Formulation and Evaluation of Gel Containing Barringtonia

Racemosa L.Spreng Kernel Extract for Topical Application

Nur Asnah Sitohang

, Effendy De Lux Putra

, Musri Musman

and Hajjul Kamil

Lecturer at the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Sumatera Utara and students of the Study Program Study Doctoral

Mathematics Application Science at the Universitas Syiah kuala

Lecturer at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara

Lecturer at the Faculty of

science teaching, Universitas Syiah kuala

Lecturer at the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiahkuala

Keywords: Barringtonia racemosa kernel extract, Carbopol 940, wounds healing.

Abstract: Medicinal plants are now widely used by the community as an effort to tackle health problems amid advances

in science and technology. A natural material that can be used as an alternative biological therapy for wound

management is a putat air (Barringtonia racemosa). The phytochemical content of this plant is in the form of

saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The research objective was obtained physical test data of wound gel

formula with ethanol extract of putat air. The research design is experimental. In this research, four wound

gel formulas containing putat air kernel extract were evaluated for organoleptic, pH, homogeneity and

viscosity. The formula designed was corbopol 940 2% with kernel extract of putat air 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%.

Based on the organoleptic test, the four formulas are semisolid, yellowish-white, thick and odorless.

Homogeneity testing, homogeneous preparations but there are bubbles. The higher the concentration of putat

air (B. racemosa) extract, the more bubbles as well as the color of the yellowish gel. This is also due to high

saponin levels. The pH test shows it is ideal for topical preparations, which is between pH 6-6.2. The highest

pH is found in formulas with a concentration of putat air (B. racemosa) extract 1%. Viscosity measurement

results for the entire formula, resulting in a value that is included in the standard that is 9000-10500 cP. Based

on the physical essence, this gel preparation is still suiTable for treating wounds on the skin.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia has various types of medicinal plants.

Medicinal plants are now widely used by the

community as an effort to tackle health problems

amid advances in science and technology. A natural

material that can be used as an alternative biological

therapy for wound management is a putat air

(Barringtonia racemosa). Based on proven research

that this plant has been prescribed in the Ayurvedic

literature of traditional Indian medicine for the

treatment of dog and snake bite wounds. The

phytochemical content of this plant is in the form of

saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids (Ojewele et al.,

2004: Gowri.et.al.2009; Musman, 2010). The

B.racemosa plant is a type of local mangrove known

as a putat air. One species in the kingdom of Plantae

of the genus Barringtonia which is classified under

the family Lecythidaceae.

The taxonomic hierarchy of B.racemosa can be

arranged in the following order: Kingdom: Plantae;

Subkingdom: Viridiplantae; Infracingdom:

Streptophyta; Superdivision: Spermatophytina;

Class: Magnoliopsida; Superorder: Asteranae; Order:

Ericales; Family: Lecythidaceae; Genus:

Barringtonia; Species: Barringtonia racemosa (L.).

(Osman et al., 2015).

Phytochemical constituents found in putat air (B.

Racemosa) include saponins, sterols and phenolics.

Saponins for instance are classified as triterpene

glycosides which are very well known to be

inherently present in B. racemosa. The presence of

such compounds had been acknowledged to be the

reason of its suitability to be used as cleaning agents

due to its surface-active properties and may produce

long-lasting foam (Chen.et.all.,2010; Makkar., 2007).

Plant sterols are the components occur in plant

cells which are generally functions to control

membrane fluidity and permeability. The presence of

sterol in plants is associated with a number of benefits

for instance it has the potential to be used as natural

preventive dietary product in lowering plasma

364

Sitohang, N., Putra, E., Musman, M. and Kamil, H.

Formulation and Evaluation of Gel Containing Barringtonia Racemosa L.Spreng Kernel Extract for Topical Application.

DOI: 10.5220/0009515203640370

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology (ICHIMAT 2019), pages 364-370

ISBN: 978-989-758-460-2

cholesterol level (Piironen., 2000). Phenolics are

compounds possessing one or more aromatic rings

with one or more hydroxyl groups. They are broadly

diversified ranging from simple molecules to highly

polymerized substances with more than 8000

compounds being categorized into the group. Plant

phenolics can be further classified into several sub-

groups which are phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins

(non-flavonoid polyphenols), stilbenes and lignans.

