Dynamic Population Base on Natural Increase and Output of Swamp

Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) in Banyuwangi Regency

A. Budiarto

, G. Ciptadi

, M. Nasich

, P. Ardyah Ramadina Irsanti

, A. F. Darmawan

Lecturer Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University,

Postgraduate Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University

Keywords: Structure of the population, reproduction, births, and deaths, output, natural increase

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to find the natural increase number of Swamp Buffalo in Banyuwangi

Regency. This research was conducted in 3 subdistricts. The research material used was 122 breeders with a

total number of 384 buffaloes. The method used was surveyed. Variable observed in this study is

reproduction performance, the structure of the population, mutation, percentage of births and deaths, service

per conception (S/C), conception rate (CR), anestrus postpartum (APP), days open (DO). Data obtained are

tabulated with Microsoft Excel and average, the standard of deviation and then analyzed with descriptive.

The results showed that the average value of the calving interval was 16.39 ± 0.42 months, Anestrus

Postpartum was 4.78 ± 0.39 months, Service Per Conception was 1.3 ± 0.07, Conception Rate (CR) was

70.26 ± 8.30%, Days Open was 5.82 ± 0.35 months, output was 15.10% and the natural increase (NI) value

of swamp buffalo in Banyuwangi Regency was 16,93%. Concluded that the value of the natural increasing

number of buffalo in the Banyuwangi Regency is a low category, and out of balance with the number of

Buffalo that comes out of breeding.

1 INTRODUCTION

Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a large ruminant

livestock that has high potential in the supply of

meat. otherwise, it can be used as a source of labor.

Buffalo in some areas is a symbol of social status

and is used for traditional ceremonies. East Java

Province is one of the regions in Indonesia which

has the highest buffalo population, which is 27,304

head in 2016 (Timur, 2016). In the last five years,

the population of buffaloes in the Banyuwangi

Regency has a total of 4035 head buffaloes. In

general, the factors that influence the decline in

buffalo livestock population are mostly carried out

extensively in livestock raising patterns, so that they

rely on feed contained in grazing fields so that the

mating system tends to be inbreeding. This will

affect the reproductive ability of buffaloes at a

productive age and will result in a lack of

replacement seed in livestock breeding. Several

factors influence the ups and downs of the

population that are affected by births, deaths, and

mutations of livestock. High birth rates greatly affect

the composition of young children and young

animals, determining the presence of replacement

seedlings so that it has a good effect on the

composition of adult livestock. Population increase

every year (Natural Increase) is one of the

benchmarks to increase the buffalo population,

therefore good management and handling of mature

female livestock are needed. Livestock population in

a breed will remain constant if between the number

of animals mutated in control with known output

values. The buffalo cattle population will avoid

extinction by limiting excessive outward mutations.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The material used in this study were 122 breeders

who had adult female buffalo. The total number of

female buffaloes taken was 152 head. The method

used in this study is a survey method, with the

determination of the location of the study using a

purposive sampling method, the selection is based

on certain criteria, the criteria is that of the buffalo

cattle population in the Banyuwangi Regency which

still has good breeding potential. The variables

observed in this study were animal mutation,

population structure, service per conception (S / C),

Budiarto, A., Ciptadi, G., Nasich, M., Irsanti, P. and Darmawan, A.

Dynamic Population Base on Natural Increase and Output of Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) in Banyuwangi Regency.

DOI: 10.5220/0009586600960100

In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advanced Molecular Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering (ICAMBBE 2019) - Bio-Prospecting Natural Biological Compounds for

Seeds Vaccine and Drug Discovery, pages 96-100

ISBN: 978-989-758-483-1

conception rate (CR), natural increase (NI) and

output in buffalo cattle in Banyuwangi Regency.

The data obtained in the tabulation are then

calculated as a percentage and average, then

analyzed descriptively.

a) states that using the following calculation:

NI (%) = Percentage of births (%) - Percentage

of deaths (%)

Output = remaining replacement + male and

female cattle that are rejected

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the survey results at the research location,

it was found that the structure of the buffalo

population detailed by young cattle (male and

female) and adult animals (male and female) as

presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Structure of swamp buffalo population at the

study site

Young old

Adult

Component

(PI0, PI1) (PI2, PI3, PI4,

total

PI5

)

hea

%hea

head

Male

45 11,72 65 16,93

110

Based on Table 1, it is known that the percentage

of adult female buffalo population is 48.17% and

male buffalo is 16.92% (1: 3) meaning that 1 male

can serve 3 females. The ratio is mostly found in

cattle aged 4-5 years (PI4) as in Table 2, which

means that at that age the potential is in the breeding

group. The results of this study are still lower than

the provisions stipulated by the Ministry of

Agriculture comparison of male and female 1: (8-

10) tail. One head buffalo male with good genetic

quality mated with 8-10 buffaloes can improve

buffalo productivity performance. Analysis of the

potential for buffalo development in the

Banyuwangi Regency can be further clarified by

taking into account population structure based on the

age group. The composition of livestock by age

group can be seen in the following Table 2.

