PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers
Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the
City
Ilaria Fabbri
a
, Gabriele Lelli
b
and Walter Nicolino
Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, 36 Via Della Ghiara, Ferrara, Italy
Keywords: Waste Management, Prototype Developing, Urban Service.
Abstract: In order to meet European objectives in the field of urban waste collection, dustbins need to achieve a greater
intelligence to recognize users and measure their garbage. The ongoing changes in waste collection are
transforming ordinary garbage bins into innovative urban interface with huge potential, especially due to the
capillary diffusion of waste disposal in the built environment. This paper presents a research, commissioned
by one of the leading Italian multi-utility operating in environmental service, with the aim to improve
municipal management of separate waste collection through the design and test of an innovative
multifunctional station, in line with the principles of circular economy. The pilot project combines existing
technologies regarding urban waste collection and new smart services for the city (environmental quality, ICT,
electrical charging for bikes, video-monitoring and others); PUNTOnet, the innovative urban waste collection
point, improves user experience, provides further services for the city and ensures, at the same time, a better
management. Results obtained after a 12-month test in a real-world environment show that a more intuitive
and user friendly design of waste disposal, associated to rewarding schemes positively affect household
behaviour and may generate virtuous attitude for correct waste sorting.
1 INTRODUCTION
A healthy and clean environment is essential for the
wellbeing of a community, and an efficient waste
management is a key aspect in achieving this.
Public waste management has always developed
through history in relation to urban growth, and
tightly connected to individual attitude and civil duty.
In the late medieval city there were no rubbish
collection, and latrines and open refuse pits served as
waste disposal facilities; individual behaviour was
imperative for the intended work of these seemingly
simple technologies, which could be badly affected
by improper actions, for example by throwing waste
in the streets gutters (Jørgensen, 2008).
Medieval towns had a lot of ordinances and laws
to do with waste disposal, latrines, and toilets: in
London, for example, people were responsible for the
maintenance and cleanliness of the street outside their
houses (O’Neill, 2013), as it was in ancient Rome,
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6973-3577
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5979-9502
where rubbish thrown or dropped onto the streets may
have been the responsibility of building owners if it
was in front of their property (Taylor, 2005).
Before 1900 waste was generally stored in the
houses and emptied out on the street at the arrival of
waste collectors with their vehicles. In 1904, the
Viennese government, for instance, had 104 horse-
drawn collection carts, announced by ringing bells
(Dostal & Zerz, 2004).
An important step in waste disposal took place last
century, thanks to mechanical procedures that
allowed a tangible waste management including
separate refuse collection and conversion of waste
materials into new objects.
In recent years, many inventions and methods
have been developed using technology making the
delivery of service more and more sophisticated. An
increasing number of researchers and organisations
are testing and using smart bins to maximise the
efficiency of the collection and the data accuracy
about the delivered waste.
Fabbri, I., Lelli, G. and Nicolino, W.
PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the City.
DOI: 10.5220/0009470400290037
In Proceedings of the 9th Inter national Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS 2020), pages 29-37
ISBN: 978-989-758-418-3
Copyright
c
2020 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
29
Ultrasonic sensors measuring the garbage level
inside the container allow the local utility to plan the
collecting routes accordingly, and in some cases
inform the users about the fullness of the bin without
the need for opening it (Mustafa & Ku Azir, 2017).
In 2014, Lazaro and Rubio worked on solar
powered electronic trash can with a sensor able to scan
the waste, open a particular lid depending on the type
of waste and close it automatically after 10 seconds.
However, the limitations in this prototype lay in its
costs and in the automatic procedure, unable to record
if a passing material is not intended as waste.
The US-based company EvoEco has developed
EvoBin, a freestanding, modular, steel construction
equipped with a video displaying items that are typical-
ly recycled, composted or landfilled, then showing
feedback message depending on the types of thrown
waste. Apart from the effective engagement of users,
the small capacity (about 87 litres) compared to the
overall height (170 cm), the absence of a profiling
system and the uncovered lid make EvoBin more suit-
able as indoor solution rather than urban waste facility.
