The Effectiveness of Attractants on the Amount of Mosquito Aedes

Sp. Trapped on Ovitrap

Hartono, Frans Judea Samosir, Victor Trimanjaya Hulu, Buenita Sinurat, Andry Simanullang,

Dameria, Theresia Hutasoit and Irma Mendrofa

Public Health Department, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Jl. Sekip, Medan, Indonesia

{hartono, frans

.judea, vic.trisja, buenitaskm, andrymanullang01, dameriagultom46, theresiahutasoit65,

Keywords: mosquito aedes sp., attractant, ovitrap.

Abstract: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus and can be transmitted through

the vector mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The addition of attractants to ovitrap can be used

as a prevention of diseases caused by mosquitoes Aedes sp. The purpose of this study was to determine the

effectiveness of various types of attractants against the number of Aedes sp. trapped on the ovitrap. This type

of research is a quasi-experiment with Anova statistical test. The sample used was 300 mosquitoes Aedes sp.

The research was conducted with three repetitions of treatment and three observations with a 24-hour

timeframe for each observation. The attractants used in this study were plantain peel extract, brown sugar

fermentation, straw soaked water and plain water as a control. The results showed that the highest number of

mosquitoes trapped in the attractants of plantain peel extract, brown sugar fermentation, and straw soaked

water was four, nine, and 21, respectively. Statistically, it can be concluded that the straw soaked water

attractant is the most effective attractant (p-value = 0.001) because it caused more mosquitoes to be trapped

in each repetition in the ovitrap. This can be a safer alternative attractant for the environment and human

health to control the mosquito Aedes.sp vector.

1 INTRODUCTION

Tropical countries, such as Indonesia, are very

suitable as a breeding ground for vectors that have a

considerable number and types. Therefore, vector-

borne diseases such as bacterial, viral, parasitic, and

microbial infections can work well because both the

agent and the vector reproduce. Mosquitoes are a

vector that can cause health problems in the world. In

Indonesia, the mosquito population is quite large, so

that it can cause several serious diseases which should

receive special attention from the government

(Soegijanto, 2004). During the rainy season, the

mosquito population will increase due to the large

number of places inundated by water so that it can act

as a place for breeding of mosquitoes (Soegijanto,

2006; Kurniati Alfi, 2013).

Dengue Fever (DHF) is transmitted by Aedes

aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (Sinaga,

2018). The Aedes aegypti mosquito lives in urban

habitats and breeds mostly in homes and human-made

containers (WHO, 2018). During the night, the Aedes

aegypti mosquito has the habit of resting indoors or

sometimes outdoors, which is close to its breeding

ground. It can also be a dark and humid place (Sinaga,

2019).

Based on the health profile of North Sumatra in

2016, there were 8,715 cases with 4626 male cases

and 4265 female cases. In 2016 the number of dengue

cases reported was 1,784 cases with 11 deaths (IR /

Morbidity = 80.0 per 100,000 population (Dinas

Kesehatan Sumatera Utara, 2016). Meanwhile, based

on the health profile of the city of Medan in 2016,

Medan Johor was the highest area for cases of dengue

hemorrhagic fever. The number of dengue

hemorrhagic fever sufferers was 158 cases, with 81

male cases and 77 female cases with one death

(Puskesmas Medan Johor, 2018).

Eradicating the life cycle of mosquitoes is a

necessary treatment because the dangers posed by

mosquitoes are very life-threatening. Eliminating

adult mosquitoes and their larvae, eradicating

mosquito nests and preventing contact with

mosquitoes is one way that can be done for

prevention. The use of mosquito repellents such as

Hartono, ., Samosir, F., Hulu, V., Simanullang, A., Dameria, ., Hutasoit, T. and Mendrofa, I.

The Effectiveness of Attractants on the Amount of Mosquito Aedes Sp. Trapped on Ovitrap.

DOI: 10.5220/0010292301810187

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics, Medical, Biological Engineer ing, and Pharmaceutical (HIMBEP 2020), pages 181-187

ISBN: 978-989-758-500-5

181

mosquito coils, sprays, lotions and electrics are ways

to avoid direct contact with mosquitoes. Mosquito

repellent is effective enough to ward off mosquitoes

that will approach the human body. However,

mosquito repellent itself contains toxins that are

harmful to human health.

