Analysis and Evaluation of Psychological Training Program in
Yogyakarta National Gymnastics Championship Athletes
Endang Rini Sukamti
1
, Risti Nurfadhila
1
1
Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Jl. Colombo No. 1 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Keywords: evaluation, psychological condition, gymnastics
Abstract: Psychological condition of athlete’s is a factor that influences athlete’s achievement. This study aims to
analyse and evaluate psychological training programs on the psychological condition of athletes in
Yogyakarta National Gymnastics Championship in 2019. This is evaluative research using mix match
method. The population used in this study were all gymnastics athletes in Yogyakarta. The sampling
technique used was purposive sampling, while the research sample was national gymnastics competition
athletes in Yogyakarta. There are two instruments used in this study, namely: 1) test instruments to measure
the psychological condition of athletes in the form of psychological tests from experts or psychologists who
measure general intelligence and personality of athletes; and 2) questionnaires filled out by the coaches to
determine the conditions of the training process. The data of this study were analysed using both
quantitative methods in the form of percentages and qualitative methods. The results of this study indicated
that the psychological condition of the research subjects was still at the middle level and needed to be
improved. The results of the questionnaire completed by the coaches showed that the psychological training
given to the athletes was not maximal because not all coaches mastered mental training to the fullest so that
in the training process the improvement of the athlete’s psychological condition was not maximal in his
achievement.
1 INTRODUCTION
Gymnastics is one of the sports that has complex
movements. Gymnastics is a complex sport
consisting of routines performed on different pieces
of apparatus for varying periods of time and with
different physiological demands (Amstrong & Sharp,
2013). Gymnastics in general contains skills that
contain a rich pattern of motion, which in practice
depends on the needs of physical components in the
sport. Although the pattern of motion was actually
very unlimited, there are at least seven patterns of
motion that are very dominant such as landings, static
positions, locomotor, swing, rotation, spring, and
object manipulation (Abraham, Lavoie, & Montreuil,
2008).
The achievement of the top performance in sports
is inseparable from the main aspects that support one
another and contribute each other to the achievement.
Aspects that are directly related to achievement
include aspects of athletes, aspects of quality
training, and environmental aspects. The dominant
aspect of the three aspects is the aspect of the athlete
itself, including talents, motor skills, physical
abilities, athletes’ mental or socio-psychological
qualities, and the emotional aspects of the athlete. In
gymnastics, PB Persani (2001), suggests several
important aspects to improve athletes’ achievement,
including: 1) morphological aspects, 2) physiological
and neuromuscular aspects, 3) perceptual aspects,
and 4) psychological aspects. Harsono (1988) also
states that to help athletes improve their skills and
achievements to the maximum, there are four aspects
that need to be considered carefully by athletes,
namely technical training, physical tactics, and
mental.
Mental or psychological aspect is one of the most
important factors that affects the performance of the
athletes. In today’s modern sports framework, the
psychological aspect of sports is one of the important
scientific aspects as an effort to improve the
achievements and performance of athletes. With the
progress achieved in the field of psychology,
psychological skills have an important meaning in
expressing skills in sports (Gharayaghzandi, et.al,
2014).
Sukamti, E. and Nurfadhila, R.
Analysis and Evaluation of Psychological Training Program in Yogyakarta National Gymnastics Championship Athletes.
DOI: 10.5220/0009798105830586
In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports
(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 583-586
ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2
Copyright
c
2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
583
Gymnastics is one sport where the level of skill
and movement is very difficult and complex, so
superior gymnasts must have good physical and
mental aspects. In fact, some gymnasts believe that
gymnastics is 100% physical and 100% mental
(Cogan and Vidmar, 2000); meaning that the
physical abilities of athletes are the basis of mental
abilities, such as concentration, self-confidence and
others. This ability can be interpreted as mental
toughness. When stress occurs in athletes, this mental
toughness will play a role. Therefore, mental
toughness plays an important role in the daily
training atmosphere and in the atmosphere of
competition. In daily routine exercise, mental
toughness will help gymnasts to reduce feelings of
fear in learning new skills or difficult skills, so that
gymnasts will feel capable and confident to do so. In
competition, mental toughness will play a role in
overcoming pressure from the audience or when
seeing other gymnasts play well, so they must
continue to concentrate and focus on the competition.
