PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers

Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the

City

Ilaria Fabbri

, Gabriele Lelli

and Walter Nicolino

Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, 36 Via Della Ghiara, Ferrara, Italy

Keywords: Waste Management, Prototype Developing, Urban Service.

Abstract: In order to meet European objectives in the field of urban waste collection, dustbins need to achieve a greater

intelligence to recognize users and measure their garbage. The ongoing changes in waste collection are

transforming ordinary garbage bins into innovative urban interface with huge potential, especially due to the

capillary diffusion of waste disposal in the built environment. This paper presents a research, commissioned

by one of the leading Italian multi-utility operating in environmental service, with the aim to improve

municipal management of separate waste collection through the design and test of an innovative

multifunctional station, in line with the principles of circular economy. The pilot project combines existing

technologies regarding urban waste collection and new smart services for the city (environmental quality, ICT,

electrical charging for bikes, video-monitoring and others); PUNTOnet, the innovative urban waste collection

point, improves user experience, provides further services for the city and ensures, at the same time, a better

management. Results obtained after a 12-month test in a real-world environment show that a more intuitive

and user friendly design of waste disposal, associated to rewarding schemes positively affect household

behaviour and may generate virtuous attitude for correct waste sorting.

1 INTRODUCTION

A healthy and clean environment is essential for the

wellbeing of a community, and an efficient waste

management is a key aspect in achieving this.

Public waste management has always developed

through history in relation to urban growth, and

tightly connected to individual attitude and civil duty.

In the late medieval city there were no rubbish

collection, and latrines and open refuse pits served as

waste disposal facilities; individual behaviour was

imperative for the intended work of these seemingly

simple technologies, which could be badly affected

by improper actions, for example by throwing waste

in the streets gutters (Jørgensen, 2008).

Medieval towns had a lot of ordinances and laws

to do with waste disposal, latrines, and toilets: in

London, for example, people were responsible for the

maintenance and cleanliness of the street outside their

houses (O’Neill, 2013), as it was in ancient Rome,

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6973-3577

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5979-9502

where rubbish thrown or dropped onto the streets may

have been the responsibility of building owners if it

was in front of their property (Taylor, 2005).

Before 1900 waste was generally stored in the

houses and emptied out on the street at the arrival of

waste collectors with their vehicles. In 1904, the

Viennese government, for instance, had 104 horse-

drawn collection carts, announced by ringing bells

(Dostal & Zerz, 2004).

An important step in waste disposal took place last

century, thanks to mechanical procedures that

allowed a tangible waste management including

separate refuse collection and conversion of waste

materials into new objects.

In recent years, many inventions and methods

have been developed using technology making the

delivery of service more and more sophisticated. An

increasing number of researchers and organisations

are testing and using smart bins to maximise the

efficiency of the collection and the data accuracy

about the delivered waste.

Fabbri, I., Lelli, G. and Nicolino, W.

PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the City.

DOI: 10.5220/0009470400290037

In Proceedings of the 9th Inter national Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS 2020), pages 29-37

ISBN: 978-989-758-418-3

Ultrasonic sensors measuring the garbage level

inside the container allow the local utility to plan the

collecting routes accordingly, and in some cases

inform the users about the fullness of the bin without

the need for opening it (Mustafa & Ku Azir, 2017).

In 2014, Lazaro and Rubio worked on solar

powered electronic trash can with a sensor able to scan

the waste, open a particular lid depending on the type

of waste and close it automatically after 10 seconds.

However, the limitations in this prototype lay in its

costs and in the automatic procedure, unable to record

if a passing material is not intended as waste.

The US-based company EvoEco has developed

EvoBin, a freestanding, modular, steel construction

equipped with a video displaying items that are typical-

ly recycled, composted or landfilled, then showing

feedback message depending on the types of thrown

waste. Apart from the effective engagement of users,

the small capacity (about 87 litres) compared to the

overall height (170 cm), the absence of a profiling

system and the uncovered lid make EvoBin more suit-

able as indoor solution rather than urban waste facility.

