Proposal of New Sports Video Expression using 8K Video by

Simultaneous Analysis of Four Players

Takuya Sarugaku

1,*

, Kanji Kitahama

2,†

and Mitsuho Yamada

1,‡

Graduate School of Inf. and Telecom. Eng., Tokai University, Minato, Tokyo, Japan

Liberal Arts Education Center, Tokai University, Minato, Tokyo, Japan

Keywords: 8K, Sports, Wireless Eye Movement Measurement Device.

Abstract: With the start of 4K and 8K broadcasting from December 2018, ultra-high-definition video is becoming more

familiar. In addition, international sporting events such as the Olympic Games are drawing more attention to

sports. For this reason, the technology for sports video expression, such as free-viewpoint video, has been

developed. In this paper, we propose the simultaneous measurement of four units using the wireless eye

movement measurement device we developed and a new video expression method for sports that

simultaneously displays the line of sight and movement of the athlete. In addition, experiments in dance,

badminton singles and indiaca were conducted as a preliminary experiment. In the dance experiment, we

evaluated the accuracy of the eye movement measurement device before and after the high-speed rotation of

a dance expert. By analyzing eye movements and body motions, we successfully measured a technique called

spotting, which is used by dancers to suppress dizziness. We found that the gaze movement of badminton and

indiaca players leads the shuttle, instead of following it. In badminton doubles, four players were

simultaneously measured and analyzed using 8K resolution. By simultaneously measuring the gaze of the

four players, we were able to identify their tactics.

1 INTRODUCTION

The 4K and 8K broadcasts began in December 2018.

With the widespread use of video cameras with 4K

resolution, ultra-high-definition images are becoming

more and more familiar (Ministry of Internal Affairs

and Communications, n.d., Nojiri, 2007). In response

to this, there is a need for video editing technology

and video content management that utilizes ultra-high

definition video resolution. In addition, international

sporting events such as the Olympics have increased

the attention to sports. For these reasons, various

video expression technologies have been developed.

Canon made headlines at the 2019 Rugby World Cup

by providing free-viewpoint video (Canon Global,

2019). KDDI has succeeded in real-time delivery of

free-viewpoint video at the stadium using a 5G-

enabled tablet (KDDI,2018). Due to the influence of

COVID-19, the opening of Nippon Professional

Baseball (NPB) in 2020 has been delayed and the

games have been played without spectators. A VR

https://www.u-tokai.ac.jp/english/academics/graduate/information_and_telecommunication_engineering.html

†

https://www.u-tokai.ac.jp/staff/detail/MDgwMDcw/MjA2MTU4

‡

http://eyemove.g1.xrea.com/yamadalab_ENG.htm

platform application that delivers a VR image of a

baseball game is provided as a new way to watch a

baseball game (Softbank, 2019). Spectators can use

VR goggles to watch a realistic baseball game from

the comfort of their own home. Thus, new contents

for enjoying sports have been developed using

various technologies.

In Japan, facilities such as the National Training

Center have been established to train athletes who are

active in international competitions (Japanese

Olympic Committee[1], n.d.). Adjacent to the

National Training Center is the Japan Institute of

Sports Sciences (JISS) (Japanese Olympic

Committee[2], n.d.). Sports science — which

includes analyses of top athletes’ performance —

contributes to more efficient training of athletes, and

many studies have been conducted at the JISS and

elsewhere. Such research has also been active abroad,

and in the U.S., Major League Baseball (MLB) has

introduced a data analysis tool called Statcast to

perform highly accurate analyses of players and ball

Sarugaku, T., Kitahama, K. and Yamada, M.

Proposal of New Sports Video Expression using 8K Video by Simultaneous Analysis of Four Players.

DOI: 10.5220/0010172200530063

In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2020), pages 53-63

ISBN: 978-989-758-481-7

movements (MLB[1], n.d.). Each MLB team has

begun to use data obtained by Statcast, and an index

called the “barrel”, which increases the probability of

batters hitting home runs, has been implemented,

resulting in increased numbers of home runs (MLB[2],

n.d.). Thus, in the world of professional sports,

various uses of science and technology have

improved the performance of athletes in several

different sports.

There are various approaches to sports science,

including the measurement of athletes’ eye

movements, which has been demonstrated to be

useful for analyzing the performance of top-ranked

and other athletes.

Many sports science experiments using eye

movements have been conducted (Hüttermann, 2018).

Experiments have been conducted with the aim of

elucidating the role of head, eye and arm movements

during table tennis competitions (Rodrigues, 2002).

