The Effect of Psychological Training Method and Anxiety Level

toward the Effectiveness of Flat Service of Male Athletes of UNY’s

Tennis Student Activity Unit

Revina Clarinda Devi

, Dimyati

Sport Sciences Study Program, Graduate School Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Psychological Exercise, Anxiety Levels, Effectiveness of Flat Services

Abstract: This study aims to determine the interaction between psychological training and the level of anxiety toward

the Effectiveness of Flat Service of Male Athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit. This study is an

experimental one. The subjects consist of 20 male athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit. The data

collection to measure the effectiveness of flat service athletes used test instruments namely Hewitt Service

Placement Test in Assessing Sport Skill and questionnaires to measure anxiety levels. The data analysis

technique used was two-way ANAVA. The results showed that: (1) there was an effect of the imagery

training on the effectiveness of flat services, (2) there was an effect of the self-talk training on the

effectiveness of flat services, (3) there was a different effect between athletes with high anxiety and low

anxiety on the effectiveness of flat services, and (4) there was an interaction between the of psychological

training and the level of anxiety on the effectiveness of the flat services of Male Athletes of UNY’s Tennis

Student Activity Unit.

1 INTRODUCTION

In sports, the achievement of each athlete is aimed to

be capable of showing special performance and

reaching maximum accomplishment. Several factors

are required to reach the maximum peformance

namely physical, technical, tactical, and mentality

factors. These factors have their own mutually

continuous meaning and task in reaching a success

of an athlete. Rushall in (Komaruddin, 2014)

explained that some individuals feel that the process

of good performance is 70-90% influenced by

mental.

One of the sports that loved by people is Tennis.

The basic principle is playing tennis is hitting the

ball over the net and enter the playing court of the

opponent (Sukadiyanto, 2002). Optimal performance

in Tennis game is surely affected by many factors

which influence the achievement. However, in

general, there are coaches who ignore and less

allocating the psychological training and considering

the mentality of the athlete because the coaches have

to focus on trainings that include technique, tactic,

and physical. However, mental practice holds an

important role in producing good mentality. Mental

skill practice is design systematically to produce the

enhancement of physical works and skills on athlete

(KOmarudin, 2015). added that “Psychological

Skills Training (PST) refers to systematic and

consistent practice of mental psychological skill for

the purpose of enhancing performance, increasing

enjoyment, or achieving greater sport and physical

activity self satisfaction” (Weinberg & Gould,

2011).

The implementation of phychological exercise

(imagery) does not mean that this exercise can

completely replace the practice that is evident in

physical demonstration, but both must be given in

one unit or must complement each other to optimize

the athletes basic training skills during the training

process (Nurfadhila, R., 2016).

One of the technical movement skills in Tennis

which considered as essential and need to be put into

account is service techniques. According to (Loman

& Lucas, 2008), service is the most important ball

hitting in tennis game and the only ball shot that has

to be mastered and controlled by the players who do

it which not determined or depended on the ball hit

of the opponent.

Devi, R. and , D.

The Effect of Psychological Training Method and Anxiety Level toward the Effectiveness of Flat Service of Male Athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit.

DOI: 10.5220/0009802007150723

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 715-723

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

715

One of the services which has the opportunity to

get points and hard to be received by the opponent is

flat service shot. Flat service is the service that

produce straight-up and strong ball toward the

service box of the opponent (Scharff, R., 2001). Flat

service is usually done on the first service because

this service is fast and strong. When the first service

is conducted, the speed is usually greater and players

are successfully hit the ball approximately 40% to

70% in the right service area.

Every athlete must be having the desire to do the

best service result but sometimes athletes do not

believe the abilities which they have. In addition,

there is a non self-pressure that experienced by

athletes that comes from external factors such as

wind that could be disrupting when doing toss

(tossing the ball), the cheer of supporters, and

behind the enemy point, therefore, these conditions

emerge anxiety. If this anxiety is being ignored, it

could affect the effectiveness of the flat service and

affect the overall performance. This condition is

consistent with the characteristics of anxiety that

come from the athletes themselves including the

doubt toward their own abilities, the emergence of

negative thoughts concerning more superior

opponents and the afraid of conducting mistakes

(Gunarsa, 2008).