Not always technology advancements related to

smart bin directly improve household every-day

actions, and waste bins design is often the by-product

of complex waste sorting regulations (OECD, 2017).

Therefore, this prototype research takes into

account not only the former request of the local utility

to improve municipal management system of separate

waste collection, but also the pressing need to better

the user experience at different levels.

This research has been carried out since 2016 by

CFR Consorzio Futuro in Ricerca, specifically by

Next City Lab, an interdisciplinary research group at

Architecture Department University of Ferrara,

headed by professor Gabriele Lelli, commissioned by

the central innovation director of Hera Group,

Salvatore Molé. The main authors are, from industry

side, Eng. Enrico Piraccini, head of development &

innovation of Hera Group and Eng. Simone Allegra,

innovation central direction of Hera Group, and from

University side MSc associate prof. Gabriele Lelli,

MSc Walter Nicolino and MSc PhD Candidate Ilaria

Fabbri.

2 CURRENT SITUATION IN

ITALY

Waste is currently a central issue in the agendas of

local and national governments.

The rapid growth of the population and the

considerable changes in people lifestyle are outpacing

the need of valuable solutions to improve the

efficiency and the effectiveness of waste collection,

urban disposals and recycling scores by taking into

account the standard of health and environmental

friendliness. In European countries, total and per

capita waste production has been decreasing thanks to

specific community policies which have been in place

since the 1990s.

A briefing published on November 2018 by the

European Environment Agency (EEA) highlighted

that “pay-as-you-throw” (PAYT) schemes are

effective instruments that drive recycling up. In

PAYT programs waste management service is

charged by unit or consumption, likewise other urban

utilities such as electricity or water; specifically, the

fees are based on the weight or volume of the

generated waste. Besides, differentiated tariffs make

residual waste more expensive than selectively

collected waste streams, as an economic incentive for

households to recycle their waste.

In line with the findings of EEA briefing, and with

several lines of evidence supporting PAYT systems,

many countries in Europe are adopting a waste rate

proportional to the weight and/or the volume of the

delivered garbage.

Italy abolished the flat-rate tax (TARSU) and it is

gradually setting a target to complete the shift from

tax to a user-specific rate.

Through its own plants and services, the Hera

Group is Italy’s first environmental operator which

directly manages the entire integrated waste cycle in

its own area, which consisted of 187 municipalities in

2017 with about 3.3 million inhabitants in total.

In 2015, before the research here presented

started, Hera Group was testing urban waste

containers with preliminary expedients measuring

garbage volumes and recognizing users’ identity. The

most common model of urban garbage bin enabling

users’ profiling and waste measuring consists of a

traditional 3200-liter container with a recycling cap

on the top, with a capacity of 15 litres. In order to

throw garbage bag, the user has to wake up the system

pushing a button, log in with the personal RFID card

on the sensor, pull the lever handle, fill the cap with

garbage bag and close it up.

With such measuring caps, waste delivery is a

complex and time-consuming process, rather than an

automatic, effortless act. Moreover, the height of the

cap penalizes the system in terms of accessibility to

protected class of users.

The experimentation conducted by Hera Group in

different area of Emilia Romagna Region also

highlights that this model of dustbin badly affects

user behaviour, with increased littering next to waste

SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

containers: opening cap temporary out of order,

impossibility to open the lid due to RFID card left at

home, excessive hurry, difficulties in reaching the

lever handle.

Littering or putting the wrong materials in the

recycling bins lower the quality of separate collection

and rises recycling costs.

Figure 1: The standard model of container lid, a recycling

cap with several criticalities in terms of user experience.

The considered challenging situation leads Here

Group to look for tangible alternatives to this type of

waste container, to develop and test innovative

solutions in line with European requirements and

combining the ordinary garbage collection point with

innovative urban services.

3 THE CONCEPT OF THE

RESEARCH

The new urban point for waste collection capitalizes

the outcomes of previous experimentation conducted

by Hera Group following the introduction of specific

tariffs.

The main objectives of the prototype research are

described as follows.

