The Effect of Addition of Blood Cockles (Anadara granosa) Shell

Nano-hydroxyapatite on Hardness of Heat Cured Acrylic Resin

Dian Noviyanti Agus Imam

, Ryana Budi Purnama

and Aris Aji Kurniawan

Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Medicine, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia

Department of Dental Material, Faculty of Medicine, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia

Departemen Prosthodontic, Faculty of Medicine, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia

Keywords: Anadara granosa shell, nano-hydroxyapatite, Vicker hardness, heat-cured acrylic resin

Abstract: Blood cockles shell (Anadara granosa) nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) powder is a bioceramic that can increase

the mechanical strength of heat-cured acrylic resin. This study aims to determine the effect of adding NHA

powder from blood clam shells on heat-cured acrylic resin's hardness. This type of research used laboratory

experimental, research design posttest-only control group design. Twenty-four heat-cured acrylic resin

samples were used and divided into three groups: the acrylic resin group with 1%, 3% blood cockles shell

NHA, and acrylic resin without NHA with simple random sampling. TEM characterization results showed

that NHA had a spherical shape and tended to experience agglomeration. TEM characterization with

magnifications ranging from 5,000x to 150,000x and particle sizes ranging from 20 nm to 200 nm. The highest

mean value of hardness was in group III at 27.7375 VHN. One-Way ANOVA test on hardness showed a

significant difference between groups with p = 0.000 (p <0.05). This study concludes that adding NHA could

increase the hardness of heat-cured acrylic resin.

1 INTRODUCTION

Heat-cured acrylic resin or polymethylmethacrylate

(PMMA) is the most commonly used denture base

construction material since 1930. This material is not

ideal in every respect, and it is the combination of

various rather than one desirable property that

accounts for its popularity and usage (Hameed &

Rahman, 2015).

The heat-cured acrylic resin as denture base

material has some benefits such as its ease of

processing, low cost, lightweight, excellent aesthetic

properties, low water sorption, solubility, and ability

repaired quickly. However, low thermal conductivity,

insufficient mechanical strength, brittleness, high

coefficient of thermal expansion, and relatively low

modulus of elasticity make it more prone to failure

during the clinical service (Alla et al., 2015). The

drawback of heat-cured acrylic resin is monomer

residue, which can reduce its mechanical properties,

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making it easier to fracture (Kenneth J Anusavice, C

Shen, 2013)

One of the mechanical properties of heat-cured

acrylic resin is hardness. Hardness is a mechanical

property used to describe the resistance of a material

to a load. Surface hardness is closely related to

abrasion, erosion, and attrition of the restorative

material in the oral cavity (Kenneth J Anusavice, C

Shen, 2013). Not adequate hardness can cause the

acrylic resin not to be able to withstand the pressure

produced during mastication so that it can crack and

break. Overcome these problems; several attempts

were made to modify and improve the strength,

thermal properties, and hardness of the heat-cured

acrylic resin (Hameed & Rahman, 2015).

The high use of acrylic resin in dentistry has led

to various attempts to improve these properties, one

of which is a reinforcing agent in the form of

hydroxyapatite. One of the potential sources of

hydroxyapatite due to its high calcium carbonate

content and high density is the blood cockles or

Agus Imam, D., Purnama, R. and Kurniawan, A.

The Effect of Addition of Blood Cockles (Anadara granosa) Shell Nano-Hydroxyapatite on Hardness of Heat Cured Acrylic Resin.

DOI: 10.5220/0010490602370240

In Proceedings of the 1st Jenderal Soedirman International Medical Conference in conjunction with the 5th Annual Scientiﬁc Meeting (Temilnas) Consortium of Biomedical Science Indonesia

(JIMC 2020), pages 237-240

ISBN: 978-989-758-499-2

237

Anadara granosa (A granosa) shell, which is

commonly consumed by the public. The mineral

composition of blood cockles, such as calcium

carbonate and carbon, is more than 98.7% of the total

mineral content. The content of Mg2 +, Na +, P3-, K

+, Fe2 +, Cu +, Ni2 +, consists of about 1.3% (Awang

et al., 2007).

Hydroxyapatite can be made in various forms,

one of which is nanoparticles (Mollazadeh et al.,

2007). Hydroxyapatite can be made in various forms,

one of which is nanoparticles. Nanoparticles has large

surface-to-volume ratio (specific surface area), which

improves mechanical properties (Okada &

Matsumoto, 2015). Research on the effect of adding

1% and 3% of blood cockles shell nano-

hydroxyapatite to the hardness of heat-cured acrylic

resin has not been conducted. Therefore, researchers

are interested in conducting this research.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

This research is an experimental laboratory study

with a post-test only control group design. Twenty-

four heat-cured acrylic resin samples were used and

divided into three groups: the acrylic resin group with

1%, 3% blood cockles shell nano-hydroxyapatite

(NHA), and acrylic resin without NHA with simple

random sampling. Ethical eligibility permit from the

Ethics Commission for Medical and Health Research,

Faculty of Medicine, Jenderal Soedirman University

with registration number 316 / KEPK / VII / 2019.

The research sample was in the form of discs

measuring 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. The

polymerized acrylic resin cured using a water bath at

C for 90 minutes, then continued to 100

C for 30

minutes and allowed to stand at room temperature.

