Improving the Road Network of Small Cities

Vadim Mavrin

, Kirill Magdin

, Aleksandr Barinov

, Aleksey Boyko

and Artur Cherpakov

Kazan Federal University, Suyumbike Avenue, 10A, Naberezhnye Chelny, Russian Federation

Murmansk State Technical University, str. Sportivnaya, 13, Murmansk, Russian Federation

Keywords: Transport System, Traffic Light Regulation, Intelligent Transport Systems, Simulation Modelling.

Abstract: The transport system is an important part in human activity and is an integral part of the successful functioning

of an urbanized territory. The historical relationship between the size of the city and the development of urban

transport is traced very well. With the growth of the city's population and its territory, there is an increase in

vehicles and traffic volume. The mobility of the population is increasing (the average number of transport

trips per resident per year), while the travel distance is also increasing. This requires the appropriate

development of transport, increasing traffic speed, and increasing the capacity of the road network. The article

is devoted to environmental problems of motor transport in small cities, where it is impossible to apply large

and expensive solutions. Two problematic intersections in similar cities were considered in Apatity and

Elabuga and measures for the reconstruction of these sections were proposed (applying adequate road

markings and changing traffic lights modes). Performing a computer experiment on constructed simulation

models showed that there is a significant potential for improving the parameters of traffic flow in these areas

and reducing the negative impact on the environment.

1 INTRODUCTION

The global urbanization affects all countries of the

world. The population and economy are concentrated

mainly in large cities, and the number of such cities is

constantly growing. One of the consequences of

urbanization is the high mobility of the population

and, as a consequence, high motorization. Along with

the positive effect of increasing motorization, traffic

intensity increases. There is a strong and complex

interaction between urbanization, motorization, and

air pollution. Everything is developing within the

framework of a number of urban restrictions that are

inevitable from a political and regulatory viewpoint,

where the environmental problem is becoming

increasingly important. The fact that transport and

regional planning influence each other and determine

air pollution is a reality that needs to be recognized in

order to consider development alternatives as soon as

possible (Farid, 2015). With the population growth of

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6681-5489

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9233-5056

the city and its territory there is an increase in the

number of vehicles and volume of traffic. This

requires appropriate development of transport and the

road network (CRN) (Makarova, 2017).

Problems of increasing the capacity of public

roads, which are the cause of non-compliance of

traffic conditions with standards, are one of the main

and urgent problems today.

The decrease in the capacity of suburban roads is

accompanied by processes of urbanization and

suburbanization-the causes of sprawl and growth of

cities with a continuous increase in the level of

motorization, the number of vehicles per thousand

inhabitants. As a result, the city's road network is far

from regulatory requirements.

One of the consequences of motorization is traffic

jams, which have a negative impact on people and the

economy, causing a decline in living standards in

urban settings, additional business costs, loss of

productivity, and so on. According to the 2011 urban

mobility Report, the annual waiting time in traffic has

634

Mavrin, V., Magdin, K., Barinov, A., Boyko, A. and Cherpakov, A.

Improving the Road Network of Small Cities.

DOI: 10.5220/0009838306340641

In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems (VEHITS 2020), pages 634-641

ISBN: 978-989-758-419-0

increased from 14 hours per capita to 34 hours per

capita since 1982. The annual financial cost of traffic

jams was more than $ 100 billion, almost $ 750 per

commuter train in the United States (Turcu, 2012).

Motor transport is the largest source of air pollution.

In Russia, starting from 2012, the volume of

emissions from motor vehicles continued to increase

and by 2018 increased from 12679 thousand tons to

15108 thousand tons (Ministry of Natural Resources

and Environment of the Russian Federation, 2019).

To some extent, this is due to the age of vehicles in

service, which increased from 11.5 years in 2010 to

13.4 in 2019 (Timerkhanov, 2020).

According to the world health organization, noise

is the second most important environmental problem

for human health after air quality. Noise from traffic

flows is extremely dangerous for human health, as it

is a source of constant noise in the immediate vicinity

of their places of residence (

National Institute for Public

Health and the Environment, 2014

All these facts have a negative impact on the

overall level of accidents, environmental safety, and

ultimately on the world economy. This article

attempts to suggest measures to reduce road tensions

in small cities.