However, the eye movement measurement device

used in this experiment requires a wired connection

between the device worn on the subject and an

externally installed device. In addition, the study by

Greg Wood et al. describes the eye movement and

shooting strategy in soccer penalty kicks (Wood,

2010). The eye movement measurement device used

in this study was linked to a PC via a 10m firewire

cable from a recording device in a pouch wrapped

around the waist, so it was not possible to measure in

a completely free state. One study by Natsuhara et al.

(Natsuhara,2015), measured the eye movements of

athletes watching competition videos. As in these

examples, few studies have measured eye movements

in a state where athletes are free to compete.

We have developed a new technology for sports

video expression using ultra-high definition images.

In this paper, we describe four simultaneous

measurements using our wireless eye movement

measurement device and propose a method for editing

8K video content that displays the gaze and

movement of an athlete simultaneously.

2 WIRELESS EYE MOVEMENT

MEASUREMENT DEVICE

In order to solve the constraint, we have developed a

wireless eye movement measurement device that

adds wireless calibration, offset and measurement

start/end to the eye movement measurement device.

Fig.1 shows the configuration of the eye

movement measurement device, and a person

wearing the device is shown in Fig.2. A video

transmitter and external control system with a mouse

were added to a TalkEye Lite system (Takei Science

Instruments Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan) which used

corneal reflection method. The experimenter can

control recording start, stop, offset of the line of sight,

etc. with a Bluetooth mouse by watching a display

transmitted wirelessly. Each device is shown in Fig.3.

Two devices can be used at the same time.

Experimental data is recorded in the TalkEye Lite.

Therefore, the wireless delay does not directly affect

the system. The device can be fixed to the head with

a hook and loop fastener, so that eye movement

sensors do not slip off during exercise. Fig.4 shows

the operation screens displayed on the external

display: (a) is the eye movement calibration screen,

(b) is an offset button for correcting the displacement

of gaze movement when the subject gazes at the

center of the field of view before the experiment, and

possible wirelessly when the athlete carries the eye

movement measuring equipment in a backpack. It is

possible to measure the gaze movement of two

athletes by radio simultaneously. The transmission

distance of video in the room is 19.7m, and the

distance at which the TalkEye Lite can be controlled

is 43m. In addition, the weight of this device is 1.3kg.

The size of the goggles with eye movement sensors

and a field of view camera is 19 cm in length, 21 cm

in width, and 9 cm in height.

Figure 1: Configuration of the developed device.

Figure 2: A person wearing the device (the eye movement

measuring device is in the backpack).

icSPORTS 2020 - 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

Figure 3: The devices comprising a wireless eye movement

measurement device.

Figure 4: The operation screen to be displayed on the

external display.

3 DEVICE ACCURACY

EXPERIMENT

In this section, we describe the dance experiments

that were carried out using this device. These

experiments were conducted with one dance expert as

the subject. All test subjects in this study were

properly informed about the experimental procedures

and measurement protocols, and have provided their

written consent to their involvement. Ethical approval

for the study was granted by the Tokai University

Ethics Committee on “Research on People.”

The experiment was conducted in the 4K studio

on the Takanawa campus of Tokai University. Figs. 5

and 6 show the positions of the dancer and four

cameras during the experiment. The dancer wore a

wireless eye movement measurement device, and a

five-point calibration was performed using the

fixation points shown in Fig. 7. We had the dancer

perform two high-speed turns and compared eye

movement accuracy before and after the turns. Five-

point calibration was applied, as shown in Fig.7.

Standard deviation of the gazing points when gazing

at the calibration points before and after two high-

speed turns are shown in Fig.8. Accuracy before

turning was x: -0.82±0.64

degrees

, y: -0.72±0.69

degrees

, and that after turning was x: 0.92±0.87

degrees

, y: -1.71±1.75

degrees.

Considering that the of

the fovea, which has the highest resolution on the

retina, is about 1 degree, it was confirmed that eye

movement accuracy barely changes at all with high-

speed turns.

Eye movements were measured during rotation

and video cameras were used to capture body motions.

Figs. 9 and 10 show the rotation angles and rotation

velocities, respectively, of the head, body, and right

eye during 11 trials. The vertical axis represents the

rotation angle (Fig. 9) and the rotation velocity (Fig.

10), and the horizontal axis represents time, expressed

as the number of frames. Eye movements were not

measured between Frames 12 and 16 because the

subject was blinking. Fig.9 shows that the dancer

rotates only the body at first, and when the body

rotation angle exceeds 50 to 90 degrees, the head is

then also rapidly rotated. The head overtakes the

angle of rotation of the body by the time the body

makes a half turn, and the dancer blinks at that time.

