The Perceptions of Junior High School Students in Yogyakarta on

Effects of the Internet on Sport Participation Events

Mela Suhariyanti

, Tomoliyus

Graduate School Program, Yogyakarta State University, Jl. Colombo No.1 Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Effect, Event, Internet, Perception, Sport

Abstract: The management of internet use has become a great social problem among children or adolescents

worldwide. The aim of this study is to show the contribution of internet on the sport participation events.

This is a descriptive research with qualitative and quantitative approach. The samples of the study were 59

students; 20 boys and 39 girls with ages between 12-16 years. The data were collected using two

techniques; literature review and Google form with closed questions. The instruments were from Young

(1998) about Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Cho’s research (2010) about participation of sports. The

result showed that most of the students spent their time by not looking at sport events but for other else. This

result showed the need for consistent education of using the internet for the students or adolescents to allow

all the benefit from sports to them, like physical and mental benefit as wellbeing, and also to allow the

discounted results of future athletes as a high performance. In conclusion, if internet is well used by junior

high school students, it will provide them with the knowledge of physical sports and education. Moreover,

the physical sports teachers and coaches will get the facility to train athletes so quickly. In contrast, it will

negatively affect students if they don’t know how to manage the time allocated to use the internet

1 INTRODUCTION

Nowdays, technological progress can be felt

increasingly and makes everyone able to take

advantage of internet facilities as a fulfillment of the

needs. The main advantage of the Internet is its

ability to connect billions of computers and devices.

US Department of Health and Human Services 2008

explains that not only does the internet create

convenience in sharing and receiving information

between users, another advantage of the

modern internet is its ability for automation like (1)

Information, knowledge, and learning, (2)

connectivity, communication, and sharing, (3)

Address, mapping, and contact information, (4)

Banking, bills, and shopping, (5) Selling and making

money, (6) Collaboration, work from home, and

access to a global workforce, (7) Donations and

funding, (8) Entertainment.

Internet users in Indonesia experienced an

increase in 2018. Based on the results of an

Indonesian Poll study in collaboration with the

Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers

(APJII), the number of internet users in Indonesia

grew by 10.12 percent. According to APJII, this

survey involved 5,900 samples with a 1.28 percent

margin of error. The result of a total population of

264 million people in Indonesia was that there are

171.17 million people or around 64.8 percent who

have been connected to the internet. This shows an

increase compared to 2017 where Indonesia's

internet penetration rate was recorded at 54.86

percent in which it is possible that there may be

opportunities for it to continue to increase every

year. On Internet usage penetration by age, the

highest position was obtained at the age of

adolescents or 13-18 years at around 75.50%.

This certainly can be concluded that the majority of

internet use is school students. This survey also

reveals that the internet use by the sample was

mostly for chatting and accessing social media. In

other words, the Indonesian samples used internet

for entertainment activities (compas.com).

Coleman, R., & Ramchandani, G, (2010) explain

that nowadays internet is used as a social media for

learning in every field like sport industry, sport

marketing, physical education, sport nutrition,

self-defense sport and other else. Many professional

sports organizations use their websites to enhance

communication with customers by providing

Suhariyanti, M. and , T.

The Perceptions of Junior High School Students in Yogyakarta on Effects of the Internet on Sport Participation Events.

DOI: 10.5220/0009796205330539

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 533-539

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

533

information about organization and products (scores,

news, ways to acquire and renew season tickets, etc.)

The effectiveness and success of these sites

depend on how consumers perceive their value and

quality provided by (X. Zhang and V. R. Prybutok,

2005). The popularity and growth of online sport

consumptions suggest a clear opportunity for sports-

related- marketers to effectively use the Internet as a

key component within an overall marketing strategy.

To effectively leverage the opportunities that the

Internet affords to an organization, organizations

must gain a clear understanding of online sport fan

behavior (Y. Hur, Y. J. Ko, and J. Valacich, 2011).

The growth of Internet usage among online sport

participants are also evidenced by traffic patterns at

popular websites.