In line with the argument expressed by

(Husdarta, 2010), the anxiety emerges on athletes

will usually disrupt their performances and the

related athletes will have the fear of failing in the

match as well as the occurrence of moral burden if

they are unable to win the match. The anxiety on

athletes in conducting services happen due to lack of

confidence when doing service, scared of failing the

service especially when the first service chance has

already failed and the players about to conduct the

second service, these negative thought could embed

negative Effect to the outcome of service that being

done, therefore, the players will lose the match if

these factors are ignored.

According to the observation results of the

author, coaches have yet to allocate times for

athletes to train their psychology. Based on the

results of interviews conducted by the author toward

some male athletes of UNY’s Student Activity Units

(UKM) of Tennis, the factors that caused the failure

of flat services during the match were lack of believe

on the owned ability concerning their flat service

skill and lack of confidence due to the opponents

who are more superior. Besides the personal factors,

there are external factors such as the wind that

makes the tossed ball does not in line with the toss

result, thus, the playing athlete feels uneasy in

hitting, the cheers of the opponent’s supporters

which disrupt the concentration of the athlete in

doing service, and in the condition of behind the

opponent’s point during the match that will make the

athlete to be less confidence with the flat service

skill, thus, the athlete will only apply the second

service (twist/slice) to find safety and consistency.

According to the interview results, the author can

conclud that higher anxiety experienced by athletes

and the inability to control it will lower the

effectiveness of flat service. However, if athletes

could control the anxiety experienced by them, thus,

the effectiveness of flat service can be maximally

accomplished and resulted in points. In that order,

psychological training method is required for the

Tennis athletes to do proper and maximum flat

services. There are some types of psychological

training method namely imagery and self-talk

practice methods.

Imagery is a mental training by utilizing all

senses to manifest experiences within the mind

(Cox, 2011), by recalling what stored in brain

memory to become meaningful images. This

technique involves visual, kinesthetic, auditory, and

smelling senses. The imagery mental

training/practice is a technique which commonly

done by coaches and sports psychology experts to

help improving the performance of athletes (Hojjati,

2014). One of the objectives of this imagery is to

enhance the movement ability in sports, the

implementation of strategies which will be used in a

match, and preparing to perform with self-

confidence, motivation, concentration, controlling

the errors/mistakes on the field, and improving the

skills of athletes.

The benefit of this training is evidenced by

Nicklaus in which to be success in hitting golf ball,

he practiced imagery by imagining the motion

pattern from the swing to hitting the ball. This

situation facilitates the athletes to conduct good

sequence of movement, thus, maximum result will

be acquired.

In view of the above, a study regarding the

effectiveness of flat service skill of male athletes of

UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit by giving

imagery practice method is required. This issue

becomes the basis to conduct a research entitled as

“The Effect of Psychological training Method and

Anxiety Level toward the Effectiveness of Flat

Service of Male Athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student

Activity Unit”.

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

716

2 THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 Tennis Service

According to (Loman & Lucas, 2008), service is the

most important ball hitting in tennis game and the

only ball shot that has to be mastered and controlled

by the players who do it which not determined or

depended on the ball hit of the opponent. Strong

service with good ball positioning is the weapon to

deliver the first attack as well as acquiring points.

2.2 Flat Service

Flat service is the service that produce straight-up

and strong ball toward the service box of the

opponent (Scharff R, 2001). Flat service is usually

done on the first service because this service is fast

and strong. The ball in flat service is hit on vertical

racket surface without any ball rotation. It has to be

remembered that during the toss on flat service, the

position of the ball is in front of the baseline. The

ball in flat service is attempted to be hit by the

middle part of the racket then added with the stroke

from the wrist. With the stroke from hand, the

velocity on ball will increase, however, the ball

tends to fly lower, thus, it could cause errors or stuck

in the net.

2.3 Hewitt Test Instrument

The data collection in Tennis service used an

instrument test is Hewitt Service Placement Test in

Assessing Sport Skill (1993). The steps in

implementing Hewitt Service Placement Test (1996)

are performed through the application procedures

described as follows:

1. Athletes stand on the right side of middle line

behind the baseline.

2. Each athlete has ten chances to hit the ball in

service area into the service target area which has

been lined or marked and provided with scores

within the service area.