This indicates that the dancer is rotating his head at

high speed. At this time, the velocity of the head

rotation angle reached a high speed of over 1900

deg/sec. Focusing on eye movement, the eye rotation

angle gradually rotates counter-clockwise from 0 deg.

However, after the dancer blinks, it gradually returns

to the front from the position to which it had rotated

greatly to the right. It is thought that this series of

movements comes about because the dancer is trying

to gaze at a point in front of him. In fact, when asked

after the experiment, the dancer stated that he was

conscious of looking straight ahead. In general, when

a person sitting in a swivel chair rotates, the

vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is activated and

dizziness may occur. However, dancers keep their

eyes on a specific point during rotation to stabilize

their posture without dizziness. (Dehesdin, 2014,

Kheradmand, 2016, Letzter, 2018) This behavior is

called spotting. The above-mentioned experimental

results are considered to support them. In exercises

that involve rotation, such as figure skating and

various types of dance, training in spotting is

provided. However, to the best of our knowledge,

there have been no reports on the measurement of eye

movements during rotation, and we believe that this

will provide an effective means of skills analysis in

the performance of sports that involve rotation.

Proposal of New Sports Video Expression using 8K Video by Simultaneous Analysis of Four Players

Figure 5: Arrangement of the equipment and players from

top.

Figure 6: Arrangement of the equipment and players from

side.

Figure 7: Fixation points for five points calibration.

Figure 8: Standard deviation of eye movements during

gazing at each fixation point.

Figure 9: Angle of gaze, head, body (11 trials).

Figure 10: Velocity of gaze, head, and body rotation angle

(11 trials).

4 PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENT

We conducted a preliminary experiment on the line

of sight during singles badminton competition.

Subjects are students of the Tokai University

Takanawa Campus Badminton Club. They have been

playing badminton since junior high school or high

school. The experiment was conducted at the

gymnasium on the Takanawa campus. This time, we

asked them to rally on the half-court, acquired their

eye movements during the competition, and shot the

competition with two high-definition cameras. Fig.

11 is a photograph during the competition. Fig. 12

shows the positions of the players and two cameras

during the competition.

icSPORTS 2020 - 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

Figure 11: A photo during a badminton preliminary

experiment.

Figure 12: Arrangement of the equipment and

players(singles).

5 RESULT OF PRELIMINARY

EXPERIMENT

After the experiment, the images of two player’s

visual field camera attached to the goggles of the eye

movement sensor and the image of two high-

definition cameras were combined at 4K resolution.

An example of the edited video frames is shown in

Fig.13. In this scene, the line of sight is displayed in

blue while both players are watching the shuttle. The

upper left shows the line of sight of Player A, the

lower left shows the movement during his play, the

upper right shows the line of sight of Player B, and

the lower right shows the movement during his play.

As can be seen from Fig.13, the image is divided into

four sections each image maintaining the resolution

of 2K because it is edited in 4K. That is, by using the

4K resolution, the line of sight and movement of each

subject can be analyzed in time series while

maintaining the high resolution.

Fig.14 is a time series analysis of the line of sight

and movement of Player B. This scene is where

Player B hit the Player A shuttle high. It took 1.97

seconds for this scene. First, the line of sight of Player

B on the right side of Fig.14 will be described. Player

B is gazing at a shuttle ① through ④ that were

launched higher by himself. 1.13 seconds after the hit

shuttle ; the shuttle reached the highest point, Player

B's line of sight precedes the shuttle (⑤) and moves

to the opponent player (⑥). Player B looked at Player

A for 0.7 seconds. After Player B hit the shuttle to

Player A, it is probable that Player B quickly moved

his gaze direction to Player A to predict the next shot.

Next, we analyze the movement of the player B's

body. Compared to the posture when Player B hit the

shuttle in(①), he started lowering his posture in (④),

and when he gazed at the opponent in ( ⑥ ), he

dropped his waist to prepare for the shot of the

opponent. This posture which dropped waist is called

a power position and is a basic posture to prepare for

an attack by the opponent. It is said that a player can

move quickly from the stationary posture in any

directions by keeping the power position. By

analyzing the player's line of sight and movement at

the same time as in this example, it was possible not

only to measure eye movement when following the

shuttle but also to observe the line of sight to the

opponent player in advance and to observe the power

position to prepare for the counterattack of the

opponent player at the same time. Taking advantage

of this experience, we challenged an experiment to

wirelessly capture the line-of-sight and body

movements of four doubles players at the same time.