Currenly, Internet plays a major role in the lives

of young people. Children and youngsters engage in

online activities both inside and outside the

classroom (Sefton Green, 2004). Nevertheless,

media generates profit through sports while sports

and its contents are transmitted through media.

Sports and media are developing and expanding

through this symbiotic relationship. This

interdependent phenomena and symbiotic

relationship can be referred to as sports media

(Weedon, G., Wilson, B., Yoon, L., & Lawson, S.,

2016). If a sport or game has legislation to protect it,

it will get benefit from technology. Technology

ensures fairness in sports and games. Sports are big

businesses, and there is a lot of money invested into

the design and development of sport equipment and

clothing to help athletes improve their performance

(Rothschild, P. 2011).

Even though it provides more benefit, sometimes

the negative effects occur. Some of

the disadvantages of the internet for students in

points are: students become addicted and are

dependent on internet, and may not focus on

personal works and studies. Compared with adults,

adolescents are more vulnerable to Internet

addiction, because they have high novelty-seeking

but low self-control (Spada, 2014) and are

particularly sensitive to peer influence (Somerville,

2013).

The Pew Research Center in 2014 found that

53% of internet users admitted that it is very difficult

if they do not to use their internet and smartphones.

They consider smartphones and the internet to be

very important in everyday life (Caumont, 2014).

About 1 of 8 Americans shows signs of internet

addiction and 82% of respondents who took the

survey reported that the time they spent online was

more than 5 hours per day, increasing internet

addiction.

Internet addiction is referred to as pathological

internet because this lifestyle is very dependent on

normal life which is always dependent on the

internet for the users (Ozturk & Ozmen, 2011).

Internet addiction can be broadly conceptualized as

an inability to control one's use of the Internet which

leads to negative consequences in daily life (Spada,

2014). Internet addiction also means more important

on mental problems to many people around the

world. Wang et al., (2013) hopes that the formation

of internet addiction can be interpreted by internet

users who have low self-control. Internet addiction

also causes a person to become unfocused on his

work even on the study that he is currently

undergoing. Another negative impact is social

isolation due to heavy use of internet. Obesity and

depression may also occur through spending more

time on computer.

In the case of internet addiction, according to

research by (Liang, L., Zhou, D., Yuan, C., Shao, A.,

& Bian, Y. (2016) for 1,715 adolescents in grades

6-8 in China, internet addiction was caused by

depression. Internet addiction shown between

women and men are different; men use the internet

only more for entertainment and use it less on the

internet to find information compared to women.

Although men and women tend to have the same

activities in using the Internet, men prefer to go

online with friends compared to women.

For children, we can suggest many benefits from

watching sport events through internet because there

are many types of learning and teaching in

education. One of them is visual methods, imagery

which can help children to improve skills, motoric,

and their competences. Gilchrist, P., & Wheaton, B.

(2017) in his study found that sport helps children to

developmental and physical toughness. Sports shape

their bodies and make them strong and active.

Children should actively participate in sports to

avoid being tired and lethargy. This is because sports

improve their blood circulation and their physical

well-being (Wankel, L. M., & Berger, B. G. 1990).

Regarding the benefits of exercise according to

(Hassmen, Koivula, & Uutela, 2000; Salmon, 2001;

Scully, Kremer, Meade, Graham, & Dudgeon, 1998;

Warburton, Nicol, & Bredin, 2006), sports activities

have many positive effects to the body and to

psychology such as reducing stress, depression, and

anxiety because exercising can produce endorphin

hormones that make a person happier during and

after carrying out sports, and can reduce activities

that are less nature such as playing games.

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

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Much research already showed the benefits of

using the internet, and the relationship between the

internet and sport participation for everybody.