Mosquito egg trapping (ovitrap) is a method that

can reduce mosquito populations without the use of

insecticides. This method was first developed by Fay

and Eliason in 1966 and then used by the Central for

Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) in Aedes

aegypti surveillance (Polson et al., 2002). Standard

ovitrap uses a plastic cup (350 ml) with a height of 91

mm and a diameter of 75 mm, painted on the outside

black to make it dark, then filled with water three-

quarters of the way and given a layer of paper

(Widyastuti, 2005).

The addition of attractants to the use of ovitrap

works to attract female mosquitoes to lay their eggs

in the ovitrap. Due to the attractants’ appealing smell

to the mosquitoes, it is hoped it increases the number

of mosquitoes trapped (Ningsih, 2016). An attractant

is something that attracts insects (mosquitoes) both

chemically and visually (physically). The attractants

from chemicals can be ammonia, CO2, lactic acid,

octanol, and fatty acids. These substances or

compounds come from organic materials or are the

result of the metabolic processes of living things.

Attractants can be used to influence behavior,

monitor, or reduce mosquito populations directly,

without causing injury to other animals and humans,

and leaving no residue on food or foodstuffs

(Wijayanti and Widyanto, 2015).

In Armis' study, plantain peel extract showed

effectiveness against the number of mosquitoes

trapped in the ovitrap (Armis, Susilawati and

Adzriful, 2016). Furthermore, Bangun's study

showed brown sugar attractants were more effective

than other attractants (Bangun, 2017). On the other

hand, Dwinata's research convinced that straw soaked

water was more effective than other attractants

(Dwinata et al., 2015).

The purpose of this study was to determine the

effectiveness of various types of attractants on the

number of DHF mosquitoes trapped in ovitrap and to

reduce the dengue mosquito population with natural

control without using insecticides. The attractants

used in this study were plantain peel extract

attractants, brown sugar fermentation and straw

soaked water. Thus, they were environmentally

friendly and did not cause health problems in the

community.

2 METHOD

This research was in the form of a quasi-experiment.

The research design used in this study was a

completely randomized design (CRD) with three

times of treatment repetitions. This research was

conducted in the Entomology Laboratory of BTKL

PP Kelas I Medan. The study was done from June to

August 2020. The object in this study was the Aedes

sp. mosquito. The population number was taken

based on the research needs, which were 300 adult

mosquitoes.

To get adult mosquitoes, we looked for larvae and

bred the mosquitoes as follows:

1. DHF mosquito larvae were sought in mosquito

breeding places such as water reservoirs and

banana tree midribs. Mosquito larvae were then

put into a rearing container and given a

particular food.

2. We observed the maintenance container. After

the larvae turned into pupae, the pupae were

counted and transferred to another container and

put in a cage measuring 100 x 100 x 100 cm until

the pupae turned into adult mosquitoes.

To make the ovitrap, we cut three bottles in half.

The bottom parts of the bottle were then filled with

plantain peel extract, fermented brown sugar and

straw soaked water as attractants. Next, the tops of the

bottles were inserted into the bottom. When

reinserting it, we tried to wrap the bottle as tightly as

possible so that the CO2 released only came out

through the middle hole (Figure 1 and 2).

Figure 1: How the bottle gets cut and formed

HIMBEP 2020 - International Conference on Health Informatics, Medical, Biological Engineering, and Pharmaceutical

182

Figure 2: Final ovitrap made by researcher

There were four types of attractants made in the

study. Firstly, the plantain peel extract. It was made

at the Phytochemical Pharmacy Laboratory of

Universitas Sumatera Utara in the following ways:

1. Washed plantain skin to remove the sap and

drained while aerating, then cut into small

pieces

2. In the drying cupboard, a 40-watt incandescent

lamp was installed, the container in the drying

cabinet was covered with parchment paper and

then filled with cleaned and cut plantain peel.

3. Drying was carried out to produce dry simplicia,

which was indicated by the ease with which the

simplicia was easily broken.

4. The dried simplicia was then mashed until it

became a powder. Simplicia was made in the

form of powder to expand the surface of the

simplicial. So, the contact between the solvent

and the simplicia was maximized

5. Furthermore, the extraction used ethanol p.a

solvent and was carried out by maceration,

protected from direct sunlight and at room

temperature.

6. The extract obtained was then filtered with filter

paper and a Buchner funnel using a vacuum

erlenmeyer. The filtrate obtained was

evaporated with a rotary vacuum evaporator and

put into an incubator until a thick extract was

obtained and then stored in a freezer.

Secondly, the brown sugar fermentation. It was made

in the following ways:

1. Provided 200 ml of water and then added brown

sugar.

