Content Validity with Aiken's V for Pencak Silat Talent

Identification Test

Awan Hariono

, Budi Aryanto

and Cukup Pahalawidi

Faculty of Sport Sciences, Yogyakarta State University, Colombo Street No.1, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Talent Identification Test, Pencak Silat.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop a talent identification test for pencak silat. Content validity is used to

test the instrument. The testing was done by using professional judgment by involving experts in the field of

learning and pencak silat training. The analytical technique used is the validity coefficient of Aiken (V) to

determine the relevance of each content of the test. This study used nine experts with the assessment scale

ranging from 1 to 4 with criterion 1(irrelevant), 2 (less relevant), 3 (relevant), and 4 (very relevant). There are

sixteen test items from the test that are assessed by the experts. The value of validity coefficient of Aiken’s V

for the pencak silat talent identification test was 0.82 to 0.89.

1 INTRODUCTION

The sports coaching system in Indonesia is depicted

in a sports building that places the coaching of

potential and early childhood talents as the main

foundation. Further coaching is carried out in a

systematic, tiered and sustainable manner so as to

achieve high performance. Early childhood

development is carried out by fostering potential and

talent as the main foundation. The next guidance is

done continuously. Each stage reaches a higher level

so it is expected to achieve high performance in the

end.

The target of talent development of potential

national athlete is potential athlete. It is defined as a

candidate for athletes who are proven scientifically

and factually who have prospects to be developed to

achieve international achievement through tiered and

sustainable coaching. The principle of coaching is

based on the principle of long-term athlete coaching.

The parameter of successful talent development of

national flagship athlete candidate is the

identification of talent candidates of national flagship

athlete.

The scope of the development of top national

athletes aspiring talent involves scientific and

systematic effort to condition and empower

prospective talented athletes in order to qualify as the

top national athletes. Developing talent of athlete

candidates from an early age should systematically

use science and technology approach to science.

To be able to exercise maximal needs to be

supported by many factors, including the main factor

which is talent. Success in sports (especially teams) is

the result of a complex interaction of various

variables, therefore becoming a champion is unlikely

to neglect one of these aspects, namely individual

talent (McGregor, 2008). Within the sports

perspective, there are two assumptions used in

assessing sports giftedness, namely: (1) in a given

population, there will be at most 15% of individuals

who have talent in sports, the rest are less talented, (2)

all members or individuals in a population actually

has talent, it's just that not all individuals have enough

accurate information about their potential to certain

sports branches.

The study of the development of sports

technology has an impact on the achievement sports

development system, especially on predictions in

terms of physical and physiological abilities that can

be prepared early on for potential athletes. Physical

abilities and physiological functions can be predicted

according to the science of motion development and

movement learning and physiology. The studies of

science that support the candidates can be prepared as

potential athlete as early as possible effectively and

efficiently.

Observations in various international sports

competitions indicate that certain athletes are suitable

for certain sports. It has the necessary psychological

756

Hariono, A., Aryanto, B. and Pahalawidi, C.

Content Validity with Aiken’s V for Pencak Silat Talent Identiﬁcation Test.

DOI: 10.5220/0009895107560759

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 756-759

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

and mental characteristics. It has a reliable physical

potential. It has good technical skills and tactics. It

has experience in various competitions that can

achieve high achievement. This kind of sports

achievement will be achieved by developing

prerequisite aspects of childhood and youth. Athlete

can reach the peak of achievement, if he starts

practicing for sports that have been guided by talent

from the start and supported by the capacity of good

public sports performance (Furqon, 2002). This

suggests that the presence or appearance of elite

athletes is always closely linked to prospective

athletes who have more ability that can underlie

related sports skills.

In an achievement sports coaching system, an

athlete recruitment is an important step to ensure the

optimal performance. The recruitment system is the

beginning of the sport coaching plan of achievement.

In a recruitment system, there are stages of selection

and determination of candidate athletes who meet all

the requirements and criteria that have been

determined. Talent scouting efforts for prospective

athletes in Indonesia have not been maximized.

Adequate human capital has not been fully utilized in

sports performance enhancement. With the number of

human resources, many assumed that a lot of seeds

are also buried in it. There needs to be an effort to find

these superior seeds. Early identification and talent

development programs should be implemented to

create opportunities through existing sports,

especially those that support prioritized sports

attractiveness. With these efforts for children and

teenagers who have a hidden sporting talent, it gets

the opportunity to be developed so as to achieve the

highest achievement.