Regarding the importance of psychological aspects,
Hidayat (2004) reveals that psychological aspects
have a large influence on athlete’s appearance, at
least 50% of athlete's appearance is determined by
psychological aspects, and 90% is determined by
psychological factors. Likewise, Porter and Foster
(1986) argue that some athletes and coaches believe
that 90% of peak performance in sports is determined
by psychological factors.
The above statement explains that psychological
training is very important to apply. Facts on the
ground indicate that psychology training is ruled out.
Therefore, the researcher intends to examine the
analysis and evaluation of psychological training
programs for athletes in Yogyakarta gymnastics in
2019.
2 METHODS
This study is an evaluation study. Twelve gymnastic
athletes, consisting of national championship athlete
team, were recruited as samples. The following
exclusion criteria were then applied: gymnastic
athletes who were involved in the Yogyakarta
national championship team, had no health problems
or injuries, and always joined the exercises carried
out by the coach team. The sampling technique was
based on purposive sampling which was chosen
specifically based on research objectives.
There are two instruments used in this study,
namely: 1) test instruments used to measure the
psychological condition of athletes in the form of
psychological tests from experts or psychologists
who measure general intelligence and personality of
athletes which consist of achievement motivation,
emotional maturity, emotional expression,
adjustment, social interaction and stress resistance;
and 2) questionnaires filled out by coaches to
determine the conditions of the applied training
process.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Psychological tests carried out on Yogyakarta
national championship gymnastics athletes were
conducted on two psychology domains, including
general intelligence and personality. Personality
consists of achievement motivation, emotional
maturity, emotional expression, adjustment, social
interaction, and stress resistance. The table below is a
description of psychological test data.
Table 1: Psychology Test Result
Test Item
SB
B
RA
RT
RB
K
SK
General
Intelegency
0
3
6
3
0
0
0
Personality
0
0
4
7
1
0
0
Based on Table 1, it is known that in the
psychological tests the majority of general
intelligence in Yogyakarta gymnastics athletes are at
the top average level, while the Yogyakarta
gymnastics athlete’s personality is at the middle
average level. The following figure is a histogram of
psychology test results.
Table 1: Percentage Distribution of General Intelegence
YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS
2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)
584
Table 1: Psychology Test Result
The results of data analysis showed that the
general intelligence of athletes experienced an
increase during the training process, while the
personality domain of the athlete’s condition was still
at the middle level. The personality domains
measured some aspects including achievement
motivation, emotional maturity, emotional
expression, adjustment, social interaction, and stress
resistance.
The results of the analysis indicated that there
was no effect of the implementation of the training
program provided by the coach team on the
psychological conditions of Yogyakarta gymnastics
athletes. This condition can be influenced by several
factors. Based on the results of observations, this
condition occurred because of the lack of maximum
training that involved psychological aspects in the
exercise. This training needed to be addressed
immediately because the athlete’s psychological
condition greatly influenced maximum achievement.
Weinberg, R.S. and Gould, D. (1995) suggest that
sport and exercise psychology is the scientific study
of people and their behaviour in sport and exercise
context. Broadly speaking, the activities are: 1)
studying how psychological factors influence a
person’s physical appearance; and 2) understanding
how a person’s involvement in sports affects their
psychological development, health, and
psychological well-being. When associated with
achievement sports, this understanding clearly shows
that the appearance (performance) of an athlete is
influenced by various psychological factors.
