use of

personal protective equipment.

The above research results are in line with the

research of Wirdati, et al (2013), at PT. X Semarang

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

352

where the results of this study show the effect of

compliance with workplace accidents by 0,000.

In addition to representing and maintaining PPE,

negligence workers also have several factors: First,

education, according to Notoatmodjo (2009) the

higher a person's level of education, the more workers

entrust to repair work accidents. Secondly, Training,

with training on safety and health for farmers can help

and avoid potential work costs. Third, work period,

work period can be avoided, potential work hazards.

This is in accordance with research Jaji (2012) which

says that workers have a new work period more often

regarding workplace accidents than those with long

years of work.

3.3.3 Effect of Unsafe Action Factors on

Workplace Accidents

Unsafe action is a dangerous or unsafe behavior that

can cause work accidents that result in injury losses

to death. As many as 85% of work accidents are

caused by unsafe actions. Unsafe actions are

considered as a result of worker behaviour. There are

four causes of unsafe working conditions, namely: 1.

Skill-based error, 2. Rulle-based error, 3. Knowledge-

based error, and 4. Violation. According to domino

theory work accidents can be prevented by

eliminating one of the causes of work accidents.

Unsafe actions are human mistakes in taking a

position and actions caused by: 1. Errors due to

forgetfulness, mistakes due to forgetfulness are

caused by the negligence of the worker himself even

though the worker knows, is able and wants to do it

in order to avoid accidents. Second, the frustration of

not knowing, the mistake of not knowing often

happens to new workers or the existence of new

equipment. This error is caused by lack of training,

error in instructions and information that changes. Oil

palm farmers must be given knowledge about how to

work well and safely. Third, the mistake of not being

able to, the oil palm farmers have several stages of

work, one of which is cutting and lifting bunches

from the ground to the place of transportation. The

inability of workers to do this work can cause work

accidents. Like crushed by fruit or crushed by

equipment. Fourth, mistakes due to lack of

motivation, motivation can come from personal and

environmental impulses. Personal encouragement

can be like being rushed to work, wanting to finish

quickly so as to make farmers forget to use PPE.

For oil palm farmers unsafe actions are very

often done. Like smoking while working. Smoking

while working is very influential on the level of

concentration. Very often farmers are affected by

fruit on their limbs caused by loss of concentration

while working. In addition to smoking, farmers also

do land clearing without using safe shoes.

Based on the results of the field research, it was

found that respondents who experienced dangerous

unsafe actions (unsafe actions) and had work

accidents due to respondents not following the

established work methods, taking shortcuts that were

not according to available standards, not using unsafe

equipment, had accidents because personal protective

equipment that is used when working is incomplete,

failure to wear protective equipment against

improperly is the cause of workplace accidents,

dangerous actions that will cause danger that is using

tools in the wrong way. Whereas respondents who did

not have harmless unsafe actions (unsafe actions) and

did not experience work accidents because

respondents followed work methods that have been

set, using equipment that is not safe, wearing

protective equipment against the less true is the cause

of work accidents.

Based on the results of research in which the

working conditions that occur in oil palm growers

unsafe action (unsafe action) because it does not

follow the rules in force, resulting in work accidents.

The above research results are in line with the

research of Transiska, et al (2015), at PT. Putri

MidaiBangkinang, Kampar Regency, where the

results of this study indicate the influence of the work

environment on work accidents at 0,000. Research

conducted by Noviandi (2017), on the drivers of the

Jember-Kencong-Lumajang route bus where there is

a relationship between unsafe actions and traffic

accidents on the drivers of the Jember-Kencong-

Lumajang route bus with a value of Pvalue = 0.027.

4 CONCLUSIONS

 There is a significant influence on working

conditions (Pvalue = 0.011 <α = 0.05) on

work accidents on community oil palm

plantation farmers in Tripa Makmur District,

Nagan Raya Regency.

 There is a significant influence on human

negligence (Pvalue = 0,000 <α = 0.05) on

workplace accidents in community oil palm

plantation farmers in Tripa Makmur District,

Nagan Raya Regency.

 There is a significant effect on unsafe action

(Pvalue = 0,000 <α = 0.05) on work

accidents on community oil palm plantations

in Tripa Makmur District, Nagan Raya

Regency.

Inﬂuence of Working Conditions, Human Failures, Unsafe Action of Work Accidents on Farmers Palm Oil Garden Community

353

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 It is expected that community oil palm farmers

can avoid working accidents to the maximum

extentpossible by taking into account working

conditions, human negligence and unsafe

actions (unsafe actions), the government

should play a role in providing clear

information about work accidents to

community oil palm farmers.

 To the Nagan Raya Regency Government to

be able to conduct socialization about the

importance of using PPE at work accompanied

by supervision so that employees can obtain

information about the importance of using

PPE at work so as not to cause work accidents.

 It is recommended that owners of oil palm

plantations as those responsible for day-to-day

operations and security be able to apply even

tighter in company supervision so that no more

employees will violate by giving sanctions to

employees who violate established

regulations.

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