Phenolic compounds are frequently associated with

antioxidative properties and being recognized as

natural antioxidants ( Dai and Mumper., 2010).

Flavonoids are reported to have 3 mechanisms of

inhibition of microorganisms, namely by (1)

destruction of the cytoplasmic membrane, (2)

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, and (3) inhibition

of metabolic energy (Cushnie, 2011).

Pharmacological activity of B.racemosa contains

antimicrobial, antibacterial against strains of both

gram positive and gram negative bacteria, namely

staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis,

Eschericia coli, shigella dysentriae, vibrio cholerae

and Proteus sp. This plant also contains

antinociceptive (analgesic), antioxidants, anti-

inflammatory and anti-fungal (Khan, 2001).

The various parts of

Barringtonia racemosa

(B. racemosa)

are known to possess multiple

biological activities

(Khan and Omoloso., 2002).

Extracts prepared from different parts of

racemosa

possess analgesic, antitumor and

antimicrobial activities (Thomas and Panikkar.,

2002; Muse and Ahmad.,2008). The aqueous

bark extract of

B. racemosa

exerted signiﬁcant

and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in

experimental animals. This activity is attributed

to the presence of opioids or opiodiomimetics as

well as phenolics and steroidal con- stituents in

racemosa

(Husein.at el., 2009). Anti-oxidant and

anti-inﬂammatory ef- fects of

B. racemosa

leaves

ar attributed to its lycopene content . This extract

exerted

in vitro

nitric oxide synthase inhibitory

and antioxidant activity in RAW cells (Muse and

Ahmad., 2008). Methanolic, ethanolic and

boiling water extracts of

B. racemosa

leaves,

sticks and barks at the

concentration of 50 mg/mL

were found to possess antifungal activity against

Fusarium

sp.,

Tricoderma koningii

Penicillium

sp.,

Ganoderma

tropicum

Ganoderma lucidum

Aspergillus

sp. and

Rhizopus

(Osaman.et.al.,2015).

The extracts obtained from the aerial parts of

this plant demonstrated

in vitro

antioxidant

activity

B. racemosa

leaves demonstrated higher

antioxidant activities than the stems, owing to its

antioxidant content (Patil.et.al.,2011).

Effectiveness and comfort in the use of putat air

extract (B.racemosa) on a skin can be improved by

formulating it into gel dosage forms. Topical gel

preparations can increase the effectiveness and

comfort in its use which is able to deliver medicinal

ingredients well, easily spread evenly when applied

to the skin, giving a cold sensation, and does not cause

marks on the skin (Madan and Singh, 2010).

Carbopol is a hydrophilic gel, so it is easily dispersed

in water and in small concentrations can function as a

gel base with a fairly good thickness at pH 6-11.

Carbopol is white, has a texture like feathers, acids,

hygroscopic powder with a slight characteristic odor.

Carbopol is a strong gel base has a high acidity so that

in its use as a gelling agent it only takes around 0.5-

2.0% (Melani et al., 2005; Rowe et al., 2009). This is

the advantage of using carbopol compared to other

ingredients Ideally, gelling agents are the basis of gel

preparations that are inert, safe and not reactive with

other components of the gel formula. The

characteristics of the gelling agent used must be

adjusted to the dosage form. Gel preparations must be

well formulated to meet safe, effective and stable.

Until now there has been no reference that found

wound gel formula using extracts of putat air

(B.racemosa) (Scopus, 2019; Web of Science, 2019;

PubMed, 2019).

2 RESEARCH METHODS

The aim of this study was to conduct a physical test

of a watertight wound gel formula (B. Racemosa).

The research design is experimental. The stages of the

formulation were carried out by designing four types

of formulas, from which the four formulas were tested

physically, namely organoleptic, viscosity,

homogeneity and pH.

Material

Sample Preparation

The putat air fruit (B.racemose) was taken from the

village of Gampong Pulo.Kec. Peudada. Bireuen

Regency. Fruit taken is old and fell on the ground.

The water drops are immediately put into a sealed

plastic bag. Before it is sealed, it expels air from the

plastic bag. Then the plastic bag is placed in a cool

place (4° C) (Table 1).