2. Let stand for 2 hours in a closed container to

produce maximum water.

3. Then put in a mosquito trap or ovitrap.

Thirdly, the straw soaked water. It was made through

these steps:

1. Dried the straw and cut into small pieces.

2. Put the straw chunks in a bucket containing 1

liter of water, then covered with transparent

plastic and let stand for seven days.

Fourthly, the plain water. We took a container and

collected water from the water tap.

The next step was delivering the experiment as

follows:

1. Mosquito traps with four types of attractants are

placed in the mosquito cage of 100 x 100 x 100

cm in size.

2. Then, researchers put 100 adult mosquitoes in

the cage.

3. We counted and recorded the number of

mosquitoes trapped in each mosquito trap for

three days with three observations.

4. Next, the cage was emptied. We put 100 adult

mosquitoes into the cage. Then, we did the same

thing until the third time.

Data analysis was used to determine the

effectiveness test of various types of attractants on

the number of dengue mosquitoes trapped in the

ovitrap. First, it tested for normality. If the data

showed abnormal or sig < 0.05, then proceed with

Kruskal Wallis. If the data showed sig > 0.05 then

using the Anova test to determine the difference in

the number of mosquitoes trapped (Hulu and Sinaga,

2019).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows that the plantain peel extract attractant

(0.200 > 0.05), brown sugar fermentation attractant

(0.138 > 0.05), straw soaked water attractant (0.200 >

0.05), and ordinary water attractant as a comparison

or control ( 0.200 > 0.05) were normally distributed.

Therefore the researchers conducted the Anova test.

Then, table 2 describes the average number of

mosquitoes trapped on the ovitrap. Each replication

was carried out for three days. The total average

amount of trapped mosquitoes from the three

replications of plantain peel extract attractant was

2.00, and the minimum and maximum limits of

trapped mosquitoes were 0 and 4. In the brown sugar

fermentation attractant, the average total mosquito

trapped of the three replications = 6.00 and the

minimum and maximum limits of trapped

mosquitoes, namely 3 and 9. In the straw soaked

water attractant, the average total of trapped

mosquitoes from the three replications = 17.78 and

the minimum and maximum limits of trapped

The Effectiveness of Attractants on the Amount of Mosquito Aedes Sp. Trapped on Ovitrap

183

mosquitoes are 14 and 21. In ordinary water

attractants as a comparison or control, the average

total trapped mosquitoes from the three replications =

1.67 and the minimum and maximum limits of

trapped mosquitoes are 0 and 3.

Table 1: The data normality test.

Variables

Statistic of

Kolmogorov

-Smirnov

p-Value of

Kolmogor

ov-

Smirnov

Conclusion n

Plantain

peel extract

0,167 0,830

p-Value >

0,05,

assumption

of normality

is received,

at the level

significance

5 %

100

Brown

sugar

fermentatio

0,242 0,453

p-Value >

0,05,

assumption

of normality

is received,

at the level

significance

5 %

Straw

soaked

water

0,202 0,278

p-Value >

0,05,

assumption

of normality

is received,

at the level

significance

5 %

4 Plain water 0,192 0,364

p-Value >

0,05,

assumption

of normality

is received,

at the level

significance

5 %

Table 2: The description of the number of mosquitoes

Aedes sp. trapped in ovitrap at the BTKL Kelas I

Entomology Laboratory, Medan.

Variable Mean

Std.

Devia

tion

Mini

mum

Maxim

Plantain Peel

Extract

test 1 2,33 0,577 2 3

test 2 1,67 1,155 1 3

test 3 2,00 2,000 0 4

Total average 2,00 1,225 0 4

Brown sugar

fermentation

test 1 5,67 1,155 5 7

test 2 4,00 1,000 3 5

test 3 8,33 0,577 8 9

Total average 6,00 2,062 3 9

Straw Soaked

Water

test 1 14,67 0,577 14 15

test 2 18,67 1,155 18 20

test 3 20,00 1,000 19 21

Total average 17,78 2,539 14 21

Ordinary Water

test 1 1,67 1,155 1 3

test 2 1,67 1,528 0 3

test 3 1,67 0,577 1 2

Total average 1,67 1,000 0 3

Based on table 3 below, by using the Anova test, the

p-value of plantain peel extract, fermentation of

brown sugar, and straw soaked water showed that the

straw soaked water attractant was more effective than

other attractants. This is because the p-value of straw

soaked water = 0.001, which means that the p-value

of straw soaked water = 0.001 < 0.05 and the p-value

of straw soaked water is smaller than the other

attractants.