Not always technology advancements related to
smart bin directly improve household every-day
actions, and waste bins design is often the by-product
of complex waste sorting regulations (OECD, 2017).
Therefore, this prototype research takes into
account not only the former request of the local utility
to improve municipal management system of separate
waste collection, but also the pressing need to better
the user experience at different levels.
This research has been carried out since 2016 by
CFR Consorzio Futuro in Ricerca, specifically by
Next City Lab, an interdisciplinary research group at
Architecture Department University of Ferrara,
headed by professor Gabriele Lelli, commissioned by
the central innovation director of Hera Group,
Salvatore Molé. The main authors are, from industry
side, Eng. Enrico Piraccini, head of development &
innovation of Hera Group and Eng. Simone Allegra,
innovation central direction of Hera Group, and from
University side MSc associate prof. Gabriele Lelli,
MSc Walter Nicolino and MSc PhD Candidate Ilaria
Fabbri.
2 CURRENT SITUATION IN
ITALY
Waste is currently a central issue in the agendas of
local and national governments.
The rapid growth of the population and the
considerable changes in people lifestyle are outpacing
the need of valuable solutions to improve the
efficiency and the effectiveness of waste collection,
urban disposals and recycling scores by taking into
account the standard of health and environmental
friendliness. In European countries, total and per
capita waste production has been decreasing thanks to
specific community policies which have been in place
since the 1990s.
A briefing published on November 2018 by the
European Environment Agency (EEA) highlighted
that “pay-as-you-throw” (PAYT) schemes are
effective instruments that drive recycling up. In
PAYT programs waste management service is
charged by unit or consumption, likewise other urban
utilities such as electricity or water; specifically, the
fees are based on the weight or volume of the
generated waste. Besides, differentiated tariffs make
residual waste more expensive than selectively
collected waste streams, as an economic incentive for
households to recycle their waste.
In line with the findings of EEA briefing, and with
several lines of evidence supporting PAYT systems,
many countries in Europe are adopting a waste rate
proportional to the weight and/or the volume of the
delivered garbage.
Italy abolished the flat-rate tax (TARSU) and it is
gradually setting a target to complete the shift from
tax to a user-specific rate.
Through its own plants and services, the Hera
Group is Italy’s first environmental operator which
directly manages the entire integrated waste cycle in
its own area, which consisted of 187 municipalities in
2017 with about 3.3 million inhabitants in total.
In 2015, before the research here presented
started, Hera Group was testing urban waste
containers with preliminary expedients measuring
garbage volumes and recognizing users’ identity. The
most common model of urban garbage bin enabling
users’ profiling and waste measuring consists of a
traditional 3200-liter container with a recycling cap
on the top, with a capacity of 15 litres. In order to
throw garbage bag, the user has to wake up the system
pushing a button, log in with the personal RFID card
on the sensor, pull the lever handle, fill the cap with
garbage bag and close it up.
With such measuring caps, waste delivery is a
complex and time-consuming process, rather than an
automatic, effortless act. Moreover, the height of the
cap penalizes the system in terms of accessibility to
protected class of users.
The experimentation conducted by Hera Group in
different area of Emilia Romagna Region also
highlights that this model of dustbin badly affects
user behaviour, with increased littering next to waste
SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems
30
containers: opening cap temporary out of order,
impossibility to open the lid due to RFID card left at
home, excessive hurry, difficulties in reaching the
lever handle.
Littering or putting the wrong materials in the
recycling bins lower the quality of separate collection
and rises recycling costs.
Figure 1: The standard model of container lid, a recycling
cap with several criticalities in terms of user experience.
The considered challenging situation leads Here
Group to look for tangible alternatives to this type of
waste container, to develop and test innovative
solutions in line with European requirements and
combining the ordinary garbage collection point with
innovative urban services.
3 THE CONCEPT OF THE
RESEARCH
The new urban point for waste collection capitalizes
the outcomes of previous experimentation conducted
by Hera Group following the introduction of specific
tariffs.