2 PROBLEM STATUS: EXISTING

METHODS AND SOLUTIONS

2.1 Reduced Environmental Load Due

to Energy-Efficient Vehicles

Technical measures aimed at reducing emissions

from vehicles associated with the use of alternative

energy sources. One of the most promising strategies

to reduce CO2 emissions in urban territories is to

focus on the electric vehicles use (Hofer, 2018,

Gabsalikhova, 2018).

However, the power reserve of these vehicles is

not very high and the rapidly increasing battery load

can cause various reliability problems and peak

demand in electric power systems. Therefore, the

authors in the article «Probabilistic reliability

evaluation of distribution systems considering the

spatial and temporal distribution of electric vehicles»

(Anand, 2020) propose a new probabilistic approach

for assessing the impact of electric vehicles on the

reliability of power distribution systems.

The driving style control (human factor)

contributes to reducing emissions from road vehicles

(Cindie, 2012, Ho, 2015). So, in Melbourne and

Sydney, a tests series were carried out using the

MetroScan-TI integrated assessment system to study

how changes in driver behavior can affect emissions

(Stanley, 2018). In the research course (Mensing,

2014), the author found that the formation of

economic as well as environmental behavior in the

eco-driving field shows a significant reduction in

energy consumption due to the choice of a rational

speed and acceleration. Thus, training drivers to be

competent in road behavior (eco-driving) will reduce

emissions from vehicles.

2.2 Reduced Environmental Load Due

to Management Decisions

As urbanization increases, municipalities around the

world are becoming aware of the negative effects of

road transport, including traffic jams and air

pollution. As a result, tolling schemes were

introduced in several cities to prevent vehicles from

entering the inner city (Zhang, 2019). In the article

«Intelligent traffic control for autonomous vehicle

systems based on machine learning» (Lee, 2020), the

authors developed a traffic management system based

on machine learning predictions and a routing method

that dynamically determines routes with reduced

congestion rates and predicted congestion for critical

bottlenecks and used forecasts for adaptive routing

management of all vehicles to avoid congestion.

In the article «Judicious selection of available rail

steels to reduce life-cycle costs» (Bevan, 2020), the

authors study the performance of automobile

connections at intersections in the presence of

interference, when the communication system

implements the Non-orthogonal multiple access

(NOMA) scheme. This scheme allows you to achieve

a safer passage of intersections by vehicles. In New

York city, the most important feature of building a

traffic management strategy and developing its most

complex CRN is that the municipal authorities and

the Department of transportation strive to reduce the

number of personal vehicles per capita as much as

possible. This is achievable only if the residents of the

city have a well-built public transport network. Due

to the allocation of huge funds (about $ 10 billion in

2008), invested in the daily use of public transport,

the city encourages residents to abandon the use of

personal transport and switch to public transport.

In Sochi, a unique Integrated Traffic Management

Scheme was developed and implemented. This

scheme covers a wide range of tasks for improving

road safety and is aimed at obtaining a program for

the development of the city's CRN in the long term.

During the preparation and holding of the 2014 winter

Olympic Games, using transport modeling, the

Improving the Road Network of Small Cities

635

current road situation was analyzed, the main

parameters were obtained and the desired capacity

limits were calculated, which are achievable for the

city's CRN when implementing a set of interrelated

measures. Thus, New York, Sochi and London are

quite successful in solving similar problems, but

using different methods.

The article (Turcu, 2012) suggests an approach

based on the Internet-of-Things to solve some of the

problems that arise due to traffic jams. Moreover, this

approach provides tools for monitoring a set of

environmental parameters, including air quality, and

for early warning and warning when critical levels are

reached. This approach offers a solution for

increasing traffic-related pollution (which has a

negative impact on the environment and human

health), economic losses, and other problems caused

by traffic jams. The authors of the article (Mraihi,

201)) describe the study of the stability of road

transport systems in the Metropolitan areas of

Tunisia, where the density of the urban population is

high, and the negative consequences have become a

serious problem for the population. The authors

investigated the relationship between income and

several environmental and social negative effects of

road traffic in Tunisia during the period 1989-2008

using The Kuznets Environmental curve. They found

a monotonously increasing relationship between

carbon dioxide (CO

) and income, and a downward

L-shaped curve for nitrogen dioxide (NO

). The rest

of the negative externalities are characterized by a

monotonously growing ratio of energy consumption

to income and an inverted U-shape ratio for accidents,

as well as a monotonously growing ratio of income

and use of private vehicles.