Table 3: The effectiveness of various types of attractants on

the number of mosquitoes Aedes sp. trapped in the ovitrap

in the BTKL Kelas I Entomology laboratory, Medan

No Variable Homogeneit

-Value

1 Plantain Peel

Extract

0,372 0,842

2 Brown sugar

fermentation

0,471 0,004

3 Straw soaked

wate

0,471 0,001

4 Plain Wate

0,286 1,000

3.1 The Difference in Effectiveness of

Plantain Peel Extract against Plain

Water as Aedes Sp. Attractant

Based on the results of statistical tests using the

ANOVA test, it was obtained p-value = 0.842 (p

value> 0.05) with an average of 5.67, so Ho was

accepted, and Ha was rejected. It could be concluded

that there was no effect of plantain peel extract

against Aedes sp. trapped on the ovitrap in the

Entomology laboratory BTKL PP Kelas I Medan.

However, when compared with ordinary water

extractants, plantain peel extract was more effective

because the p-value of plantain peel extract was

smaller, namely 0.842 < 1,000.

This study is not in line with Armis' research,

which shows that the p-value = 0.000 (p-value <0.05),

meaning that plantain peel extract is effective against

the Aedes sp. mosquito trapped in the ovitrap (Armis,

Susilawati, and Adzriful, 2016). The plantain peel

extract contains flavonoids and saponins. Flavonoids

are plant defense compounds that can inhibit the

digestive tract of insects and are also toxic. Saponins

can inhibit the work of the enzyme which results in a

decrease in the work of the digestive organs and the

use of protein for insects, thus paralyzing the Aedes

sp. mosquitoes trapped on the ovitrap (Armis,

Susilawati and Adzriful, 2016). However, this

research is in line with Agustiani describing that there

is no effect of plantain peel extract against Aedes sp.

mosquitoes trapped on the ovitrap with p-value =

0.516 (p-value > 0.05) (Agustiani, 2016). Plantain

HIMBEP 2020 - International Conference on Health Informatics, Medical, Biological Engineering, and Pharmaceutical

184

peel extract contains flavonoids, saponins, ethanol

and CO2. Ethanol and CO2 attract mosquitoes. CO2

is a way for mosquitoes to find their prey so that

mosquitoes are attracted to come to the ovitrap.

Flavonoids are plant defense compounds that can

inhibit the digestive tract of insects and are also toxic.

Meanwhile, Saponins can inhibit the work of the

enzyme which results in a decrease in the work of the

digestive organs and the use of protein for insects,

thus paralyzing the Aedes sp. mosquito trapped on the

ovitrap (Armis, Susilawati and Adzriful, 2016).

3.2 The Difference in Effectiveness of

Brown Sugar Fermentation against

Plain Water as Aedes sp. Attractant

Based on the results of statistical tests using the

ANOVA test, it was obtained p-value = 0.004 (p-

value <0.05) with an average of 15.67, so Ho was

rejected and Ha was accepted. It could be concluded

that there was the effectiveness of brown sugar

fermentation against the Aedes sp. trapped on the

ovitrap in the Entomology laboratory BTKL PP Kelas

I Medan. Research on the conversion of brown sugar

to alcohol utilizing fermentation, namely sugar,

which is very popular with almost all living things as

an energy source (Wijayanti and Widyanto, 2015).

Brown sugar fermentation which produces bioethanol

and CO2, where these compounds can attract

mosquitoes compared to mosquito traps without

CO2, where carbon dioxide (CO2) is one way for

mosquitoes to find their prey, so mosquitoes are

attracted to bite humans because humans exhale CO2

(Kurniati Alfi, 2013). The CO2 produced from the

fermentation of brown sugar is expected to trick

mosquitoes to get closer to the ovitrap (Fadlilah Isna,

Aris Santjaka, 2016).

The results of this study are in line with

Verawaty's research which proved that fermentation

of brown sugar and yeast solution is useful as an

attractant against Aedes sp. with p-value = 0.005. It

means that there is the effectiveness of brown sugar

fermentation on the number of mosquitoes Aedes sp.

trapped on the ovitrap (Verawaty, 2017). Besides, the

results of this study are also in line with Bangun's

research which shows that brown sugar fermentation

is more effective than red chili extract in catching

Aedes sp. Mosquitoes. The effectiveness of brown

sugar fermentation in catching mosquitoes was 26

while the red chili extract caught 13 mosquitoes

(Dzahara, 2018).