The main objectives of the prototype research are
described as follows.
3.1 Application of the PAYT European
Law
This implies that the prototype should be able of
recording collection frequency and user identity, and
measuring the amount of garbage and its type (if
recyclable materials or refuse).
With the standard measuring cap, people may
perceive that waste sorting is too demanding and
time-consuming, while, on the contrary, the
application of waste regulation (profiling and
measuring) should not affect people during waste
delivery and not cause them additional work.
3.2 User Experience Improvement
We identified 5 principles to get the most desirable
experience for each user:
Make the collection easier and quicker with
only two operations: identification and disposal
of waste;
A clean experience that minimizes the physical
contact with the bin, a hand less system with no
contamination, no manual operations, no
pedals, levers or other mechanisms. Users are
identified through electronic systems (RFID
and NFC) and they simply let the waste bag fall
will into the containers without touching them;
Introduction of a rewarding system, giving the
users additional services according to his/her
sustainable behaviour;
Increase citizens’ safety during waste delivery,
according to car flow, sidewalks depth and
other features of urban environment;
Improvement in the station accessibility for a
wide target of users, including children, elderly
and frail people, since no levers or pedals are
needed to open the containers, whose lids are
comfortable and suitable for anyone, people on
wheelchair included.
3.3 Urban Impact Improvement
Increase the appeal of household waste container and
its surrounding area is another imperative of the
research; there are plenty of interesting attempts to
transform waste containers into clean and elegant
urban objects, and in Italy there is big room for
improvement on this side. The use of a
multifunctional, modular, easy to use, technological,
innovative and adjustable station can have a variety
of application and can be used in different urban
environments.
Moreover, positive changes in the physical
environment can substantially affect individual
decision-making, especially in contexts in which
choices are made spontaneously, on the basis of
PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the City
31
automated mechanisms and habits (OECD, 2017), as
it happens for daily household waste delivery.
Improvement in the urban environment includes
the adoption of smart solution for reducing and
optimizing the itinerary of waste collection vehicles
in accordance with real-time control of the dustbins’
filling degree, with the expected consequence of fuel
saving and atmospheric pollution reduction.
3.4 Innovative Combination of Urban
Waste Collection with Other
Services
The Italian multi-utility asked the research group to
invent and present viable strategies and services to
widen the Group’s business offer to the city.
Thanks to its widespread diffusion in the urban
environment, waste collection point has the potential
to become a community interface, a reference site for
data collection and urban services.
For instance, the UK Renew Startup installed
before the 2012 Olympics about 100 recycling bins
equipped with wi-fi and LCD screens around London.
The dustbin, able to track each phone that
connects to them with wi-fi and to sell tailored
advertising opportunities, were quickly labelled “spy-
bins” (Harris, 2007).
The research here presented innovates urban
waste collection points by the integration with a set of
services as environmental sensors, wi-fi, electric bike
charging, video surveillance, SOS emergency button.
The research is still ongoing; other urban services are
being studying and testing, and will further
implement the innovative station, which is more than
isolated dustbins.
As the system recognize users and measure their
waste, which is the basis for the user-specific tariff, it
is possible to record the collection trend of each
station, which means the recycling habits of the
neighbourhood itself. Showing off this last
information has the potential subtle effect.
Individuals are usually affected by the way people
surrounding them behave (OECD, 2017:13) and
comparing the recycling rate achieved by each urban
district may trigger positive competitions among
communities. For these reasons, we design for the
implementation of a digital projector in the collection
point, able to cast on the street recycling scores made
by each community and real time feedbacks on waste
collection. The outdoor digital projection makes
effortful community sorting performance visible, and
encourages positive competition between
neighbourhoods.
The research group called the innovative urban
waste station “PUNTOnet”; the name recalls the
network of collection points in the city and it is to be
also noticed that in the Italian language “net” hints to
something clean.
Figure 2: Urban placement study of the collection point with smart totem. The outdoor digital projection makes effortful
community sorting performance visible, and encourages positive competition between neighbourhoods.