Formulation and Evaluation of Gel Containing Barringtonia Racemosa L.Spreng Kernel Extract for Topical Application

365

Table 1. Preparation of Carbopol 940 gelling agent formula

The part of the putat air used is the white inside

seeds. The putat air is peeled and the seeds are taken.

Brown seeds are washed without peeling the brown

skin. Brown skin is left to peel itself during drying.

Then the putat air seeds are cut into small pieces and

then dried in a drying chamber at 40 ° C for one week.

Wet material is 4 kg and after drying becomes 1.5 kg.

Simpisia Extraction is removing the first and second

metabolites from putat air tissue cells using solvents.

The solvent used is 70% ethanol. The concentration

of ethanol solvent 70% more dissolved flavonoids

than pure ethanol solvents. Ethanol polarity increases

and more easily penetrates cell membranes with the

addition of 30% water (Musman, 2013).

The extraction method used is homogenization of

sympathies. Dried fruit that has been dried in a dryer

(temperature 40 ° C) is ground in a blender. The putat

flour is stored in a container and 70% ethanol is

poured and 30% water is left for 24 hours. Every 1x24

hours the solvent is replaced until the solvent is no

longer colored. Then the mixture is filtered.

The obtained filtrate is dried with a rotary carrier.

Dehydrated ethanol extract was dissolved in 10 ml of

ethanol and 20 ml of aquades, and placed in a

separating funnel and then mixed with 100 ml of n-

hexane solvent until colorless. The residues were

mixed with ethyl acetate and ethanol, and then the

fraction was evaporated. The resulting solution was

stored in a vial for phytochemical filtration.

2.1 Preparation of Carbopol 940

Gelling Agent Formula

The gel base consisting of carbopol, TEA,

propylenglycol, glycerin and aquades was made into

4 different formulas, namely by varying the

concentration of putat air (B.raccemosa) seed extract

1%, 2%, 3%, 5% and 7%. The gel preparation on the

basis of 940 carbopol is done by means of carbopol

940 developed in 10 parts of distilled water in a

beaker, left to stand for 1 x 24 hours. Then added TEA

then homogenized.

Then propylene glycol and methyl paraben were

added, which were previously dissolved in 900C hot

distilled water, stirring until homogeneous. The

extract was mixed with glycerin, mixed into the base,

added the remaining water to the base, and stirred

until homogeneous.

3 RESULT

3.1 Organoleptic Test

Organoleptic test results of Formula shown on the

Table 2:

Table 2: Organoleptic test results

No Formula Color Smell Consistency

1 F1 Clear Distinctiv

e smell

Thick

2 F2 Yello

wish

white

Typical

odor of

putat air

extract

Thick

3 F3 Yello

wish

white

Typical

odor of

putat air

extract

Thick

4 F4 Yello

wish

white

Typical

odor of

putat air

extract

Thick

5 F5 Yello

wish

white

Typical

odor of

putat air

extract

Thick

Based on Table 2. Data obtained formulas F2, F3, F4

and F5 are yellowish, have a distinctive odor and have

a thick consistency as shown in Figure 1:

Material

Base Formula (% b/b)

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

Carbopol 2 2 2 2 2

TEA 2 2 2 2 2

Glycerin 1 1 1 1 1

Propylene

Glycol

6 6 6 6 6

Nipagin 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Aquadest Ad

100

Putat extract

(gr)

0 1 3 5 7

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

366

Figure 1: Result of Homogenity test

3.2 Viscosity Test

Viscosity is a statement of the resistance of a liquid to

flow. The higher the viscosity, the higher the prisoner

(Sinko, 2011). Viscosity of the preparation should not

be too high and should not be too low, because if it is

too high (thick), the gel will be difficult to remove

from the package, whereas if the viscosity is too low

it will reduce the length of time to stay on the skin

when used.

Gel viscosity (Table 3) was measured using a

Brookfiled cone and plate viscometer (Engineering

Laboratories INC, Stoughton MA, USA). Gel flow is

measured at room temperature. The sample is placed

about 1 g in the cone. Measurements are made by

increasing the shear rate from 0.5 / sec to 100 / sec

and viscosity is read at each rotation per minute.

