Colaboration Reseach of Seroprevalensi Toxoplamosis

in Goat and Animal

Mira Fatmawati

, Dearikha Karina Mayashinta

, Masdiana C Padaga

, Ani Setianingrum

, Fidi Nur

Aini

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Malang, Indonesia

Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang, Indonesia

Keywords: Toxoplamosis, collaboration, human, goat.

Abstract: Collaboration research is interdisciplinary effort that seek optimal health for people and animal.

Toxoplamosia is zoonotic disease that caused by Toxoplasma gondii. It’s intracelluer protozoan infection

that could be found in meat or milk from infected animal. The epidemiology, prevention and control

strategies are reviewed, with the objective of integrative reseach. To reduce the disease in human,

intervention are needed in the animal reservoir, necessitating close collaboration between booth the human

and veterinary medical sectors. This study showed that toxoplamosis in human are positive that infected 3

farmers (from 14 farmer). Prevalence toxopalmosis in goat are between 22% - 100%. A high prevalence on

one farm allows for human infected with toxoplamosis.

1 INTRODUCTION

Toxoplasma gondii an obligate intracelluer protozoa

is causing infection rate that affect approximately

one third of human population wordwide.

Toxoplamosis is opportunistic disease that infected a

human with immunocompromised disease.

Toxoplasmosis infection can be transmitted via

several routes in different host species.

Toxoplamosis is common in sheep, goats, pigs and

chicken as intermediate host. However, cattle and

horses are notably resistant to the disease. In sheep,

congenital infection is a leading cause of stillbirth

and survive usually exhibit normal growth, but they

still represent a public health risk if their infected

meat is consumed. Toxoplasmosis can also occur in

adult goats, and the disease is more severe that in

sheep (Aguirre et al., 2019).

Domestic cats and other feline species may Become

infected with T gondii either by ingesting infectious

oocysts from the environment or by ingesting tissue

cysts from intermediate hosts. Cat become infected

T gondii by feeding on carcasses of small mammals

or birds infected with T gondii. Until 2001, up to

73% of small rodents and up to 71% of wild bird

may be infected with T gondii (Tenter et al., 2001).

Toxoplasmosis in human is potentially become a

agent of foodborne illnesses. The disease may be

either acute or chronic and can be cause active

infection of any age. Initial infection acquired by

pregnant women may cross the placenta and reach

the fetus. Latent or primary toxoplamosis can be

particularly dangerous in individuals with

compromised immune system including those

treated with corticosteroid, cytotoxic medicine and

antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha.

Approximately one third of HIV-infected individuals

with T. gondii infection develop encephalitis.

As a global strategy, transdisciplinary approach

across Toxo are compounded by changing practices

and attitude toward the control of owned and

unowned domestic cat which are the obligate

reservoir of parasite (Aguirre et al., 2019).

Current patterns of human driven environmental

change and globalization of travel and trade can

enhance the spillover and spillback of Toxoplasma

and parasites of animal origin into human

populations. Furthermore given that most emerging

infectious disease in human are of animal orogin

there is pressing need to integrate human-animal

ecosystem health within a common framework. The

purpose of this study is to initiate collaborative

research in order to integrate data in toxoplamosis

cases.

Fatmawati, M., Mayashinta, D., Padaga, M., Setianingrum, A. and Aini, F.

Colaboration Reseach of Seroprevalensi Toxoplamosis in Goat and Animal.

DOI: 10.5220/0009587501010104

In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advanced Molecular Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering (ICAMBBE 2019) - Bio-Prospecting Natural Biological Compounds for

Seeds Vaccine and Drug Discovery, pages 101-104

ISBN: 978-989-758-483-1

101

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective cross sectional study was conduct

in Batu Municipality. The inclusion criteria of this

study were farmer, veterinary technicians, veterinary

student and veterinary with age of more than 20

years. All eligible participants gave informed

consent before the commencement of this study.

Other data that support this study using

questionnaire.