2 METHODS

Nine experts in the field of learning and pencak silat

training become validators to validate the talent

identification test of pencak silat sports. The nine

experts assess or validate the draft of the talent

identification test of pencak silat sports using a scale

of 1-4 from Likert. Assessment is carried out on the

sixteenth item of the talent identification test of

pencak silat. The sixteen grains are divided into 3

main factors: (1) anthropometric measurement

factors, (2) physical or biomotor measurement

factors, and (3) basic motion in pencak silat factors.

Validation was done using analytical techniques

from Aiken (V) (1985). Aiken uses the calculation

formula V = S / [n (c-1)], where V is the value of the

validity coefficient of Aiken. S is the value of the

rating scale minus 1. n is the number of assessors or

experts used in the validation. c is the highest score in

the rating scale.

Below is table 1, the table value of the validity

coefficient should be compared with the value of the

calculated coefficient of validity. If so, the calculated

coefficient of validity value is higher than the value

of the table validity coefficient of Aiken then the item

is declared valid.

Table 1: Table of validity coefficient values from

Aiken (Aiken, 1985).

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Talent can be described as potential in a field in

superior quality. With this level of superior quality is

expected to have a great opportunity to achieve high

achievement and prominence in the field. Giftedness

has a sense with the term talent. Gifted and giftedness

means that there is one or more advantages in a person

that makes the person show the advantages of being

different from others. Having superior potential is

expected to have a great opportunity to achieve high

achievement and prominence in the field. The

manifestation of giftedness is in the form of high

Content Validity with Aiken’s V for Pencak Silat Talent Identiﬁcation Test

757

achievement, therefore talent can also be understood

to have a high chance of achieving high achievement.

Gifted children are children who are able to

achieve high achievement because they have superior

abilities. These abilities both potential and tangible

including general intellectual abilities, special

academic abilities, creative-productive thinking

skills, leadership abilities, abilities in one field of art,

and psychomotor abilities. From the above

description, gifted children can be defined as those

who potentially have the ability to achieve high

achievement in a particular field (Munandar U,1982).

Sports talent has an understanding of the potential

that someone has for high achievement in certain

sports activities or branches. Giftedness in sports

includes special elements consisting of: (a) special

sports abilities. (b) sports-specific creativity; and (c)

specific attachments to the task. Sports talent is a

special ability that appears from certain components

that athletes must possess in order to perform

optimally. Talented athletes are those who have

special potential to be able to thrive in supporting the

success in sports. The special abilities possessed have

been formed and can be realized through appropriate

coaching. Special abilities in the concept of sports

talent are related to the internal factors of the athlete.

The results of the Cratty study, explaining that the

internal factors of athletes that support giftedness are:

(a) biological structural factors. (b) social factors. (c)

physiological factors. and (d) psychological factors

(Gunarso, S. D. (1992).

Mastery of sports skills occurs through the

learning process. Sooner or later the process of

mastery skills is a central theme in sports talent.

Giftedness is identical to learning characteristics and

learning abilities. Gifted children are those who have

the ability to learn quickly in a particular field. The

success of a child to achieve a prominent achievement

is determined by his intellectual ability, the level of

knowledge he has, and the level of skill he has

mastered to apply the knowledge he has in the field

of sports he pursues. There are questions that arise. It

can be predictable potential of children today to be a

benchmark for the achievement of high achievements

that can be achieved later in adulthood? From these

questions it is necessary to find a set of tools to find

gifted children who can measure the future heights in

the future with a high probability.

Identification of sports talent is an attempt made

to estimate the chances of talented athletes in sports

achievement, to be successful in undergoing training

programs so as to achieve peak performance

(Soegiyono, 2000). There are various formulations of

sports talent scouting purposes that have been written

by experts, especially by practitioners whose daily

lives that have been in the world of sports talent

identification. Sporting talent as a potential possessed

by a person to excel in certain sports activities or

branches. The purpose of sports talent identification,

according to him, emphasizes the identification of

sports talent, with reference to the suitability of

potential and interest of athletes (Gunarsa S.D,1992).

Formulation of other sports talent identification

objectives expressed in the national forum of the

Indonesian sports scholar association that is the

identification of sports talent aims to predict with

high probability, about how much a person's chances

to successfully achieve maximum performance.

Prediction is taken by looking at indicators of

giftedness: (a) achievement or performance that has

been achieved atltet. (b) the tempo of achievement

improvement. (c) the level of stability in the

improvement of achievement; (d) the tolerance of the

training load. (e) have a positive intrinsic motivation.

The emphasis of sports talent identification objectives

in the formula lies in the effort to predict athletes'

odds on the basis of sporting indicators of sports

athletes have (Harsono, 2002).