However, how children in Yogyakarta uses internet

is still unknown. There is a need for investigation to

know if the use of the internet allows the

development of sports in all branches, and to know

the effects of internet on the result of children in the

class. This study is concentred on Yogyakarta junior

high school children. This section is made up of

different parts. First, we reviewed some of the most

important studies that have been carried out on

sports and the internet. Subsequently, we would go

on to comment on the most representative concepts

related to the study, among which we find attitudes,

and perceptions of students. In addition to the

attitudes aspect, a section would be devoted to

analyze the effects of internet on development of

sports that have taken place in this research topic,

specifically on the development of scales to measure

the construct of attitudes towards the internet.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study is a descriptive research with

mixed-method approach; qualitative and quantitative

approach. The samples were junior high school

students in Yogyakarta, ages 12-16 years, who are

still using internet as a source of information. The

whole samples were 59 students by quota sampling.

The data were collected using two techniques;

literature review and internet Google form with

closed questions.

The Questionnaires have 6 subscales, adopted

from Young (1998) about Internet Addiction Test

(IAT) and Cho’s research (2010) about participation

of sports. After getting the data, we analyzed the

data by SPSS 24 to know the prevalence and

frequency of the feeling and the using of the internet

in the field of sport participation.

The questions related to sports participation were

adopted from research by Cho, Kwon, and Jeon's

(2010) including frequency, intensity, and duration.

The Frequency question is "During the week, how

often do you participate in sports or physical

exercises in your free time?". The frequency of

sports participation is categorized into almost none,

1-2 days /week, 3 days /week, 4-5 days /week, and

6-7 days /week. The intensity of sports participation

is the question of "How is your level of exercise

seen from your breathing during your exercise". The

answers are categorized into several types including

using very light breathing (such as breathing

normally, can still laugh and chat with people

around), mild breathing (controlled with breathing

that starts fast), moderate breathing (slightly

panting), heavy (panting and still able to talk a

little), and breathing very heavy (very heavy (unable

to chat, very focused). The response to the above

questions consists of A 5 point Likert type format

which is used with values ranging from 1 (very light

breathing) to 5 (very severe breathing). The duration

of exercise participation is categorized to be less

than or equal to 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes,

40 minutes, and more than 50 minutes. The 5-point

Likert type response format is used with values

ranging from 1 (almost 10 minutes) to 5 (more than

50 minutes). Average frequency, intensity, and

duration values are used for analysis. Higher scores

reflect higher levels of physical exercise and sports

participation.

3 RESULT

In this part, we would have to make up the results

from the research and a kind of discussion. Counting

was done by gathering the identical answers. The

results obtained were calculated as a percentage of

the totals from the questionnaires. Pie was used for

interpretation of results. The following are the

results from all the respondents.

3.1 What Do You Do When You Open

Your Internet?

Figure 1: Things that are often opened when playing the

internet

The result of this question showed that junior high

school students used internet for other activities like

watching movies which is not related to sport events

or participation. Only 18 students or 6% of the

population surveyed were watching game like sport

events. 81,4% of the samples surveyed used internet

for chatting, social media, and watching YouTube.

So, there is a lack of correlation between the use of

the internet and sport participation.

The Perceptions of Junior High School Students in Yogyakarta on Effects of the Internet on Sport Participation Events

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3.2 Are You Able to Manage Your

Time Allocated to Use Internet?

Figure 2: Allocating time towards using the internet

The surveyed showed that only 40,7% were able to

manage the time, but 59,3% were not able to take

care of the time, in other words, it means that they

spent a lot of time doing activities online with the

internet instead of watching sport events. The effects

of the loosing of most time influenced the

decrementing of performance in sports and in results

of study in other courses. These are reasons why

parents and high school teachers have to educate

students of high school on how to get profit from the

internet of watching sport events.

Playing sports helps reduce body fat or controls

your body weight. Sports allow you gain the

satisfaction of developing your fitness and skills.

Sports can help you fight depression and anxiety.

Playing sports helps strengthen bones. Not only that,

exercises also provide another good benefit which is

to make our brain more intelligent. By actively

participating in sports, our body becomes fitter so

we are more focused on receiving and processing

information.