3.1 Application of the PAYT European

Law

This implies that the prototype should be able of

recording collection frequency and user identity, and

measuring the amount of garbage and its type (if

recyclable materials or refuse).

With the standard measuring cap, people may

perceive that waste sorting is too demanding and

time-consuming, while, on the contrary, the

application of waste regulation (profiling and

measuring) should not affect people during waste

delivery and not cause them additional work.

3.2 User Experience Improvement

We identified 5 principles to get the most desirable

experience for each user:

 Make the collection easier and quicker with

only two operations: identification and disposal

of waste;

 A clean experience that minimizes the physical

contact with the bin, a hand less system with no

contamination, no manual operations, no

pedals, levers or other mechanisms. Users are

identified through electronic systems (RFID

and NFC) and they simply let the waste bag fall

will into the containers without touching them;

 Introduction of a rewarding system, giving the

users additional services according to his/her

sustainable behaviour;

 Increase citizens’ safety during waste delivery,

according to car flow, sidewalks depth and

other features of urban environment;

 Improvement in the station accessibility for a

wide target of users, including children, elderly

and frail people, since no levers or pedals are

needed to open the containers, whose lids are

comfortable and suitable for anyone, people on

wheelchair included.

3.3 Urban Impact Improvement

Increase the appeal of household waste container and

its surrounding area is another imperative of the

research; there are plenty of interesting attempts to

transform waste containers into clean and elegant

urban objects, and in Italy there is big room for

improvement on this side. The use of a

multifunctional, modular, easy to use, technological,

innovative and adjustable station can have a variety

of application and can be used in different urban

environments.

Moreover, positive changes in the physical

environment can substantially affect individual

decision-making, especially in contexts in which

choices are made spontaneously, on the basis of

PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the City

automated mechanisms and habits (OECD, 2017), as

it happens for daily household waste delivery.

Improvement in the urban environment includes

the adoption of smart solution for reducing and

optimizing the itinerary of waste collection vehicles

in accordance with real-time control of the dustbins’

filling degree, with the expected consequence of fuel

saving and atmospheric pollution reduction.

3.4 Innovative Combination of Urban

Waste Collection with Other

Services

The Italian multi-utility asked the research group to

invent and present viable strategies and services to

widen the Group’s business offer to the city.

Thanks to its widespread diffusion in the urban

environment, waste collection point has the potential

to become a community interface, a reference site for

data collection and urban services.

For instance, the UK Renew Startup installed

before the 2012 Olympics about 100 recycling bins

equipped with wi-fi and LCD screens around London.

The dustbin, able to track each phone that

connects to them with wi-fi and to sell tailored

advertising opportunities, were quickly labelled “spy-

bins” (Harris, 2007).

The research here presented innovates urban

waste collection points by the integration with a set of

services as environmental sensors, wi-fi, electric bike

charging, video surveillance, SOS emergency button.

The research is still ongoing; other urban services are

being studying and testing, and will further

implement the innovative station, which is more than

isolated dustbins.

As the system recognize users and measure their

waste, which is the basis for the user-specific tariff, it

is possible to record the collection trend of each

station, which means the recycling habits of the

neighbourhood itself. Showing off this last

information has the potential subtle effect.

Individuals are usually affected by the way people

surrounding them behave (OECD, 2017:13) and

comparing the recycling rate achieved by each urban

district may trigger positive competitions among

communities. For these reasons, we design for the

implementation of a digital projector in the collection

point, able to cast on the street recycling scores made

by each community and real time feedbacks on waste

collection. The outdoor digital projection makes

effortful community sorting performance visible, and

encourages positive competition between

neighbourhoods.

The research group called the innovative urban

waste station “PUNTOnet”; the name recalls the

network of collection points in the city and it is to be

also noticed that in the Italian language “net” hints to

something clean.

Figure 2: Urban placement study of the collection point with smart totem. The outdoor digital projection makes effortful

community sorting performance visible, and encourages positive competition between neighbourhoods.

SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

4 DESIGN PHASE 1 – INDOOR

PROTOTYPES

Since 2016, 16 types of opening lid have been tested

simulating the process of waste delivery through real

mock-ups.