Table 3: Gel Viscosity Test Results

No Formula Viscosity

1 F1 8250 cp

2 F2 9000 cp

3 F3 9500 cp

4 F4 10000 cp

5 F5 10500 cp

3.3 pH of the Preparation

The pH was measured using a pH meter (Schott,

Deutschland, Belgium). 1 g of sample is dissolved in

10 ml of water at room temperature. Furthermore, the

electrode will contact with the surface of the solution

and leave it in balance for 1 minute (Table 4).

Table 4: pH gel test results

o Formula pH

F1 6,6

F2 6,2

F3 6,0

F4 6,0

F5 6,0

Figure 2: pH gel test results

3.4 Homogenity Test

Based on Table 5. the results obtained are all

homogeneous formulas.

Table 5: Homogenecity Test Results Gel wound of putat air

(B.Racemosa) extract

No Formula Results

F1 Homogeneous

F2 Homogeneous

F3 Homogeneous

F4 Homogeneous

F5 Homogeneous

4 DISCUSSION

Carbopol is a synthetic acrylic acid polymer, a white

powder with a distinctive odor, very easily ionized,

slightly acidic, insoluble in water and most solvents,

and is hygroscopic. In neutral form, carbopol is

soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin and will form

a clear and sTable gel. In acidic solutions (pH 3.5-4.0)

carbopol dispersions show low to moderate viscosity

and at pH 5.0-10.0 and at temperatures above 750C

will show optimal viscosity. Carbopol functions as a

thickener, surfactant, stabilizer, and thickener. In

cosmetics, carbopol is used in a neutral form at pH

Formulation and Evaluation of Gel Containing Barringtonia Racemosa L.Spreng Kernel Extract for Topical Application

367

7.7 because carbopol is sTable at that pH and is

incompatible with strong acids (Rowe et al., 2009).

Carbopol is a gelling agent that can modify the

flow properties and viscosity and can be a stabilizing

agent for a topical preparation. The use of Carbopol

as a good gelling agent is in the range of 0.5% -2.0%

(Rowe et al., 2009). Propylene glycol is a humectant

that also affects the swelling and viscosity of the gel.

Carbopol formulated in conjunction with humectants

such as propylene glycol and glycerin can produce

good stability at the right ratio.

Humectant propylene glycol is able to bind with

water to form hydrogen bonds so that it can trap

water, therefore the use of these two humectants

should not be too large so that carbopol can still bind

to water and can maintain gel consistency (for

Propylene glycol <30%) (Islam, 2004 ).

According to Bakker (2012), states that gel is a

heterogeneous system. In gel preparations, the solid

phase is in a three-dimensional structure so that

particles in the solid phase cannot move past the

liquid phase. In order for a solid phase to remain

sTable in a three-dimensional structure, solid phase

particles must form secondary bonds with other

particles (Van der Waals bonds). The stability of the

gel preparation depends on the shape of the particles

from the solid phase; physico-chemical

characteristics of the solid phase and its ability to

form secondary bonds; concentration of solid phase;

physico-chemical characteristics of the liquid phase.

Viscosity shows the level of thickness of a gel

preparation. Carbopol 940 in powder form is a

polymer that forms coils so that this will limit its

thickening ability, but if carbopol is dispersed into

water, the carbopol will be hydrated and some of the

coils will be uncoiled (Noveon, 2009). Carbopol will

function well if the constituent polymers are truly

uncoiled. The mechanism is the neutralization of the

carboxylic acid group in the polymer chain with the

appropriate base. This will result in the formation of

negative charges along the polymer chain, where

neutralization is done by adding TEA. The repulsion

between negative charges causes carbopol 940 to

make the coiled structure change to a freer structure

(Garg., Et al., 2002).

Carbopol 940 polymers will be intertwined with

each other by forming cross links so as to produce a

three-dimensional matrix to form a gel that is very

thick in a second, so the higher the viscosity value,

the level of thickness of a preparation is also higher

because of the number of polymers undergoing cross

links and forming more and more gel bases. It cannot

be said that the higher the viscosity, the better the

preparation of the gel, because it will be related to the

spreadability and comfort of the preparation during

use. It should be noted that the value of viscosity is

inversely proportional to the value of the dispersal

power (Garg., Et al., 2002).