Some principles of sports talent identification can

be used as a guide for the process of talent scouting.

The principle of talent identification needs to be

elaborated and understood, so that each step of the

talent identification process can reach its destination.

Principles of talent incorporation which include: (a)

conducting a complete analysis of the physical and

mental condition of the athlete. (b) performing

selection based on key determinant factors including:

anthropometric characteristics, such as height and

relation to certain physical parameters; several

physical abilities such as speed, endurance,

coordination, and ability to play. (c) conducting

evaluation and selection based on data: children's

attitudes toward sports, children's participation in

sporting activities, and the benefits and characteristics

of children's sports achievements (Harsono, 2002).

Achievement sports require a special biological

profile by understanding the features of biomotor

capabilities and strong psychological characteristics.

The main criteria in talent identification include:

health, biomotoric quality, heredity, and supported by

sports facilities, climate and expert availability

(Bompa, 1990). In line with that opinion,

identification of sports talent include: (a) biological

aspects including the body's basic potential or ability,

organ function, and posture and body structure. (b)

the psychological aspect which includes intellectual,

motivational, personality, and nerve work. (c) age

which includes chronological age and age

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

758

psychologically. (d) offspring. and (e) environmental

aspects (Furqon, 2002).

The success of the talent development program is

the support that provides the right assistance and

encouragement to all individuals who are at all levels

of coaching. The development of talent of national

athlete candidates is done with the application of

science and technology in sports science field.

Furthermore, to realize a good talent development

environment must have a steady coaching system.

Some important aspects for talent development,

namely: (a) the mechanism of steps that can be

managed clearly, this mechanism must be understood

by trainers, athletes, administrators, and the

government. (b) adequate quality and number of

trainers. (c) adequate organizational and financial

support. (d) availability of facilities for training and

competitions. and (e) utilization of sports science

support.

In line with the aspect of sports talent

development, there are 5 important in initiating the

development of sports talent, namely: (a) preliminary

study. (b) planning. (c) evaluation and. (d) learning

(Mc. Elroy,1986). One's talent in sports is an ability

that is related to one's attitude and shape.

Implementation of talent identification can be done

with the following steps as follows:

a. Conducting a complete analysis of physical and

mental conditions in accordance with the

characteristics of the sport,

b. Conducting general and special selection using

instruments of the sport concerned,

c. Performing selection based on anthropometric

characteristics and physical abilities, and adapted

to the phases of physical development.

d. Evaluating based on comprehensive data with

attention to every child on the sport in the water

and out of school.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The value of the Aiken V validity coefficient for test

identification for the lowest pencak silat branch is

0.82 and the highest is 0.89. A form of talent

identification test is obtained as follows:

1. Anthropometry

a. Height

b. Height in sit down position

c. Weight

d. Arm Range

2. Psychomotor

a. Sit and Reach

b. Standing broad jump

c. Sprint 30m

d. Throw and catch tennis ball

e. Throw basketball ball

f. Shuttle run

g. Multistage run (Bleep test)

3. Basic motion in pencak silat

a. Punching

b. Kicking

REFERENCES

Aiken, Lewis., 1985. Three Coefficients for Analyzing the

Reliability and Validity of Ratings. Journal

Educational and Psychological Measurement. Page 45.

Bompa, Tudor O., 1990. Theory and Metodology of

Training. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/ Hunt Publishing

Company.

Furqon H., 2006. Analisis Kebutuhan Fisik Cabang

Olahraga dan Implikasi Program Latihan: UNS,

Seminar Investasi Ilmiah dalam Kepelatihan Olahraga

22 Juli 2006. Solo.

Gunarso S.D., .1992. Psikologi Olahraga. Gunung Mulia.

Jakarta.

Harsono., 2002. Pola Sistem Pembinaan Olahragawan

Berbakat. Makalah. TOT Pelatih Madya. Jakarta.

Mc Elroy A Keit., 1986. Talent Develoment In Australian

Sport. The Sport Ministers’ Council.

McGregor, Brad., 2008. Advanced Athlete Testing And

Evaluation The Use Of Gene-Based Technologies For

Talent Identification In High-Performance Sport,

Bond: Bond University.

Munandar U., et al., 1982. Anak-anak Berbakat Pembinaan

dan Pendidikannya. CV Rajawali. Jakarta.

Soegiyono., 1994. Proyek Pembinaan Prestasi Olahraga

Garuda Emas Menuju Tahun 2000. IKIP. Semarang.

Content Validity with Aiken’s V for Pencak Silat Talent Identiﬁcation Test

759