3. Then, the serviced ball has to pass the net or the

rope installed above the net.

4. The ball that hit the rope or net has to be

repeated.

5. Following the provided example, students are

allowed to warm-up for 10 minutes on different

field.

2.4 Imagery Practice

Imagery is a technique which commonly used by

sport psychologist to help someone visualizes or

practices the mentality associated with the activities

that will be conducted. According to Vealey &

Greenleaf (1998) “Imagery may be defined as using

all the senses to recreate or create an experience in

the mind”. This definition means that imagery is the

utilization of the overall senses to design or embody

an experience in a mind.

2.5 Self Talk

According to Zinsser, Bunker, and Wiliams (in

Komarudin 2015) selftalk is a mental practice

program proposed by sport psychologists in aim to

regulate cognition, emotion, behavior, and

performance.

2.6 Anxiety

Anxiety can be defined as a subjective feeling over

fear and an increase in physical desire’ (Husdarta,

2014).

3 METHOD

3.1 Research Design

This research used experimental method by

implementing a study design namely 2x2 factorial as

an experimental research which consists of two

treatments and each treatment consists of two levels

or degrees by using pre and post test.

3.2 Research Subjects

In this research, the taken population is Tennis

athletes of Yogyakarta Special Region which

amounted to 35 athletes. The research sample was

20 male athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity

Unit.

It was located in Tennis Court of Universitas

Negeri Yogyakarta in which the training time of

each group was implemented at the same time

namely from July 10 to August 2 2018 for 8

meetings, 2 times a week.

The Effect of Psychological Training Method and Anxiety Level toward the Effectiveness of Flat Service of Male Athletes of UNY’s Tennis

Student Activity Unit

717

3.3 Instrument And Data Collecting

Technique

The data collection was done using questionnaire to

measure the anxiety level of athletes and to measure

the effectiveness of flat service of the athletes by

applying test instrument namely Hewitt Service

Placement Test in Assessing Sport Skill (1993). The

validity test employed product moment correlation

formula. The reliability test used Alpha Cronbach

formula. The instrument can be determined as

reliable if the coefficient of Alpha Cronbach is

greater than 0.6.

3.4 Data Analysis Technique

The data analysis technique employed two-way

ANOVA analysis.

4 RESULT

4.1 Descriptive Analysis

The data analysis results are presented as follows:

4.1.1 Data of Flat Service of the Group

Provided with Imagery Practice

The data of flat service of athlete group provided

with imagery practice consist of two namely pre-test

and post-test described as follows:

Pre-test Data of Flat Service of the Group is

provided with Imagery Practice

The measurement of the determination of the

pre-test score trend of flat service of the group

provided with imagery practice is presented as

follows.

Table 1: The Category of Pre-test of Flat Service of the

Group Provided with Imagery Practice

No Categor

F Percentage

1 Poo

4 40,0

2 Goo

6 60,0

Total 10 100,0

According to the table, it has been known that

the category of pre-test score trend of flat service of

the group provided with imagery practice is on good

category (60.0%).

Post-test Data of Flat Service of the Group

Provided with Imagery Practice

The measurement of the determination of the

post-test score trend of flat service of the group

provided with imagery practice is presented as

follows.

Table 2: The Category of Posttest of Flat Service of the

Group Provided with Imagery Practice

No Categor

F Percentage

1Poo

4 40,0

2Goo

6 60,0

Total 10 100,0

The category of post-test score trend of flat

service of the group provided with imagery practice

is on good category (60.0%).

4.1.2 The Data of Flat Service of the Group

Provided with Self Talk Practice

The data of flat service of athlete group provided

with self-talk practice consist of two namely pre-test

and post-test described as follows:

Pre-test Data of Flat Service of the Group

Provided with Self-Talk Practice

The measurement of the determination of the

pre-test score trend of flat service of the group

provided with self-talk practice is presented as

follows.

Tabel 3: The Category of Pretest of Flat Service of the

Group Provided with Selft Talk Practice

No Categor

F Percentage

1Poo

6 60,0

2Goo

4 40,0

Total 10 100,0

According to the table above, it has been known

that the category of pre-test score trend of flat

service of the group provided with self-talk practice

is on poor category (60.0%).