Furthermore, sample finishing uses a tungsten carbide

bur at a speed of 15,000 rpm for 60 seconds for each

sample.

The Vickers Hardness test was performed on all

samples. The strength was applied to the midpoint of

base materials by a diamond tip. Then, diagonals of

trace whose shape is square measured by microscope

and evaluated their hardness values. The statistical

analysis of obtained data was performed with a one-

way ANOVA analysis of variance test.

3 RESULTS

The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) test

could determine the shape and size of NHA. Figure 1

below is a picture of the results of TEM

characterization with weak and strong magnification.

The results of TEM characterization showed that

NHA (A. granosa) had a spherical shape and tended

to experience agglomeration. TEM characterization

with magnifications ranging from 5,000x to 150,000x

and particle sizes ranging from 20 nm to 200 nm.

Figure 1. (a) TEM test results with a magnification of

5,000x, (b) Results of TEM test with 30,000x

magnification

Figure 1.

Hardness testing uses the Vickers microhardness

test. The test was carried out on 3 sample groups with

a cylindrical sample with a diameter of 10 mm and a

thickness of 2 mm. The mean and standard deviation

of the test results showed in Table 1.

Table 1. Mean and standard deviation of Vickers hardness

number for heat-cured.

No Sam

rou

s N Mean ±SD

1 Without NHA 8 22.6538 0.39192

2 1% NHA 8 26.6950 0.83816

3 3% NHA 8 27.7375 0.57918

Based on Table 1, the highest mean value of

hardness was in group III at 27.7375 VHN, while the

lowest hardness value was in a group I at 22.6538

VHN. The Shapiro-Wilk test and Levene test showed

that the data were normal and homogeneous.

Furthermore, the One-Way ANOVA test showed a

significant difference in the sample group hardness

value. The test results showed in Table 2. The One-

Way ANOVA test results show a p-value of 0.000 (p

<0.05). There is a significant difference in the value

of hardness between the sample groups. The results

of the post hoc LSD follow-up test showed in Table

Table 2. The One-Way ANOVA analysis

Sum of

uares df

Mean

uare F Si

Between

Grou

115.368 2 57.684 145.2

0.00

Within

Grou

8.341 21 0.397

Total 123.709 23

JIMC 2020 - 1’s t Jenderal Soedirman International Medical Conference (JIMC) in conjunction with the Annual Scientiﬁc Meeting

(Temilnas) Consortium of Biomedical Science Indonesia (KIBI )

238

Table 3. Results of post hoc LSD hardness test of Heat-

Cured Acrylic Resin

Sample

groups

Without

NHA

1% NHA 3% NHA

Without

NHA

0,000* 0,000*

1% NHA 0,003*

3% NHA

The LSD test results in Table 3 show a significant

difference (p≤0.01) in all treatment groups with the

control group. Besides, there was a significant

difference between groups II and III.

4 DISCUSSION

TEM characterization determined the size and shape

of the particles. Figure 5.2 shows an overview of

NHA particles. A weak magnification of 5,000x

indicates a spherical particle with a size of about 20

nm. A strong magnification of 30,000x shows a

clearer picture of the particle shape, a 163 nm

spherical shape. The morphological description of

hydroxyapatite particles is indeed round and tends to

be irregular. NHA also tends to experience

agglomeration, namely the fusion of several

hydroxyapatite nanoparticles.

The agglomeration of the hydroxyapatite particles

occurs during the synthesis process of making

hydroxyapatite. Agglomeration of nano-sized

particles usually occurs because nanoparticles have a

high surface area and a more significant number of

particles, so they tend not to be quickly stabilized, so

they easily clump. Agglomeration also occurs due to

the lack of stirring speed during the synthesis of

hydroxyapatite. The description of NHA particles as

per the research conducted by (Dong et al., 2009) that

the particle morphology formed from hydroxyapatite

is an irregular sphere, but this study only reports at a

magnification of 5,000x .

The results showed that the addition of NHA

particles with a concentration of 1% and 3% could

increase the hardness of heat-cured acrylic resin. The

most significant increase in hardness occurred in the

group with the addition of 3% nano hydroxyapatite.

The hardness of heat-cured acrylic resin was

influenced by several factors, one of which was the

particle size. The particle size ranges from 20-200

nm. This result is per the research conducted by

Afrizal et al. (2016) that hydroxyapatite with a small

and delicate grain size will fill the space between the

atoms of heat-cured acrylic resin and inhibits the rate

of dislocation of heat-cured acrylic resin atoms,

thereby increasing the density and mechanical

properties of heat-cured acrylic resin (Afrizal, 2016).

The nano-hydroxyapatite that fills the space between

the atoms of the heat-cured acrylic resin is a

mechanical bond. The use of nanofillers with a

particle size of 10-100 nm can increase mechanical

properties such as abrasion resistance, hardness, and

flexural strength, so that the use of dentures with a

sufficient period long expected to withstand abrasion

(Rodrigues et al., 2008).

5 CONCLUSIONS

The addition of blood cockles nano-hydroxyapatite

could increase the hardness of heat cured acrylic

resin.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors especially thank LPPM Jenderal

Soedirman University for funding this research at the

Competency Improvement Research scheme.

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