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32
4 DESIGN PHASE 1 – INDOOR
PROTOTYPES
Since 2016, 16 types of opening lid have been tested
simulating the process of waste delivery through real
mock-ups.
The research group, jointly with experts from
Hera Group, compared the proposed opening systems
with a specific evaluation matrix, including the
following criteria:
1) USER EXPERIENCE
Quickness of the delivery process
Intuitive opening
Accessible for people with disabilities
Hands/fingers protection
Protection from unpleasant sight
Suitable both for bags and loose garbage
handless system (the garbage weight is
sufficient to open lid of the bin and closes by
gravity)
visual impact
2) INDIVIDUAL WASTE CHARGING
User recognition system
Volume control by the geometry of the lid
Visibility of the waste from the smart totem
(the lid does not hide the garbage)
3) WASTE OPERATOR
Possibility to empty the bin from its top
Possibility to empty the bin from its bottom
Simple maintenance
No hollows or notches simplifying
cleanability
Easiness in replacement of components
4) COMPATIBILITY WITH THE
COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS
Non-recyclable garbage (bags)
Paper (paper bags)
Paper (loose)
Plastics (bag)
Plastic (loose)
Glass (loose)
Organic (paper bags)
Yard waste (loose)
A specific score has been given to each criterion,
measuring the potential success or failure of each
opening lid during each phase of waste collection.
At the beginning of 2017 Next City Lab Group
presented a 1:1 scale prototype of the three most
promising options of containers, suitable for indoor
test, and a mock-up of a smart totem, an innovative
element integral part of the waste collection station.
Figure 3: Indoor prototype of three opening lids.
Waste collection point consists of two elements:
the dustbin, with a low level of electronic
components, and a smart high-tech totem; each
container has an interface strip on the front that
recognizes users through NFC system.
Once the user logs in, the lid unlocks. The user
doesn’t have to touch anything, just throwing the
rubbish away and the lid opens for gravity.
The identification with personal NFC card
activates stereoscopic cameras on the smart totem for
volume calculation. The cameras take stereographic
images during waste delivery and a specific software
processes them.
This sophisticated software, specifically created
for this research, can determine the volume of a
photographed amount of garbage.
For weight calculation, small but very accurate
scales are set up at the base of each container.
Along with waste collection, the smart totem
provides other services for the city such as:
Environmental monitoring;
Video surveillance;
Information Communication Technology (wi-fi,
5G, data concentrators);
Electric recharge (devices, electric bikes and
Mobility Scooters for wheelchair users).
5 DESIGN PHASE 2 – OUTDOOR
PROTOTYPES
The second phase of prototype developing has been
achieved thanks to detail drawings of all the
components of the innovative waste containers,
PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the City
33
including the study of digital interface and the
exterior shell.
In partnership with a mechanical workshop in
Maranello in Italy, at the end of 2017 the research
group completed the first prototype suitable for
outdoor environment and fully functioning.
The first months of 2018 have been dedicated to
testing, in a private context, how the prototype really
worked. Moreover, it was connected to the internet to
verify the functionality and stability of all
components, also the ones being remotely installed.
In this phase the research had the valuable support
of CERPA Italia Onlus (The European Centre for the
promotion of Inclusion) about the system
accessibility to different type of disabilities.
Different changes in order to improve the user
interface, the inner volume of containers, the
resistance to weather conditions, and other details
were made during the private outdoor test.
Figure 4: Outdoor prototype for private test.
The second outdoor prototype was specifically
meant for a public test in a real world urban context:
40 families of Castel Bolognese, an Italian town at
roughly 10 000 residents, started testing PUNTOnet
on October 2018. The testing stage ended on the 20th
October 2019.
Figure 5: Outdoor prototype for public test.
6 FROM WASTE COLLECTION
TO URBAN DASHBOARD FOR
A SMALL TOWN
The huge amount of real time data produced everyday
by our cities demands for an integrated system able to
read through the information and interpret them.