2.1 Animal and Human Samples

Between June – July 2019, blood samples were

obtained from 152 sheep and goat, 22 farmers, 23

veterinary and paramedic. Sera were obtained from

3 subdistricts in Batu Municipality.

Sampling is carried out simultaneously between

farmer and animal (goat and sheep). The location of

this study are farmer who are assisted by Department

of Agriculture of Batu Municipality. Samples

2.2 Serologic testing

Detection is made by serological methods. Clinical

signs of toxoplamosis are nonspecific and are not

sufficiently characteristic for a definite diagnosis

(Lindsay & Weiss, 2014). Serum samples from

animal were tested for immunoglobulin G and

immunologobulin M antibodies to T. gondii by the

Toxoplamosis Modified Agglutination Test

(ToMAT) in Veterinary Laboratorium in Lampung.

Serum samples from human were tested by the

enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA)

using a commercial kit in Syaiful Anwar Hospital.

Serum sample for animal will testing for IgG and

IgM. The IgM antibodies appear sooner after

infection than the IgG antibodies and the IgM

antibodies disappear faster than IgG antibodies after

recovery.

2.3 Data analysis

Data analysis from serological test are then tested

descriptively. This data will describe the distribution of

cases in 3 subdistrict. Seroprevalance result in animals

are paired with human seroprevalence result.

3 RESULTS

In this study, the prevalence of toxoplamosis of

animal are between 20% untuil 100%. And

seroprevalence positive in human, found in a farm

which is have a great prevalence of animal (66,7 %,

75%, and 100%). One possible explanation could be

the T gondii are around of this farm. It could be the

contamination of water source. The high prevalence

may be the indication of frequent exposure to the

parasite on farms (Lopes et al., 2013).

Infection with T gondii can cause a wide range

of clinical consequences in people and animal.

People who become infected with T gondii have

very minor symptom and would often be unaware

the had come into contact with the parasite.

Immuno-compromised individuals are also an

important risk group for infection with T. gondii as

they are unable to effectively control parasite

multiplication. Patients with acquired immune

deficiency syndrome (AIDS) that have persistent T.

gondii infection may present with severe brain

lesions where the T. gondii parasites within tissue

cysts become active again and start multiplying due

to the dysfunction of their cell-mediated immune

system which would otherwise keep the parasite in

check (Innes et al., 2019).

Domestic cats are likely the major source of

ecosystem contamination in many areas due to their

abundance on the landscape relative to native felids.

T gondii is known to be influenced by

environmental condition, survival of oocysts in the

soil may be influenced by geological and

environmental characteristics such as soil

temperature, texture and chemistry. T gondii oocyst

in the environment increases the likelihood of

infection for all at risk species in the ecosystem.

Reports documenting the presence of T. gondii in

diverse environmental matrices, including water,

soil, vegetables and seafood have been increasing.

New methods that can discriminate the route of T.

gondii acquisition have demonstrated that, in some

populations, a significant proportion of infections

are caused by oocyst ingestion (Shapiro et al., 2019)

ICAMBBE 2019 - 6th ICAMBBE (International Conference on Advance Molecular Bioscience Biomedical Engineering) 2019

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Table 1. Prevalence of Toxoplamosis in Human and

Animal

Num Sub Human Prevalence Result of

District Code In Goat Human

1 Batu A1 33,3%

Negative

2 Batu A2 70,0%

Negative

3 Batu A3 20,0%

Negative

4 Batu A4 62,5%

Negative

5 Batu A5 100,0%

Negative

6 Batu A6 100,0%

Negative

7 Junrejo B1 10,0%

Negative

8 Junrejo B2 66,7%

Positive

9 Junrejo B4 63,6%

Negative

10 Junrejo B5 22,2%

Negative

11 Junrejo B6 75,0%

Positive

12 Bumiaji C1 100,0%

Positive

13 Bumiaji C3 40,0%

Negative

14 Bumiaji C6 50,0%

Negative

The environmental infection of T gondii starts with

oocysts shed in cat feces that contaminate soil and or

water and are subsequently transmitted to hosts

(intermediate, paratenick and definitive). Infection

caused by ingestion of oocysts, bradyzoites (tissue

cycts) or vertical transmission (congenital),

transfusional or organ transplatation infection.