3.3 Correlation between Results in

Class and Time Used on the

Internet

Figure 3. correlation between results in class and time

used on the internet

The result showed that 66,1% of students were

having a lack of good results in the class. This result

explains from the most time spent on the internet.

This result should help teachers and students’

parents to emphasis on the students’ education in

order to allow incrementing of performance in every

course.

4 DISCUSSION

The research showed the perception of junior high

school students on using the internet. It was found a

great lack of using internet on sport participation

where more than 66% of them used the internet for

chatting, watching YouTube, and accessing social

media. The use of the internet shows that most

students only used the internet as entertainment, not

for learning activities. Students were very familiar

with the entertainment features in their devices and

it happened every day. The reserch done by

Kominfo (2015) confirmed that the use of the

internet in Indonesia is dominant in news and

entertainment searches. In educational content, it

was only a very small amount, which is 5 percent of

the total. It was also illustrated that the programs

most favored by dominant viewers are entertainment

and information (Kusuma dan Hardiyanto, 2015).

That was very worrying considering that children

and adolescents still have a very unstable emotional

condition, and they have not been able to sort out the

good information from the thousands of information

they get through their devices. So, prevention not to

use the internet in digital age for teenagers now this

is considered very difficult.

They also tend to be easily influenced by the

social environment without first considering the

positive or negative effects received when doing

internet activities (Ekasari & Dharmawan, 2012). In

fact, Longstreet, Brooks, and Gonzalez (2019)

revealed that there is a significant relationship

between someone who is addicted to the internet

with negative emotions. Individuals with internet

addiction were 2–3 times more likely to suffer from

depression or anxiety than those without internet

addiction (Ho et al., 2014). This problem is also

caused because young students have not been able to

sort out useful internet activities.

The result of the time allocation of the internet

use by junior high school students in Yogyakarta

was that more than 50 percent of the survey results

revealed poor time management in internet use. This

resulted in sleeping late at night, poor control of

time to play the internet, and often delaying work

school just to play the internet.

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

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The positive influence offered by the internet is

not proportional to the negative impacts of the use of

the internet itself if it is not well managed. This

incident is a problem that occurs in Yogyakarta

adolescents students even though these students will

be the spearhead of the nation. In fact, they are

complacent when getting internet facilitation that is

presented to facilitate all their activities without

creating new creativity in the world of education that

is being lived. Of course, if it is associated with

educational institutions, internet addiction is the

responsibility of all elements in the schools,

especially to teachers.

The teacher also has a share in spreading internet

addiction. Davis (2001) mentions that this event is

referred to as a cognitive model of internet

addiction. Social approval or social isolation will

cause internet addiction in students. In schools, this

relationship is the responsibility of the teachers

because it is related to its relationship with the

formation of students for internet addiction.

According to Bronfenbrenner (1977), the ecological

system model and social systems (eg, parents and

teachers) can interact each other. At schools,

choosing professors is an important source of social

teachers for teens. Students who lack social supports

from teachers are more likely to be vulnerable to

Internet addiction (Casas, Del Rey, & OrtegaRuiz,

2013). Besides, quality in the relationship between

students and teachers is a key factor that drives or

damages school students (Wang, 2009). If students

appreciate that their teachers support and care for

them, they will have better academics and more

problems (Wang, 2009), for example, they develop

internet addiction (Casas et al., 2013). Thus,

teachers’ supports can play a protective role in

adolescents development. Besides, perceptions of

social supports from teachers have been indicated

for the protection of adverse effects from negative

environmental conditions or stress among

adolescents (Wang & Dishion, 2012).

Rodrigues, D., Padez, C., & Machado-Rodrigues,

A. M. (2017) showed that the parenting of physical

sports teachers and student parents are involved to

increase the behavior of students in their education.

Parental participation in organized and unorganized

physical activity (PA) must be associated with

students’s participation in extracurricular sports,

then we should expect the discounted performance.