Table 2.

Age

PI0 PI1 PI2 PI3 PI4 PI5

Tot

Male

head

30 15 19 21 19 6

Perce

7,8 3,9 4, 6, 4,9 1,5 28,

)

1 0 94 03 4 6 6

Femal

42 47 38 25 70

Perse

10, 12, 9, 6, 18, 13, 71,

age

)

93 23 89 51 23

(Hafez, 2000) Performance reproduction of

buffalo in Banyuwangi Regency as presented in

Table 3 below: The reproductive performance of

livestock can be measured by parameters, including

Service per Conception, Days Open, spacing

distance, and Conception Rate. Besides, the first age

of mating, the first age of calf also influences the

reproductive performance of the female buffalo.

Female buffalo reproductive efficiency is said to be

good according to reproductive efficiency is the

maximum use of reproductive capacity.

Reproductive performance at each age of livestock

can vary due to many factors including genetics, sex,

feed, climate, weather and so on. Increasing the

value of reproductive efficiency can be done by

improving overall maintenance management,

including a recording of breeding, detecting lust

properly, improving the quality and quantity of feed

provided, good sanitation and maintaining the health

of livestock that is maintained. One measure of

increased reproductive efficiency in a female parent

is an increase in birth rates which is strongly

influenced by the fertility rate of the female parent

and the fertility of males in a marriage. Breeding

efforts are said to be efficient if the male is enough

to marry one female until he has one pregnancy. The

higher the S / C value the more inefficient the

marriage is carried out. (Affandy et al., 2003) states

that normal S / C values range from 1.6 to 2.0. The

lower the S / C value of a parent, the higher the level

of fertility and vice versa the higher the value of S /

C, the lower the fertility value. The S / C results

from the research were supported by a CR value of

Female

89 23,17 185 48,18 274

total 134 34,89 250 65,11 384

Dynamic Population Base on Natural Increase and Output of Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) in Banyuwangi Regency

70.26 ± 8.30%. (Toliehere. 1993) states that the best

CR reaches 60-70%, whereas for Indonesia, taking

into account the natural conditions, management,

and distribution of livestock that is spread is

considered good if the CR value reaches 45-50%.

Table 3.

Age

Com

onent

3-4 4-5

› 5

Avera

years

First of age

29,89 30,00 30,00

29,96 ±

breeding ± ± ±

0,06

(months) 0,70 0,53 1,11

weaning 8,22 7,73 8,78

8,24 ±

age ± ± ±

0,53

(months) 3,86 3,18 3,59

APP

4,37 4,82 5,14

4,78 ±

± ± ±

(months) 0,39

2,11 1,85 2,21

1,32 1,36 1,22

1,3 ±

S/C (time) ± ± ±

0,07

0,47 0,49 0,44

CR (%)

67,57 63,64 79,57

70,26 ±

8,30

5,43 5,91 6,11

5,82 ±

± ± ±

(months) 0,35

2,02 1,69 2,13

(Izquierdo et al., 2008) Based on Table 3, the

average duration of female buffalo APP at the study

site was 4.78 ± 0.39 months, this figure is high

compared to the statement. Several factors can

influence anestrus namely age, pregnancy, lactation

period, feed, season, environment, and chronic

diseases. (Pohan and Talib, 2010) states that the

failure of lust or anestrus in buffaloes is a major

symptom of many other factors that affect the lust

cycle. Judging from poor feed conditions, especially

those that occur in grazing or extensive maintenance

systems that lack feed. (Desinawati and Isnaini,

2010) which stated that the duration of APP on cattle

generally lasts for 2 months because of female cattle

after giving birth experience uterine involution which

takes about 45 days. The longer the Anestrus period,

the lower the fertility and reproductive efficiency of

these animals. The high APP value finally had an

impact on the magnitude of the Days Open value of

5.82 ± 0.35 months. that the ideal length of time is

90-120 days. The empty period is the time interval

between the female parent breeds until mated again

and pregnancy occurs. The longer the empty period

affects the reproductive efficiency of the female

parent. (Yulyanto et al., 2014) stated that days open

(DO) is the time interval between giving birth to

being.(Putra et al., 2017).