Figure 13: Example of edited 4K video.

Proposal of New Sports Video Expression using 8K Video by Simultaneous Analysis of Four Players

Figure 14: Player B's gaze and movement.

6 EXPERIMENT OF INDIACA

We conducted an experiment for the volleyball-like

sport known as Indiaca, in which the player hits a

shuttle called the Indiaca shuttle with a hand. Each of

the two teams has four players, and the court is the

same size as a badminton doubles court. Fig.15 shows

the Indiaca shuttle. The Indiaca shuttle has feathered

wings, and thus the speed of the shuttle's movements

is moderated and anyone can enjoy playing regardless

of their age or gender. Since Indiaca can be enjoyed

by the elderly, it is attracting attention as a 'lifelong'

sport. In addition, Indiaca world championships and

World Cups have been held.

In the present study, the players were nine

individuals who had participated in a practice session

sponsored by the Japan Indiaca Association. In this

experiment, not only the athletes' but also the referee's

eye movements were measured. The referee is a

veteran player who is also a director of the Japan

Indiaca Association. The experiment was conducted

in the arena of the Tokai University Takanawa

Campus. Fig.16 shows the positions of the athletes

and equipment and the range of use of the court

during the experiment.

Figure 15: Indiaca shuttle.

Figure 16: Placement of the players and devices.

7 RESULT OF INDIACA

After the experiment, we synthesized the line of sight

data measured by the eye movement measuring

device and the images obtained with the visual field

cameras. We will describe the characteristic lines of

sight of the players and the referee.

7.1 Player

We will first describe the line of sight of a player.

Fig.17 shows the line of sight of a player who hits a

icSPORTS 2020 - 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

serve. As shown in panel ①, the player is watching

the shuttle before he hits, and in ②, he is watching

the hit point of the serve. In ③, the shuttle is in the

process of being launched toward the top of the

parabola, and the players' points of view are moving

to follow the shuttle's trajectory. In ④, the shuttle is

at the apex of the parabola, and the serving player

keeps watching the shuttle. Panel ⑤ is the time point

at which the shuttle begins to fall. You can see that

the player's line of sight is on his opponent player at

the drop point faster than the shuttle falls. In panel ⑥

, the opponent player tries to hit the shuttle back, and

player whose eye movements are being measured

watching that player.

7.2 Referee

We next describe the referee's line of sight. Fig.18

shows the scene where the team on the right side of

the referee hits the serve. In panel ①, in which the

server has the Indiaca shuttle, the referee is gazing at

the server. At ②, the referee's line of sight was tracing

the shuttle immediately after the serve was hit. He

keeps his eyes on the shuttle until ③, just before the

apex, but his gaze has shifted from ④ to the receiver

player ahead of him, and his gaze remains stationary

until the receiver player at ⑥ hits the shuttle. Indiaca

is a sport played with four players on two teams, and

it can be seen that the referee has determined which

player the shuttle is heading for before the shuttle

reaches the top of the serve.

In the 'smash' scene, we were able to measure the

line of sight peculiar to the referee. Fig.19 shows the

referee's line of sight during the smash. First, in ①,

the team on the left side of the referee are trying to

raise the toss from the player in the yellow circle to

the player in the red circle. At this point, the referee

has shifted his line of sight that was following the

shuttle until immediately before to the player tossed.

This is thought to be to confirm who can take this toss.

After that, in ②, the referee's line of sight is moving

to trace the raised toss. In ③, the shuttle approaches

the apex of the parabola and the referee's line of sight

moves ahead of the shuttle, but the destination is not

the player who hits the smash, the player who blocks

the smash. In ④, it can be seen that the red-circled

player is in a position to hit the smash, but the referee

is watching the net and checking whether the block

player touches the net.

Figure 17: Player's line of sight (serve).

Proposal of New Sports Video Expression using 8K Video by Simultaneous Analysis of Four Players

Figure 18: Referee's line of sight (serve).

Figure 19: Referee's line of sight (smash).

8 EXPERIMENT OF DOUBLES

BADMINTON

In this study, an experiment was conducted on

badminton in doubles. Subjects were four members

of the Tokai University Takanawa Campus

Badminton Club. Four subjects were asked to wear a

wireless eye movement measurement device and play

a game. We measured the eye movements of the

athletes during the competition and filmed their

movements using three high-definition cameras.

Fig.20 and Fig.21 show the scene during the

icSPORTS 2020 - 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

experiment, and Fig.22 shows the layout of players

and three cameras during the experiment.