The research group, jointly with experts from

Hera Group, compared the proposed opening systems

with a specific evaluation matrix, including the

following criteria:

1) USER EXPERIENCE

 Quickness of the delivery process

 Intuitive opening

 Accessible for people with disabilities

 Hands/fingers protection

 Protection from unpleasant sight

 Suitable both for bags and loose garbage

 handless system (the garbage weight is

sufficient to open lid of the bin and closes by

gravity)

 visual impact

2) INDIVIDUAL WASTE CHARGING

 User recognition system

 Volume control by the geometry of the lid

 Visibility of the waste from the smart totem

(the lid does not hide the garbage)

3) WASTE OPERATOR

 Possibility to empty the bin from its top

 Possibility to empty the bin from its bottom

 Simple maintenance

 No hollows or notches simplifying

cleanability

 Easiness in replacement of components

4) COMPATIBILITY WITH THE

COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS

 Non-recyclable garbage (bags)

 Paper (paper bags)

 Paper (loose)

 Plastics (bag)

 Plastic (loose)

 Glass (loose)

 Organic (paper bags)

 Yard waste (loose)

A specific score has been given to each criterion,

measuring the potential success or failure of each

opening lid during each phase of waste collection.

At the beginning of 2017 Next City Lab Group

presented a 1:1 scale prototype of the three most

promising options of containers, suitable for indoor

test, and a mock-up of a smart totem, an innovative

element integral part of the waste collection station.

Figure 3: Indoor prototype of three opening lids.

Waste collection point consists of two elements:

the dustbin, with a low level of electronic

components, and a smart high-tech totem; each

container has an interface strip on the front that

recognizes users through NFC system.

Once the user logs in, the lid unlocks. The user

doesn’t have to touch anything, just throwing the

rubbish away and the lid opens for gravity.

The identification with personal NFC card

activates stereoscopic cameras on the smart totem for

volume calculation. The cameras take stereographic

images during waste delivery and a specific software

processes them.

This sophisticated software, specifically created

for this research, can determine the volume of a

photographed amount of garbage.

For weight calculation, small but very accurate

scales are set up at the base of each container.

Along with waste collection, the smart totem

provides other services for the city such as:

 Environmental monitoring;

 Video surveillance;

 Information Communication Technology (wi-fi,

5G, data concentrators);

 Electric recharge (devices, electric bikes and

Mobility Scooters for wheelchair users).

5 DESIGN PHASE 2 – OUTDOOR

PROTOTYPES

The second phase of prototype developing has been

achieved thanks to detail drawings of all the

components of the innovative waste containers,

PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the City

including the study of digital interface and the

exterior shell.

In partnership with a mechanical workshop in

Maranello in Italy, at the end of 2017 the research

group completed the first prototype suitable for

outdoor environment and fully functioning.

The first months of 2018 have been dedicated to

testing, in a private context, how the prototype really

worked. Moreover, it was connected to the internet to

verify the functionality and stability of all

components, also the ones being remotely installed.

In this phase the research had the valuable support

of CERPA Italia Onlus (The European Centre for the

promotion of Inclusion) about the system

accessibility to different type of disabilities.

Different changes in order to improve the user

interface, the inner volume of containers, the

resistance to weather conditions, and other details

were made during the private outdoor test.

Figure 4: Outdoor prototype for private test.

The second outdoor prototype was specifically

meant for a public test in a real world urban context:

40 families of Castel Bolognese, an Italian town at

roughly 10 000 residents, started testing PUNTOnet

on October 2018. The testing stage ended on the 20th

October 2019.

Figure 5: Outdoor prototype for public test.

6 FROM WASTE COLLECTION

TO URBAN DASHBOARD FOR

A SMALL TOWN

The huge amount of real time data produced everyday

by our cities demands for an integrated system able to

read through the information and interpret them.

Urban dashboards are becoming increasingly

popular as an effective mean to assess and guide daily

operational practices across public services and

provide wider information to policy makers (Kitchin

et al, 2016). However, the use of centralized operating

systems of this kind is still infrequent in small

villages.