Data Table 4 shows that young male cattle enter

the breeding area by 2.94%, and those that breed out

by 16.17%, in this case, it has the understanding that

the area shows a breeding area because the

percentage of outflows is greater than the cattle that

enter breeding. So are for young females, but for the

percentage of buffaloes the young females coming

out are more resilient than incoming females, if there

is no control there will be negative impacts for the

breeding of the area surveyed because the stock of

young livestock as replacements is a small

percentage. (Putra et al., 2017) that if the percentage

of livestock that comes out is higher than the

percentage of cattle that enter, it means that the

region is a producer of buffalo cattle.The following

Table 5 is presented components to calculate the

natural increase and output in the Banyuwangi

Regency(Putra et al., 2017).

Based on the data in Table 5 above shows that the

NI value of mud buffalo in Banyuwangi Regency is

15.92%, the NI value obtained from the study site

can be concluded that the high number is caused by

the composition of the population dominated by

productive adult females, especially in the age group

4-5 years at 48.17%. The value of NI increases if it

can maintain productive females with good

management so that it can increase the birth rate and

reduce the mortality rate in buffalo. NI value of

16.92% is categorized as moderate because in the

range of NI values between 15.01-30.00%. This is in

accordance with (Putra et al., 2017) which states that

the range of NI values is between 0.00-45.90% with

a range of NI values for each class that is low with a

range of values of 0.00-15.00%, moderate with a

range of values of 15.01-30.00%, and high with a

range of values of 30.01-45.90%. (Hardjosubroto,

1994) states that the amount of output is influenced

by NI, therefore the output is calculated based on the

difference between NI and the need for livestock

substitutes for one year. The output is the potential of

the region in removing livestock leftover substitutes

and rejected animals. In detail, the composition of

buffalo cattle output can be seen in the following

Table 6.

Data from Table 6 shows that several adult

females that are classified as productive can give an

idea that each year the natural population increase is

15.92%. Furthermore, to maintain and increase the

buffalo population in the breeding group, efforts

must be taken into account is the number of livestock

as a prospective substitute (replacement), excessive

outward mutation of livestock, therefore it needs to

ICAMBBE 2019 - 6th ICAMBBE (International Conference on Advance Molecular Bioscience Biomedical Engineering) 2019

be limited by the large value of livestock output.

From this research, it is obtained that the maximum

value of adult male and female livestock output is

15.10% if within this breeding area can be controlled

the population will remain constant. (Putra et al.,

2017) that the output can consist of male and female

rejecting (adult) livestock, remaining young male and

female substitutes. Population dynamics are

population fluctuations that are affected by birth

rates, deaths, and mutations. Population dynamics are

known based on the data structure of livestock

population by age group so that it can be seen the

amount that must be removed from the breeding area

and livestock as replacement stock while the natural

increase is calculated based on the performance of

livestock reproduction last year. Another factor that

must be considered is the percentage of mutations

going out and entering the breeding area, so the

population can be predicted in the coming years. So

that the performance of livestock reproduction last

year can be used as basic data in estimating the

development of the livestock population in the next

few years

Livestock population dynamics are a reflection of

the performance of livestock reproduction. The better

the performance of livestock reproduction, the more

accelerating the increase in livestock population that

comes from naturally increasing livestock (NI).

Analysis of livestock population dynamics in an area

is supported by calculating the value of NI and

livestock output. This is useful as a reference in

determining the amount of livestock expenditure

from the nursery area so that there is no shortage of

population seedlings. As a prediction of buffalo

population in Banyuwangi Regency in 2015-2017

which continues to decline (successively 3,879 tails,

3,664 tails, and 3,479 tails) with technical coefficient

data of the research results, then the population in

2018-2020 can be described as there will be a

population increase of the natural increase obtained

in 2018.

4 CONCLUSION

1. To maintain the dynamics of the swamp buffalo

population increases every year, it takes a

technical coefficient (as a basic data) population

prediction in the coming year is needed optimal

results, so that in the following year there is no

decline in population due to mortality and output.

2. Based on reproductive performance data, the

percentage of productive adult females and swam

buffalo mortality obtained a NI value of 15.92%

including that which will be used as substitute

livestock by 14.83%. While from the

composition of livestock based on age groups,

the value of the output of male and female cattle

due to age is no longer productive at 15.10%, the

buffalo population inbreeding remains stable.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This field action research was supported by the grant

of PTUPT Program from Directorate General of

Higher Education (DIKTI), Department of Research,

Technology, Higher Education, Republic of

Indonesia, 2017. Contract No:

063/SP2H/LT/DRPM/IV/2017

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