Figure 20: Photo taken during measurement.

Figure 21: Photo taken during measurement.

Figure 22: Arrangement of the equipment and players

(doubles).

9 RESULT AND DISCUSSION OF

DOUBLES BADMINTON

After the experiment, we combined the eye

movement data with the videos from the field of view

camera of the wireless eye movement measurement

device. After that, the video was edited in 8K

resolution to present simultaneously the videos from

the field of view camera showing the eye movements

of the four people and the videos from three video

cameras. In this method, all the wipes can be

displayed without losing their original resolution,

since they are edited at 8K resolution. An example of

the edited video frames is shown in Fig.23. In the

center of the bottom row, an image of the entire court

is presented, and broken lines represent the line of

sight of each player identified by color. The position

and orbit of the shuttle are shown with an illustration

and a white broken line. This makes it possible to see

at a glance who is looking where. On the left and right

sides of the bottom row are images of the respective

courts. On top of those images, the images of the

players' line of sight on each wipe are presented. This

time, the left team is Team A and the right team is

Team B. The players are named as A1, A2, B1, and

B2, respectively.

With this method, we can display the line of sight

along the time line. Fig.24 shows an enlarged figure

from Fig.23. In the scene in Fig.23, team A is the team

to serve. The server A2 confirms the receiver B1 and

then looks at the shuttle at hand and prepares for the

serve. (green circle 1 and 2) On the other hand,

receiver B1 is looking at server A2 and preparing for

receive (blue circle 1). After that, we can confirm the

eye movement following the shuttle that A2 hits (blue

circle 2). In addition, just before the shuttle is hit, it is

clear that eye movements are being performed to

confirm the opponent's position (blue circle 3). B2

was gazing at server A2 in the same way as B1, and

was following the shuttle with line of sight (yellow

circle 2). However, it was confirmed that the eye

movement was like leading the shuttle during the

follow-up (yellow circle 3). On the other hand, A1

was alternately watching B1 and B2 of the opposing

team (red circle 1 to 4). This is probably because he

was trying to confirm the positions of both opponents.

After that, when B1 hits the receive, A1 was gazing at

B1 (red circle 5).

Proposal of New Sports Video Expression using 8K Video by Simultaneous Analysis of Four Players

Figure 23: Examples of 8K edited video.

Figure 24: An enlarged figure (the center of the bottom

row).

10 CONCLUSION

In the present study, we measured the eye movements

of players during various types of sports to confirm

the operability, accuracy and practicality of using a

wireless eye movement measurement device. The

device includes a new and optimized system for eye

movement measurement during sports. In the dance

experiment, accuracy was evaluated before and after

high-speed rotation. The standard deviation before

rotation for the 5-point calibration was x: -0.82±0.64

degrees, y: -0.72±0.69 degrees, and that after turning

was x: 0.92±0.87 degrees, y: -1.71±1.75 degrees. In

addition, we were able to clarify the spotting

technique used by dancers during rotation by

analyzing a combination of eye movements and body

motions. In the badminton singles and indiaca

experiments, measurement was found to be

successful in court sports. By measuring the athletes’

and referees’ lines of sight during competition, it was

possible to confirm their characteristic line-of-sight

movements. Since the line of sight can be presented

as a video, it can be interpreted clearly at a glance,

and it is thought that this information can be used for

training athletes and referees. In the badminton

doubles experiment, we succeeded in simultaneously

measuring the data of 4 different athletes. Up to now,

there have been no cases in which the eye movements

of four athletes during the competition have been

measured at the same time, and this is considered to

be the first case.

In the field of sports video, new content has been

developed using various technologies, such as free-

viewpoint video and game viewing using VR.

Therefore, we proposed an editing method that takes

advantage of the 8K resolution to present images

without compromising the resolution of each image.

In the proposed method, the player's line of sight and

movement can be confirmed at the same time, and it

is considered that the viewer can have a new viewing

experience, such as bargaining with the opponent and

cooperation with the teammate using the line of sight.

Our proposed method is able to measure an athlete’s

line of sight and match it to his/her movement in

actual competition and this is thought to have useful

applications in coaching.

In the future, we would like to examine more

easy-to-understand editing methods and ask for

opinions from sports instructors and others on how to

apply them to sports science.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported in part by the Hoso Bunka

Foundation (2018/2019 Grant Cycle). We would like

to express our sincere gratitude to the badminton team

at the Takanawa campus of Tokai University for their

cooperation in this experiment.

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Proposal of New Sports Video Expression using 8K Video by Simultaneous Analysis of Four Players