Post-test Data of Flat Service of the Group

provided with self-talk Practice

The measurement of the determination of the

post-test score trend of flat service of the group

provided with self-talk practice is presented as

follows.

Table 4: The Category of Posttest of Flat Service of the

Group Provided with Self Talk Practice

No Categor

F Percentage

1Poo

6 60,0

2Goo

4 40,0

Total 10 100,0

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

718

The category of post-test score trend of flat

service of the group provided with self-talk practice

is on poor category (60.0%).

4.2 Hypothesis Test

The hypothesis test in this research was performed

by using two-way anova analysis and paired t-test.

The explanation about the result of hypothesis test in

this research is as follows:

4.2.1 First Hypothesis Test

According to the result of data analysis by using

paired t-test, the result of hypothesis test has been

acquired as follows.

Table 5: The Result of Paired T-Test (The Effect of

Imagery Practice toward the Effectiveness of Flat Service)

Method

Flat

Service

Mean t-

count

Imagery

Practice

Pretest 18,90

8,710 0,000

Postest 39,40

The result of paired t-test on the variable of flat

service of the group provided with imagery practice

has indicated 8.710 of t

count

value and p =

0.000<0.05; thus H

can be rejected, therefore, it can

be concluded that there is an Effect of imagery

practice toward the effectiveness of flat service of

male athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity

Unit. In that order, the first hypothesis which states

that “There is an effect of imagery practice toward

the effectiveness of flat service of male athletes of

UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit” is accepted.

4.2.2 Second Hypothesis Test

According to the result of data analysis by using

paired t-test, the result of hypothesis test has been

acquired as follows.

Table 6: The Result of Paired T-Test (The Effect of Self-

Talk Practice toward the Effectiveness of Flat Service)

Method Flat

Service

Mean t-

Count

Self-Talk

Practice

Pre-test 19,10

17,391 0,000

Post-test 36,10

The result of paired t-test on the variable of flat

service of the group provided with self-talk practice

has indicated 17.391 of t

count

value and p =

0.000<0.05; thus H

can be rejected, therefore, it can

be concluded that there is an Effect of self-talk

practice toward the effectiveness of flat service of

male athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity

Unit. By that result, the second hypothesis which

states that “there is an Effect of self-talk practice

toward the effectiveness of flat service of male

athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit” is

accepted.

4.2.3 Third Hypothesis Test

According to the result of data analysis by using

two-way anova test, the result of hypothesis test has

been acquired as follows.

Table 7: The Result of Two-Way Anova Test

ariabel

Anxiety Mean F

count

p R Square

Flat

Service

High 16,1

5,003 0,038 0,217

Low 21,4

The two-way anova test has resulted in 5.003 of

count

value and p = 0.038<0.05; thus H

can be

rejected, therefore, it can be concluded that there is a

difference between athletes with high anxiety and

low anxiety on the effectiveness of flat service of

male athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity

Unit. By that result, the first hypothesis which states

that “There is a difference of Effect between athletes

with high anxiety and low anxiety toward the

effectiveness of flat service of male athletes of

UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit” is accepted.

The R

test on the variable of process skill has

resulted in 0.217 of R

value. This condition has

indicated that the effectiveness of flat service is

21.7% affected by the variables of high anxiety and

low anxiety while the rest 78.3% is affected by other

factors excluded in this research.

4.2.4 Fourth Hypothesis Test

According to the result of data analysis by using

two-way anova, the result of hypothesis test has

been acquired as follows.

Table 8: The Result of Two-Way Anova (The Interaction

between Psychological training and Anxiety Level toward

the Effectiveness of Flat Service)

Anxiety Method mean F

count

Square

High

Imagery

Practice

14,40

18,489 0,001 0,681

Self-Talk

Practice

17,80

Low

Imagery

Practice

26,60

Self-Talk

Practice

16,20

The Effect of Psychological Training Method and Anxiety Level toward the Effectiveness of Flat Service of Male Athletes of UNY’s Tennis

Student Activity Unit

719

The two-way anova test has resulted in 18.489 of

count

value and p = 0.001<0.05; thus H

can be

rejected, therefore, it can be concluded that there is

an interaction between psychological training

method and anxiety level toward the effectiveness of

flat service of male athletes of UNY’s Tennis

Student Activity Unit. By that result, the fourth

hypothesis which states that “There is an interaction

between psychology practice and anxiety level

toward the effectiveness of flat service of male

athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit” is

accepted.