The composition of propylene glycol in the

formulation is said to be good at around 15% (Rowe

et.al, 2009). Another opinion states that propylene

glycol can be a good humectant in the composition of

5% of the preparation. The use of humectants that are

too high will cause the water in the preparation to

interact entirely with propylene glycol and form

hydrogen bonds, even skin moisture when applied

can lose moisture and can become dehydrated.

However, if the concentration of propylene glycol is

too small, it can be feared that the water content in the

preparation cannot be maintained (Aulton, 2007).

Based on the theories above, the optimum area of

propylene glycol will be in the range of

approximately 5% -30%. This study uses 6%. Other

materials used this time include glycerin and nipagin

as preservatives, TEA as an alkaline agent,

neutralyzing agent that helps form the gel and

aquadest character (Rowe et.al, 2009). Base

optimization is done by organoleptic test,

homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity test, and

spreadability test.

Organoleptic testing is done by observing the

shape, color, and odor. This test aims to see the

quality and stability of the preparation which includes

the shape, odor, and color of the preparation. If there

is no change in shape, color and odor in the

preparation for 48 hours after the preparation is made,

until during one month of storage, then the

preparation can be categorized as having a fairly good

quality and stability (although it must be tested again

at a later stage).

The results showed that all concentrations of

white, yellowish, thick and odorous putat extract. The

color of the gel is not clear because of the high levels

of saponins. Homogeneity testing was carried out

using two pieces of glass objects.

Homogeneous preparations are preparations in

which there are no beads from the material used. The

test results show that the preparations are

homogeneous but there are bubbles generated during

the manufacturing process using a stirer. The higher

the concentration of putat air extract, the more

bubbles. This is also due to high saponin levels.

The pH test shows that the ideal gel preparation

for topical preparations according to British

Pharmacopeia is between pH 6-8. The highest pH is

found in formulas with a concentration of putat

extract 1%. Formula with a concentration of putat

extract 3%, 5% and 7%, its pH 6. This gel preparation

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

368

is still suiTable for use in treating wounds on the skin.

If a topical preparation has a pH range that does not

match the pH of the skin, then the preparation has the

potential to cause irritation and erythema to its users.

Gel base viscosity was measured at a speed of 0.1

rpm for 30 seconds. According to Indonesian

National Standars 16-4399-1996, the standard

viscosity value for gel preparations is 6000-50000 cP

or 6-50 Pa.S. Viscosity measurement results for the

entire formula, resulting in a value that is included in

the standard that is 9000-10500 cP. The research of

Srividya et al (2001) describes corbopol 940 as a gel

forming agent oflaxacin antibacterial agent in

combination with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

(Methocel E50LV) which acts as a viscosity

enhancing agent. The formulation developed is a

therapy that is effective, stable, non-irritating and

provides continuous drug release over an 8 hour

period.

Sari's research (2016), aims to find out the right

comparison between 940 carbohydrate gel base and

hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on the

stability of physical properties of extract gel and

methanol fraction of kesum leaves with Simplex

Lattice Design (SLD) method, there is no significant

difference between the properties physical extract gel

and methanol fraction of kesum leaves (Polygonum

minus Huds.).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the organoleptic test, the four formulas are

semi solid, yellowish-white, thick and odorless.

Homogeneity testing, homogeneous preparations but

there are bubbles The higher the concentration of

putat air (B. racemose) extract, the more bubbles as

well as the color of the yellowish gel. This is also due

to high saponin levels. The pH test shows it is ideal

for topical preparations, which is between pH 6-6.2.

The highest pH is found in formulas with a

concentration of putat air (B. racemose) extract 1%.

Viscosity measurement results for the entire formula,

resulting in a value that is included in the standard that

is 9000-10500 cP. Based on the physical essence, this

gel preparation is still suiTable for treating wounds

on the skin.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Research was supported by Universitas

Sumatera Utara in accordance with the USU

TALENTA implementation contract Fiscal Year

2019 ,Number: 439 / UN5.2.3.1 / PPM / KP-

TALENTA USU / 2019 dated April 1, 2019. Thank

you to the chancellor, vice chancellor III and chair of

the USU Research Institute.

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