The PUNTOnet experimentation in Castel

Bolognese set the basis for a pilot project promoted

by Hera Group of urban dashboard in a 10 000-

inhabitant town.

Castel Bolognese dashboard displays five kinds

of services:

 Environmental passport, addressing the eight

topics of Bologna Environmental Chart and in

line with ONU Agenda Sustainable

Development Goals;

 Energetic Maps, a WebGis service that provides

a composite visualization of gas, water,

electricity consumptions in order to highlight

specific needs of energy rehabilitation for public

and private buildings;

 Satellite maps, both from Remotely-Piloted

Aircraft Systems (RPAS) and aerial mapping;

 Environmental monitoring (e.g., weather,

pollution level, noise).

 Technology infrastructures, concerning the

delivery of services by Hera Group. In this

section, graphs and maps show information

about the trend of waste collection and the other

services combined with PUNTOnet, including

electric bike sharing points and smart bus shelter

promoting sustainable mobility. The additional

smart services connected to PUNTOnet are not

completely disclosed and are currently under

study and design process.

SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

Figure 6: Pilot urban dashboard for a 10 000-inhabitant town, Castel Bolognese demo site.

7 PEOPLE ENGAGEMENT IN

THE TESTING STAGE AND

BEHAVIOURAL INSIGHT

The sample group of citizens who tested PUNTOnet

for 12 months were chosen by Hera Group among the

citizens. The proximity of their homes to the demo

site has been the selection criterion.

Different strategies were studied to engage people

in the experimentation in Castel Bolognese and

improve the quality of waste collection; prototype

waste containers were regularly monitored during the

testing stage and two digital survey were submitted,

the first one at the beginning of the experimentation

and the second one at the end.

The main strategies were:

 Urban placement studies: evident changes in the

physical appearance of urban waste containers

might act as effective behavioural leverage for a

more sustainable approach to sort and recycle.

The exterior shell of the containers shows a re-

elaboration of a work of art by Peter Kogler.

Photoluminescent pigments produced by the

Italian firm Reglow were used to pave the

wooden platform next PUNTOnet, which made

it clearly visible in the night. Individuals can be

therefore incentivised to take care of a clean and

appealing area.

 Rewarding approach, associating a tangible

payoff to consumers’ achievement. Citizens

effortful change in their routine using the

prototype are rewarded with discount vouchers

for grocery and other shops in the centre of Castel

Bolognese. There is mounting evidence that

rewarding scheme may generate a positive norm

in the long term (OECD, 2017).

 User-friendly feedbacks: at the experimentation

kick off, the research team created a Community

Broadcast chat with WhatsApp, opened to

volunteers among the sample group of citizens

testing PUNTOnet. The Broadcast Chat was

meant to spread information from the research

group about the prototype itself and the testing

stage, and to give feedback about people waste

sorting performance; through WhatsApp

Service, people had the possibility to share

questions and report litter problem with

photographs and videos directly to the research

group. This strategy appeared particularly

successful in bringing a positive sense of

recognition to those who participate in the

experimentation, as resulted from the final

survey.

 Descriptive commitment through graphics: the

shell of the waste containers displays the text:

“I’m just a prototype: help me to improve myself.

Your suggestion will make the difference!”.

Users are invited to express their opinion during

the experimentation period using the Smart

Community Chat.

 Gamification: the prototype containers integrate

informal audio communication; every time

someone logs in, the container reacts with

PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the City

greetings or other sounds that may be customized

for specific audience. The Swedish agency DDB,

with its “deepest bin in the world” as already

proven how well this type of persuasion works

(Alter, 2017).

 Monitoring and penalties: PUNTOnet

surrounding area was monitored by specific

cameras on the smart totem, able to detect

potentially negative actions as littering alongside

the waste containers; alert notifications would be

then visible on the general urban dashboard

controlled by the multi-utility.

These strategies contribute to the positive

outcomes of the testing stage. The sample group of

testers showed a general satisfaction as assessed by

the final survey.