The result of R

test on the variable of

psychological training method and anxiety level

toward the effectiveness of flat service has indicated

0.681 of R

value. This condition has indicated that

the effectiveness of flat service is 68.1% affected by

the psychological training method and anxiety level

while the rest 31.9% is affected by other factors

excluded in this study.

5 DISCUSSION

5.1 The Effect of Imagery Practice

toward the Effectiveness of Flat

Service of Male Athletes of UNY’s

Tennis Student Activity

The research result has indicated that there was an

Effect of imagery practice toward the effectiveness

of flat service of male athletes of UNY’s Tennis

Student Activity Unit. Imagery is a technique which

is commonly used by sport psychologists to help

someone visualizes or trains the mentality associated

with the activity which will be conducted. Holmes &

Collins (2001) expressed that at present, most of the

sport practitioners have used imagery mental

practice that illustrate the structured mental practice

technique to create the optimal sport performance.

Imagery is not limited to visualization alone but

also refers to kinesthetic, tactile, and smelling senses

in which all of them are potentially important

(Nurfadhila R, 2016). In imagery, various

experiences are acquired through five senses by

seeing, feeling, and hearing but in overall, those

experiences occur inside the brain. In this term,

athletes will create scenery in their brain associated

with what they would be doing. In the imagery

mental practice, visualization process will occur

such as the ability to see ourselves in the mind or the

eyes of the heart with full consciousness by recalling

the imagination that has been imagined during the

imagery process.

Imagery mental practice refers to the effort of

recreating or repeating the experience in mind,

namely recreating or repeating an experience in the

brain. The process is by recalling the information or

experience within the memory and reforming it into

an imagination of a meaningful motion pattern

(Komarudin, 2015). The aim of the imagery mental

practice is to produce sport experiences, therefore,

athletes will fell like they are really doing the sport

(Holmes & Collins, 2001).

Imagery practice is a psychological training that

needs to be mastered by Tennis athletes to help

reducing anxiety during the field and improving the

effectiveness of good flat service. Elite athletes are

mostly use imagery practice as a part of training and

match processes, this theory is emphasized by many

data which show that athletes used imagery mental

practice to make their performances better, not only

during the practice but also during the match.

Athletes will be able of using the imagery practice to

enhance their potentials especially in doing good

service move if that practice is conducted

systematically. This argument is emphasized with

what expressed by Evans, Jones, and Mullen in

(Komarudin, 2013) in which all athletes have

potential to enhance their imagery skills through

systematic practice.

The result of this research is supported the

previous study conducted by (Sukamto, 2013)

entitled as “Pengaruh latihan Imagery terhadap

Peningkatan Keterampilan Lay Up Shoot Permainan

Bola Basket Siswa Peserta Ekstrakulikuler Bola

Basket SMA N 1 Bantul”. The analysis results have

indicated that there were significant Effect of

imagery practice outcome on the experiment group.

5.2 The Effect among Athletes with

High Anxiety and Low Anxiety on

the Effectiveness of Flat Service of

Male Athletes of UNY’s Tennis

Student Activity Unit

The results of the research have indicated that there

was a difference of Effect between athletes with

high anxiety and low anxiety toward the

effectiveness of flat service of male athletes of

UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit.

According to Levitt as cited by (Husdarta, 2014),

“anxiety can be defined as an subjective feeling over

fear and an increase physical desire”. The kind of

anxiety during a match will cause an excessive

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

720

emotional stress that could disrupt the match and

influence the performance in which the achievement

wont be maximum as well.

Athletes who have anxiety will worry and panic,

thus, they will sometimes hard to concentrate.

Anxiety will obviously often even always be

experienced by athletes, the author has experienced

anxiety in following a match. The anxiety will surely

affect the performance of athletes due to uneasy

feeling. In addition, athletes who experience

excessive anxiety in facing a math will probably

trigger the emergence of health or behaviour

disorder, thus, the performance and confidence as

well as the concentration level will decrease.