The environment in which athletes compete such
as field or spectator conditions can also affect their
psychological condition, both positively and
negatively. James (1982) suggests that 50% of the
results of a match are determined by mental and
psychological factors. Then, Gunarsa (2004) suggests
that the appearance of athletes in games or matches
cannot be separated from the underlying behaviours
and psychological aspects. Physiological and
psychological factors are believed to influence
gymnasts’ behaviour and thus their performance
(Heinen, Vinken, Velentraz, 2013). Physical
conditions that include strength, flexibility, speed,
strength, and muscle power, high anatomical and
physiological structures and skills are not enough,
because there must be a driver and direction, so that
his performance is a combination of various factors,
where psychological factors often determine and play
a bigger role. Ogilvie (1968), L. Cooper (1969) and
Hardiman (1973) suggest that the symptoms or
psychological aspects that influence and can be
developed in athletes are; 1) emotional stability, 2)
tenacity (aggressive), 3) motivation and enthusiasm,
4) discipline, 5) confidence, 6) openness, and 7)
intelligence.
In sports achievements, it is loaded with various
physical, technical, tactical and mental aspects that
must be prepared by practicing well. The four aspects
have a very important role in achieving achievement.
Without good, planned and programmed training
systematically, it will be very difficult to achieve
maximum results. These aspects are an integral
whole that cannot be separated in achievement sports
training. Basically, there are several ways that are
used for means of mental training, such as 1) positive
thinking, 2) keeping a diary of mental exercises, 3)
goal setting, 4) relaxation exercises, 5) visualization
exercises and imagery, and 6) concentration training.
These methods can be used according to the
character or personality of the athlete. They can also
be used in combination between one method and the
other so as not to cause saturation of athletes.
Empirical evidence indicates that differences in
athletes’ personality traits vary with factors such as
type of sport, skill level, competition level, gender,
and cultural background. Personality alone is thus a
rather weak predictor of gymnasts’ behaviour and
performance in a wide variety of situation. Therefore,
it is noted that information about gymnasts’
personality, situation, and interaction of gymnasts’
personality with the situation had better predict a
gymnast performance than a personality or a situation
analysis alone.
The explanation above explains that the overall
psychological condition of a gymnastic athlete
greatly influences the performance of athletes. the
psychological condition of the athlete must be
considered and improved in the process of achieving
achievement. Using a multidimensional and
Analysis and Evaluation of Psychological Training Program in Yogyakarta National Gymnastics Championship Athletes
585
interactional approach, sport psychologists attempt to
characterize a psychological profile for elite
gymnasts in which selected psychological
characteristics are identified that vary with gymnasts’
expertise. Trainers can apply various forms of
psychological training such as game approaches and
so on, and can use a variety of psychological
approaches.
4 CONCLUSION
This study has indicated that the psychological
condition of the research subjects was still at the
middle level and needed to be improved. The training
program provided or implemented for Yogyakarta
gymnastics athletes was not maximal. The exercise
program that was implemented has not been able to
optimally improve the psychological condition of
Yogyakarta gymnastics athletes. The results of the
questionnaire filled out by the coaches showed that
the psychological training given to the athletes was
not maximal because not all coaches mastered mental
training to the fullest so that in the training process,
the improvement of the athlete's psychological
condition was not maximal in his achievement.
REFERENCES
Armstrong, N. & Sharp N.C.C. (2013). Handbook of
Sports Medicin and Science: Gymnasctic physiology.
Chichester: Willey-Blackwel.
Cox, Richard, H. (1985). Sport Psychology: Concepts and
Applications. Iowa: Wm.Brown
Gunarsa, Singgih D. 2004, Psikologi Perkembangan Anak
dan Remaja. Jakarta : Gunung. Mulia
Heinen, T., Vinken, P.M., & Velentzas. (2013). Handbook
of Sports Medicin and Science: Gymnasctic
Psychology. Chichester: Willey-Blackwel.
James L. (1982). Mental toughness Training for Sport:
Achieving Athletic Excellence. Lexington,
Massachusetts: The Stephen Greene Press.
Sudibyo. (1993). Psikologi Olahraga. Jakarta : PT Anem
Kosong Anem
Singer, R N .(1980). Motor Learning and Human
Performance: An Application to Motor Skills and
Movement Behaviours. Macmilan Pub. New York.
Sudibyo. (1993). Psikologi Olahraga. Jakarta : PT Anem
Kosong Anem
Weinberg. Robert S, Daniel G.(1995). Foundations of
Sport & Exercise Psycholog.
YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS
2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)
586