According to the assumptions of researchers, the

conversion of brown sugar to alcohol by fermentation

is very popular with almost all living things as an

energy source. The fermentation of brown sugar

produces bioethanol and CO2, where these

compounds are able to attract mosquitoes compared

to mosquito traps without CO2. carbon dioxide (CO2)

is one way for mosquitoes to find their prey. That's

the reason mosquitoes are attracted to biting humans

because humans exhale CO2. The CO2 produced

from the fermentation of brown sugar is expected to

trick mosquitoes to get closer to the ovitrap.

3.3 The Difference in the Effectiveness

of Straw Soaked Water against

Plain Water as Aedes sp. Attractant

Based on the results of statistical tests using the

ANOVA test, it was obtained p-value = 0.001 (p-

value <α) with an average of 17.78 trapped

mosquitoes, so Ho was rejected. Ha was accepted so

that it can be concluded that there is the effectiveness

of straw soaked water on the number of mosquitoes

Aedes sp. trapped on the ovitrap at the BTKL

Entomology Laboratory in Medan. The results of this

study are in line with Dwinata's research showing

there is an effectiveness of straw soaked water on the

number of trapped Aedes sp mosquitoes, with a p-

value of 0.000 (p-value <α). It means that the straw

soaked water can attract Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

(Dwinata et al., 2015). The results of this study are

also in accordance with Salim and Satoto (2015)

which shows that there is the effectiveness of straw

soaked water on the number of Aedes sp. trapped on

the ovitrap with p-value = 0.029 (p-value < α) which

having an average of 3.476 Aedes sp. trapped (Salim

and Satoto, 2015).

The research on straw-soaked water for seven

days has the potential to attract mosquitoes because

the straw soaked water undergoes a metabolic process

that produces substances in the form of ammonia and

CO2. The Aedes sp mosquito has sensilla on the

antennae and palpus so that it recognizes the host

through body odor, CO2, heat, and body moisture

(Bobby Fahmi Muldan Pahlevi, 2017). That is why

the straw soaked water is preferred by mosquitoes to

land and get trapped in the straw soaked water

ovitrap. According to Sitti, the straw soaked water

contains ammonia and CO2, which creates a

distinctive odor that functions as an attractant for

mosquitoes (Aulia and Djamahar, 2014). This

distinctive odor is captured by mosquito antennae

containing several olfactory bipolar nerves known as

ORNs (Olfactory Receptor Neurons). ORNs are at the

end of the dendrites and axons whose function was to

detect chemicals such as the distinctive odor of straw

soaked water. Then, the odor will bind to OBPs

The Effectiveness of Attractants on the Amount of Mosquito Aedes Sp. Trapped on Ovitrap

185

(Odorant Binding Proteins) which work apart from

dissolving odor molecules as well as acting in the

selection of olfactory information (Mardiyah, 2016).

According to the researchers' assumption, the 7-

day straw immersion water has the potential to attract

mosquitoes because the straw soaked water

undergoes a metabolic process that produces

substances in the form of ammonia and CO2. Aedes

sp. has sensilla on the antennae and palpus so that it

recognizes the host through body odor, CO2, heat,

and body moisture. This causes the straw soaked

water to be preferred by mosquitoes to perch and

eventually become trapped in the straw soaked water

ovitrap.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicate that the straw soaked

water is more effective than the plantain peel extract,

brown sugar fermentation, and plain water (p-value =

0.001). The number of mosquitoes trapped in the

ovitrap in the straw soaked water on the first

repetition was 15, the second repetition was 20 and

the third repetition was 21. Temperature and humidity

affect the growth and length of life of mosquitoes.

This research was conducted by ignoring the two

factors that influence the lives of these mosquitoes.

Also, the time provided for observing the treatment

process is only 24 hours. These two conditions could

be the limitations of the study. Thus, they should be

taken into consideration for further research.

The results of this study are expected to be an

alternative for vector control of the Aedes.sp

mosquito as a safe attractant for the environment and

human health. The results of this study are also

expected to be used by other researchers by using

straw soaked water attractants but with different

concentrations to determine the most effective

concentration level as a natural attractant

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank the Universitas Prima

Indonesia, Badan Teknik Lingkungan dan

Pengendalian Penyakit Kelas I Medan and the

phytochemical laboratory of Universitas Sumatera

Utara for their support.

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