The anxiety experienced by athletes cannot be

ignored because it can affect the outcome of flat

service’s effectiveness and the entire performance as

well. If an athlete has low level of anxiety, thus,

he/she will do a proper flat service and will not fail

the first service (flat service), therefore, she/he could

produce effective flat service that troubles the

opponent as well as gaining points. However, if the

athlete has high anxiety level, thus, the flat service

will be not optimal and does not produce good

effectiveness of flat service.

5.3 The Interaction between

Psychological Training and Anxiety

Level toward the Effectiveness of

Flat Service of Male Athletes of

UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit

The results of this research have indicated that there

was an interaction between psychological training

and anxiety level on the effectiveness of flat service

of male athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity

Unit.

Flat service is the service that produce straight-

up and strong ball toward the service box of the

opponent (Scharff R, 2001). Flat service is usually

done on the first service because this service is fast

and strong. The service shot technique is really

important for athletes to be able of dominating the

course of match and this shot technique does not

only become the opening shot but also the form of

first attack to gain points. Service is a hard-to-learn

shot, however, this shot can contribute on the

winning condition and beneficial during the game.

Service shot should be done as good as possible to

make the opponent experiences difficulty to receive

and return the ball, Therefore, it will ease the player

who conduct a service to gain points.

The results of this research have indicated that

the effectiveness of flat service on Tennis is

influenced by psychological training and anxiety

level. The optimal accomplishment of the practice

result can be achieved through a crucial role of a

coach. A coach who uses psychological training and

considering the mental of the athletes can help the

athletes to reach optimal outcomes in practice and

during the match. As revealed by (Harsono, 2015)

that the peak performance of athletes is 70%

influenced by mentality aspect and only 30% is

determined by other aspects, therefore, this

mentality aspect has to be managed in systematic

and planned manner.

The anxiety level could also affect the

effectiveness of flat service on Tennis. Higher

anxiety level experienced by athletes and the

inability of them to control it will lower the

effectiveness of flat service. However, if athletes can

control the anxiety experienced by them, thus, the

effectiveness of flat service can be achieved

maximally and can generate points. Thus,

psychological training method is required for the

Tennis athletes to be able of doing maximum and

good flat services. There are some psychological

training methods namely imagery and self-talk

trainings.

According to Weinberg & Gould in (Nurfadhila

R, 2016), imagery practice can be done before and

after the training, before and after the competition,

during off-season, during the match, during the

private time including during the time in house or

other places. Tennis athletes can adopt internal focus

with imagery practice in couple of minutes by

imagining and feeling the positions of feet, hand

movement during hitting, putting attention to the

tossed ball and during the shot, the position of racket

and the power that will be spend to produce speed

and accuracy, thus, the effectiveness of the flat

service will be good, then, the external focus when

the ball has been hit and entered the service box of

the opponent area.

Tennis athletes should also do self-talk when

they about to conduct the first service i.e. flat service

to make them confidence of how the flat service will

be hit. Athletes can say to themselves “ I can do flat

service”, “service flat in”, or “do flat service

properly”. This effort can strengthen the

commitment of the athletes, and as the motivation of

athletes to be able of performing the flat service

properly. More positive words we said to ourselves

will improve the outcome we desired.

It can be concluded that by implementing both

psychological trainings which include imagery and

The Effect of Psychological Training Method and Anxiety Level toward the Effectiveness of Flat Service of Male Athletes of UNY’s Tennis

Student Activity Unit

721

self-talk, anxiety can be reduced and the

effectiveness of flat services of athletes can be

improved. The psychological training helps athletes

to be able to do technical skills properly. In addition,

imagery and self-talk practices could reduce the

anxiety level on the effectiveness of flat service of

male athletes of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity

Unit.

6 CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion

There was an Effect of imagery practice on the

effectiveness of flat service of male athletes of

UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit. This result is

proved with 8.710 of t

count

value and p = 0.000<0.05.

There was an Effect of self-talk practice toward

the effectiveness of flat service of male athletes of

UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit. This result is

proved with 17.391 of t

count

value and p =

0.000<0.05.