Urban dashboards are becoming increasingly
popular as an effective mean to assess and guide daily
operational practices across public services and
provide wider information to policy makers (Kitchin
et al, 2016). However, the use of centralized operating
systems of this kind is still infrequent in small
villages.
The PUNTOnet experimentation in Castel
Bolognese set the basis for a pilot project promoted
by Hera Group of urban dashboard in a 10 000-
inhabitant town.
Castel Bolognese dashboard displays five kinds
of services:
Environmental passport, addressing the eight
topics of Bologna Environmental Chart and in
line with ONU Agenda Sustainable
Development Goals;
Energetic Maps, a WebGis service that provides
a composite visualization of gas, water,
electricity consumptions in order to highlight
specific needs of energy rehabilitation for public
and private buildings;
Satellite maps, both from Remotely-Piloted
Aircraft Systems (RPAS) and aerial mapping;
Environmental monitoring (e.g., weather,
pollution level, noise).
Technology infrastructures, concerning the
delivery of services by Hera Group. In this
section, graphs and maps show information
about the trend of waste collection and the other
services combined with PUNTOnet, including
electric bike sharing points and smart bus shelter
promoting sustainable mobility. The additional
smart services connected to PUNTOnet are not
completely disclosed and are currently under
study and design process.
SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems
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Figure 6: Pilot urban dashboard for a 10 000-inhabitant town, Castel Bolognese demo site.
7 PEOPLE ENGAGEMENT IN
THE TESTING STAGE AND
BEHAVIOURAL INSIGHT
The sample group of citizens who tested PUNTOnet
for 12 months were chosen by Hera Group among the
citizens. The proximity of their homes to the demo
site has been the selection criterion.
Different strategies were studied to engage people
in the experimentation in Castel Bolognese and
improve the quality of waste collection; prototype
waste containers were regularly monitored during the
testing stage and two digital survey were submitted,
the first one at the beginning of the experimentation
and the second one at the end.
The main strategies were:
Urban placement studies: evident changes in the
physical appearance of urban waste containers
might act as effective behavioural leverage for a
more sustainable approach to sort and recycle.
The exterior shell of the containers shows a re-
elaboration of a work of art by Peter Kogler.
Photoluminescent pigments produced by the
Italian firm Reglow were used to pave the
wooden platform next PUNTOnet, which made
it clearly visible in the night. Individuals can be
therefore incentivised to take care of a clean and
appealing area.
Rewarding approach, associating a tangible
payoff to consumers’ achievement. Citizens
effortful change in their routine using the
prototype are rewarded with discount vouchers
for grocery and other shops in the centre of Castel
Bolognese. There is mounting evidence that
rewarding scheme may generate a positive norm
in the long term (OECD, 2017).
User-friendly feedbacks: at the experimentation
kick off, the research team created a Community
Broadcast chat with WhatsApp, opened to
volunteers among the sample group of citizens
testing PUNTOnet. The Broadcast Chat was
meant to spread information from the research
group about the prototype itself and the testing
stage, and to give feedback about people waste
sorting performance; through WhatsApp
Service, people had the possibility to share
questions and report litter problem with
photographs and videos directly to the research
group. This strategy appeared particularly
successful in bringing a positive sense of
recognition to those who participate in the
experimentation, as resulted from the final
survey.
Descriptive commitment through graphics: the
shell of the waste containers displays the text:
“I’m just a prototype: help me to improve myself.
Your suggestion will make the difference!”.
Users are invited to express their opinion during
the experimentation period using the Smart
Community Chat.
Gamification: the prototype containers integrate
informal audio communication; every time
someone logs in, the container reacts with
PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the City
35
greetings or other sounds that may be customized
for specific audience. The Swedish agency DDB,
with its “deepest bin in the world” as already
proven how well this type of persuasion works
(Alter, 2017).
Monitoring and penalties: PUNTOnet
surrounding area was monitored by specific
cameras on the smart totem, able to detect
potentially negative actions as littering alongside
the waste containers; alert notifications would be
then visible on the general urban dashboard
controlled by the multi-utility.