Infection or contamination of T gondii transmitted

directly from water and soil.

Figure 1: Toxoplasma gondii oocyst transmission tree

(Shapiro et al., 2019)

The importance of oocysts as the primary

infective stage responsible for transmission of

Toxoplasma gondii to intermediate host such as

rodents or birds, as well as herbivorous meat-

producing animals. In wildlife, oocyst-borne T.

gondii infections have been proposed to occur in

numerous species including freshwater-dwelling

mammals. Humans and susceptible animal hosts can

be exposed to Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in the

environment through drinking water contaminated

with felid feces. Foodborne transmission of

Toxoplasma gondii has traditionally referred to the

ingestion of tissue cysts in raw or poorly cooked

meats. However, it has become increasingly evident

that ingestion of oocysts on fresh produce and other

foods is under recognized, and the significance of

this route of transmission to humans is not entirely

clear. Unlike other foodborne protozoan parasites,

which have been implicated in numerous illness

outbreaks worldwide, there have been only two

reported outbreaks of toxoplasmosis associated with

the consumption of fresh produce or juice (Shapiro

et al., 2019).

Sheep can become infected with T. gondii

through the consumption of sporulated oocysts

contaminating pasture, feed and water and if a

primary primary infection occurs when the ewe is

pregnant the tachyzoite stage of the parasite can

invade and multiply within the placenta and infect

the developing foetus resulting in abortion or birth

of a still born lamb. Epidemiology studies have

emphasised the importance of consumption of raw

or undercooked meat from T. gondii infected food

animals as a major transmission route for human

infection.

Prevention program start from cutting the

transmission of this disease from other species. Such

as in cat, in all cases, faeces of pet cats should be

removed daily from household. Whereas for the

cage of goat. The cage and all item that may have

come in contact with cat faeces should be cleaned

thoroughly with hot water and detergents wearing

gloves (Tenter et al., 2001).

Reducing the risk of oocyst-borne Toxoplasma

gondii infections in animals and people should target

three distinct but not mutually exclusive factors: 1)

reducing felid contributions of oocysts into the

environment; 2) preventing oocyst contamination of

water, soil, and foods; and 3) physically removing or

inactivating oocysts in water and foods such as

shellfish and produce.

However, with the appropriate preventive

measures the risk of acquiring an infection with T

gondii from a pet cat can be highly controlled by its

Colaboration Reseach of Seroprevalensi Toxoplamosis in Goat and Animal

103

owner. The most important ecosystem management

tool is control contaminated runoff to mitigate the

health impacts of coastal habitat pathogen pollution

(Aguirre et al., 2019).

The strategic application of vaccination of food

animals was suggested as a means of preventing

/reducing viable tissue cysts in meat making it safer

for human and animal consumption. Research is

needed to integrate data across scales to assess risk

and devise methods of control, as links are made

between toxoplasmosis and significant adverse

health outcomes beyond acute infection in humans,

i.e., congenital infection, increased death rates in

traffic accidents and environmental transmission

rather than meat consumption as a significant

pathway for infection

4 CONCLUSION

Collaboration research needed as a bridge

disciplines linking human health, animal health, and

ecosystem health. Toxoplasmosis demands

integrative approaches breaching disciplinary

boundaries. This integration is needed to generate

new approaches to manage and control the disease.

The complexity of toxoplasmosis requires the

development of a dashboard system of measures that

are a combination of health and ecological

indicators, that is, an easy set of indicators for quick

reference to identify prevention and management

needs. Transdisciplinary, integrative research, and

capacity building are core elements in establishing

One Health interventions that address

toxoplasmosis.

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