This is in line with Fahriantini (2016) who

reinforces the importance of the role of parents to

engage children in critical thinking, invite children

to have simple discussions regarding cases arising

from crimes committed in cyberspace. Parents can

also control the use of the internet but it does not

have to be in a strict way, but by controlling or

supervising persuasively while still respecting the

privacy of children. In this case, the result of a

research done by Faisal (2016) outlines that

educating children in the digital age can be done by

applying non-authoritarian parenting because

children are not happy forced but rather persuaded

and tended to be left alone, but they must also

remain supervised by parents. Besides, parents must

also be able to understand the variety of applications

that educate children and guide children to play it

well and oversee the use of the media information,

but not to deviate from the values of Islamic

education.

The results presented above showed that students

already had mental disability because it is so hard

for them to tie out from the internet. As

consequences, we cannot hope for students’s good

result or high performance in sports if they still use

the internet for other useless things instead of sport

participation. It was found the decrement of results

in the classes because of a high amount of time spent

on the internet. Mental disability, if not corrected

immediately, will add to the bad impacts. The results

of the study by Park et al., (2016) revealed that to

minimize internet addiction, good sports activities

are needed, not only to improve physical fitness but

also to increase psychological health. The more

someone participates in active sports’ activities, the

more the internet addiction would be lost. Joker's

research also revealed that the benefits of sports

participation can have a positive impact by showing

that the level of self-control over internet use is far

better compared to people who are not involved in

physical activities or sports, namely by conducting a

research on 622 teenagers consisting of 428 elite

athletes, 140 regional athletes, and 54 non-athletes.

The research done by Siebert, E. A., Hamm, J.,

& Yun, J. (2016) showed that one hundred and

forty-eight parents of children with disabilities of

having self-control were surveyed. The results of

multiple regression revealed that parents perceived

competences of their children’s physical ability and

parental supports were the key factors of promoting

physical activity behavior of children with

disabilities. Evans, D. M., & CT Smith, A. (2004), in

his study, showed that if internet is well used, it will

provide more benefit. Australian population was

surveyed about the time used on internet. 66.67%

of them were interested with internet. However,

clubs demonstrated a significantly more optimistic

view of website profitability, with 96% of

respondents believed sites offering sports content

The Perceptions of Junior High School Students in Yogyakarta on Effects of the Internet on Sport Participation Events

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were capable of turning a profit on the internet at the

time. According to the results from the present

study, we should conclude that junior high school

students in Yogyakarta badly used the internet, so

physical sports teachers and parents are invited to

re-educate and to show the students how to use

correctly the internet to allow the performance in

physical sports. So, results in other courses will be

influenced by wise use of the internet.

5 CONCLUSION

The study n this paper showed significant lack of

using internet on sport participation for the

Yogyakarta junior high school students. This study

provides knowledge to experts in charge of using

internet. With the results obtained, we give

information to these physical sports teachers and

students’ parents to understand better the process

and the behavior of children in using internet and

how they should work with the important variables

to obtain better results and to be more successful for

in the sport events.

So, these findings supported the need to

strengthen the capacity of school teachers and

parents in early identification, detection, and

management of behavioral addictions among

students. School teachers and parents are well

placed to leverage their positions to deliver the

screening, early intervention, and preventive

interventions for behavioral addiction involving the

use of the internet to school children. Teachers or

parents should equip themselves with training or

adding insight on handling internet addiction to deal

with or prevent a student from being addicted to the

internet.

As a limitation of the study, we find the

impossibility of generalization. On the one hand, it

is due to the samples which only corresponded to the

Yogyakarta students. On the other hand, it is

because of the context; the scope of study on sports

participation and the internet use. This type of study

allows us to begin to create a theoretical basis in the

field and add knowledge about the subject. In future

studies of the same line, we must analyze the

variables in other types of events and other types of

services, and have other types of samples to be able

to offer more generalizable conclusions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We warmly thank the participants in our research

who have given written consent. Our deeply feelings

of gratitude are addressed to junior high school

students of Yogyakarta for the information provided.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

We declare that there is no conflict of interest to do

this research.

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