These strategies contribute to the positive
outcomes of the testing stage. The sample group of
testers showed a general satisfaction as assessed by
the final survey.
Table 1: Final survey results.
QUESTION YES NO NEUTRAL
Is PUNTOnet easy
to open?
79,0% 10,5% 10,5%
Are you satisfied
with the collection
point neatness?
78,9% 0% 21,1%
Are you satisfied
with the amenity
and lighting of
PUNTOnet
surrounding area?
78,9% 5,3% 15,8%
Do you prefer
traditional waste
containers?
10,5% 68,4% 21,1%
Do you think that
the diffusion of
PUNTOnet model
in the city would
improve waste
sorting and
recycling?
84,2% 5,3% 10,5%
The results of the final satisfactory survey
submitted to the sample group of citizens reveal a
positive feedback and a general warm welcome to
PUNTOnet innovative features.
The first part of the experimentation highlighted
that the involvement of people in the prototype test has
risen the awareness about separate waste collection.
Furthermore, an easy-to-use, efficient and
technological collection system has galvanised users to
be more virtuous, for example they will separate waste
better and they will deliver it correctly. This increased
the quantity and the quality of separately collected
urban waste and decreased unsorted urban waste.
8 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS
TOWARDS SERIES
PRODUCTION
After the 12-month test, PUNTOnet refinements are
ongoing, in view of further public experiments. On
June 2019 the research team showed off the final
prototype, at the conference "Re-inventing the city:
smartness and resilience to face new challenges",
organized by the Hera Group in Bologna, in the multi-
utility headquarters.
The main difference between the second outdoor
prototype and the third one is that the smart totem of
the previous versions evolved into a different urban
structure, a smart shelter for e-bike sharing; all the
components previously stored in the vertical urban
kiosk are located, in the last version, on the roof of
the shelter, a painted steel structure with coloured
photovoltaic glass panels.
In the third model of outdoor waste containers, the
user interface is fully optimized: the interactive strip,
including NFC sensor, RGB led and mini audio
speakers, has been lowered and slightly slanted to
enhance the visibility of the login target and light
signals; furthermore, the interface bar is now fixed on
the exterior shell of the container, that stands still
during the emptying process. This solution provides
for a greater protection from impacts and bumps,
increases the life span of electronic equipment and
dwindles the expected maintenance frequency.
Standard waste containers with metal structure
and no smart components usually have an average life
expectancy of 10 years; with the last implementation,
PUNTOnet lifespan has increased, and it is expected
to be about 7 years.
Regarding the end-of-life treatment, it has to be
noticed that smart containers steel structure can be
recycled and reused endlessly; in addition, for the
exterior envelope of the third outdoor station the
design team chose dark slats of Wood Plastic
Composite (WPC). Not requiring special
maintenance, at the end of their life cycle WPC panels
can be extruded again and recycled up to 20 times,
with no need of adding any other components and no
physical or mechanical alterations. Next City Lab
decided to shift from metal carter with adhesive
graphic film of the first prototypes to WPC envelope
because the latter is not only recyclable, but both
components, wood and plastic, are sourced from
recycling streams, too. Wood Plastic Composite slat
has the warm touch of wood, but doesn’t rot, and
above all does not overheat as metal.
SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems
36
Looking towards series production, PUNTOnet
containers offer an innovative solution for profiling
and measuring, mandatory aspects for the application
of upcoming user-specific rates imposed by European
targets; they are also fully accessible to a wide range
of people, even if accessibility is not yet compulsory
in local bids for supplies of urban trash disposals.
9 CONCLUSIONS
The tested prototypes were designed with the
imperative to achieve a greater user experience, to
engage people in positive contribution to urban and
environmental quality, as daily participation to
community life is itself a component of individual
wellbeing.
Current digital revolution and rising
consciousness of environmental risks are shaping
values and ethical framework: professionals involved
in public space design should make an effort to
increase organicity and coherence of urban objects
and public services, through technology innovations,
possibly driving shared values towards public health
and happiness for all.
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