There was a difference of Effect between athletes

with high anxiety and low anxiety toward the

effectiveness of flat service of male athletes of

UNY’s Tennis Student Activity Unit. This result is

evidenced with 5.003 of F

count

value and p =

0.038<0.05. The mean value of flat service of athlete

group with high anxiety was 16.10 and the mean of

flat service of athlete group with low anxiety was

21.40. These mean values have indicated that the

mean of flat service of athlete group with low

anxiety is better compared to flat service of athlete

group with high anxiety.

There was an interaction between psychological

trainings and anxiety level on the effectiveness of

flat service of male athletes of UNY’s Tennis

Student Activity Unit. This result is proved with

18.489 of F

count

value and p = 0.001<0.05.

6.2 Recommendation

1) The coaches of UNY’s Tennis Student Activity

Unit are expected to be able of implementing

imagery practice method to provide positive Effect

in decreasing anxiety and improving the

effectiveness of proper flat service, therefore, the

athletes can manage their mentality in proper

manner during the course of the match; 2) The

addition of time frequency is required in

implementing psychological training methods by

frequently using it during the training, therefore, the

objectives in match to acquire good flat services and

producing high points can be realized; 3) The

athletes have to always try managing their anxiety

levels during the course of Tennis match to create

good flat service, thus, the shot that makes it

difficult to be received by the opponent and faster

points can be produced.

REFERENCES

Cox, R.H. 2002. Sport Psycchology: concepts and

applications. Cahmpaign: McGraw Hills. Hunt

Publishing Company.

Gunarsa, S.D. 2008. Psikologi Olahraga Prestasi. PT

BPK Gunung Mulia. Jakarta.

Harsono. 2015. Periodisasi Program Pelatihan. PT.

Remaja Rosdakarya. Bandung.

Husdarta. 2014. Psikologi Olahraga. Penerbit Alfabeta.

Bandung.

Hojjati, A. 2014. Comparison ability of movement

imagery perspectives in elite, sub-elite and non-elite

athletes. International research journal of applied and

basic sciences. Vol, 8 (6): 712-716.

Holmes, P.S., & Collins, D.J. 2001. The PETTLEP

approach to motor imagery: a functional equivalence

model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied

Sport Psychologiy. 60-83. PP. 1041-3200

Komarudin. 2014. Psikologi Olahraga. PT Remaja

Rosdakarya. Bandung.

Komarudin. 2015. Psikologi Olahraga: Latihan

Keterampilan Mental Dalam Olahraga Kompetitif. PT

Remaja Rosdakarya. Bandung.

Loman, Lucas. 2008. Petunjuk Praktis Bermain Tenis.

Angkasa. Bandung.

Nurfadhila, R. 2016. Pengaruh Latihan Imagery dan

Koordinasi Terhadap Keterampilan Forehand Drive

Petenis Pemula. Jurnal Keolahragaan, 4 (2) p. 196-

206.https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jolahraga/articl

e/view/10898/8529.https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v4i2.10

898

Schraff, Robert. 2001. Bimbingan Main Tenis Cepat dan

Mudah. Mutiara. Jakarta.

Strand, Bradford N. & Wilson, Rolayne. 1993. Assessing

Sport Skills. United States of America: Human

Kinetics Publishers.

Sukadiyanto. 1996. Permainan Tenis Salah Satu Whaan

Membina Remaja Untuk Beprestasi dan

Berkepribadian. Cakrawala Pendidikan (No.3. Th. XV,

November). Lembaga Pengabdian Kepada

Masyarakat. IKIP Yogyakarta.

Sukamto. (2013). Pengaruh latihan Imagery terhadap

Peningkatan Keterampilan Lay up Shoot Permainan

Bola Basket Siswa Peserta Ekstrakulikuler Bola

Basket SMA N 1 Bantul. Skripsi. UNY.

Vealey, R, & Greenleaf, C. 1998. Seeing is believing:

Understanding and using imagery in sport. Applied

Sport Psychology: Personal growth to peak

performance (2nd ed).pp. 220-224).

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

722

Weinberg, Robert S. & Gould, Daniel. 2011.5th ed.

Foundation of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Illinois.

United States: Human Kinetics.

The Effect of Psychological Training Method and Anxiety Level toward the Effectiveness of Flat Service of Male Athletes of UNY’s Tennis

Student Activity Unit

723