Table 1: Final survey results.

QUESTION YES NO NEUTRAL

Is PUNTOnet easy

to open?

79,0% 10,5% 10,5%

Are you satisfied

with the collection

point neatness?

78,9% 0% 21,1%

Are you satisfied

with the amenity

and lighting of

PUNTOnet

surrounding area?

78,9% 5,3% 15,8%

Do you prefer

traditional waste

containers?

10,5% 68,4% 21,1%

Do you think that

the diffusion of

PUNTOnet model

in the city would

improve waste

sorting and

recycling?

84,2% 5,3% 10,5%

The results of the final satisfactory survey

submitted to the sample group of citizens reveal a

positive feedback and a general warm welcome to

PUNTOnet innovative features.

The first part of the experimentation highlighted

that the involvement of people in the prototype test has

risen the awareness about separate waste collection.

Furthermore, an easy-to-use, efficient and

technological collection system has galvanised users to

be more virtuous, for example they will separate waste

better and they will deliver it correctly. This increased

the quantity and the quality of separately collected

urban waste and decreased unsorted urban waste.

8 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS

TOWARDS SERIES

PRODUCTION

After the 12-month test, PUNTOnet refinements are

ongoing, in view of further public experiments. On

June 2019 the research team showed off the final

prototype, at the conference "Re-inventing the city:

smartness and resilience to face new challenges",

organized by the Hera Group in Bologna, in the multi-

utility headquarters.

The main difference between the second outdoor

prototype and the third one is that the smart totem of

the previous versions evolved into a different urban

structure, a smart shelter for e-bike sharing; all the

components previously stored in the vertical urban

kiosk are located, in the last version, on the roof of

the shelter, a painted steel structure with coloured

photovoltaic glass panels.

In the third model of outdoor waste containers, the

user interface is fully optimized: the interactive strip,

including NFC sensor, RGB led and mini audio

speakers, has been lowered and slightly slanted to

enhance the visibility of the login target and light

signals; furthermore, the interface bar is now fixed on

the exterior shell of the container, that stands still

during the emptying process. This solution provides

for a greater protection from impacts and bumps,

increases the life span of electronic equipment and

dwindles the expected maintenance frequency.

Standard waste containers with metal structure

and no smart components usually have an average life

expectancy of 10 years; with the last implementation,

PUNTOnet lifespan has increased, and it is expected

to be about 7 years.

Regarding the end-of-life treatment, it has to be

noticed that smart containers steel structure can be

recycled and reused endlessly; in addition, for the

exterior envelope of the third outdoor station the

design team chose dark slats of Wood Plastic

Composite (WPC). Not requiring special

maintenance, at the end of their life cycle WPC panels

can be extruded again and recycled up to 20 times,

with no need of adding any other components and no

physical or mechanical alterations. Next City Lab

decided to shift from metal carter with adhesive

graphic film of the first prototypes to WPC envelope

because the latter is not only recyclable, but both

components, wood and plastic, are sourced from

recycling streams, too. Wood Plastic Composite slat

has the warm touch of wood, but doesn’t rot, and

above all does not overheat as metal.

SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

Looking towards series production, PUNTOnet

containers offer an innovative solution for profiling

and measuring, mandatory aspects for the application

of upcoming user-specific rates imposed by European

targets; they are also fully accessible to a wide range

of people, even if accessibility is not yet compulsory

in local bids for supplies of urban trash disposals.

9 CONCLUSIONS

The tested prototypes were designed with the

imperative to achieve a greater user experience, to

engage people in positive contribution to urban and

environmental quality, as daily participation to

community life is itself a component of individual

wellbeing.

Current digital revolution and rising

consciousness of environmental risks are shaping

values and ethical framework: professionals involved

in public space design should make an effort to

increase organicity and coherence of urban objects

and public services, through technology innovations,

possibly driving shared values towards public health

and happiness for all.

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PUNTOnet: Innovative Prototype of Urban Trash Containers Improving Waste Sorting and Widening the Services Offered to the City