The Article (Palconit, 2017) shows that public

transport contributes significantly to total CO2

emissions. The data collected indicate a 33%

difference in CO2 emissions between climbs and

declivitys, 16–27% between slopes and flat roads, and

10–20% between flat and mountainous roads. In

addition, for the lowest level of CO2 emission, the

optimum speed is from 40 to 50 km/h. The most

unfavorable operating vehicle modes are low speeds

and engine “idling”, when pollutants are emitted into

the atmosphere in quantities significantly exceeding

the emission under load conditions. Therefore, it is

necessary to avoid traffic jams in which the

movement parameters is characterized as “stop-and-

go”.

The document (Ullo, 2018) presents the project

idea to reating an innovative public transport system.

The proposed system is based on the use of small

vehicles with low emissions following flexible routes

that will be adapted in real time to meet customer

needs, taking into account traffic congestion and the

other transport services availability. To implement

this system, it is important to have information on the

vehicles positions, other public transit supply types,

traffic and environmental conditions in real time.

However, these methods are not suitable for every

city or locality, because they entail huge financial

costs, and it will be difficult for the city

administration to cover such costs, and for some cities

with a small population it is impossible at all.

Therefore, for small cities, it is necessary to look for

more budgetary ways and methods of solving the

existing environmental and transport problems.

So in the article (Sun, 2020) Langfang, a typical

medium-sized city bordering two megacities (Beijing

and Tianjin), is the target area for vehicle emissions

research. Studies have shown that from 2018 to 2025,

emissions in Langfang will increase faster than in

Beijing and Tianjin, indicating that medium-sized

cities may become a significant source of air pollution

in China. In the document (Villagra, 2020) the

authors focus on using existing infrastructure (traffic

lights) to address these negative issues, instead of

investing in expensive new ones. Appropriate

planning of traffic lights improves the flow of

vehicles, and at the same time-this improvement is

achieved without any additional costs and without

requiring the use of specialized applications by

drivers. And in the article (Kang, 2014) the authors

propose an approach to coordinating emergency

vehicle signals, which is designed to provide a "green

wave" for emergency vehicles.

2.3 Application of Modern Methods of

Intellectualization and Modeling to

Search for Effective Solutions

The study (Nourani, 2020) presents a model based on

artificial intelligence (AI). The authors first applied

the emotional artificial neural network, which was

calibrated using real data obtained in Nicosia

(Cyprus). The model can be used to provide higher

accuracy in predicting traffic noise. An analysis of the

input parameters sensitivity showed that the total

traffic volume is the most significant factor affecting

traffic noise in the study area. The authors conclude

that AI-based models have shown better capabilities

than traditional multilinear regression models and

empirical models.

In the article (Dev, 2020) modeling is used to

evaluate the effectiveness of circular logistics in

Industry 4.0 from the economics and ecology point of

view The virtual world effectiveness in the I4.0

iMLTrans 2020 - Special Session on Intelligent Mobility, Logistics and Transport

636

environment is studied using a reverse logistics

simulation model, including operations such as

inventory policies and production planning, family-

based dispatching rules of remanufacturing and

additive production. The remanufacturing model

explores the trade-off between setup delays and the

availability of green mobility.

Reducing the vehicles environmental load in

urban conditions largely depends on the rational

traffic routes choice. To assess the such solutions

effectiveness using simulation models. So, the article

authors (Pratama, 2019) performed an analysis of the

road network characteristics using the Vissim

simulation software, and they used the EnViver

software to analyze vehicles exhaust emissions.

Improving the effectiveness of traffic

management systems (TMS) remains an actual and

complex problem in view of this task importance -

control over the transport infrastructure. Review

(Djahel, 2015) is devoted to a comprehensive study

of the modern TMS development: an analysis of the

main problems and shortcomings of existing systems

and directions for increasing their effectiveness in

smart cities. The review presents various technologies

for collecting traffic data, including new technologies

that can significantly improve the data collected

accuracy. Review authors presented the routing

protocols used by Vehicular ad-hoc networks

(VANET) to distribute the collected data between

vehicles, and showed their respective advantages and

disadvantages. The authors investigate route planning

and traffic forecasting services with the main focus on

identifying the limitations of existing algorithms and

suggesting alternative directions for increasing

accuracy and efficiency, using the capabilities of an

intelligent vehicle and advanced parking systems to

achieve the desired accuracy level and traffic control.

With the intelligent transport systems

development, the need for reliable changes recording

in travel time of road network sections in real time

grows. This is necessary to improve the accuracy of

traffic parameters forecasts in real time. The study

(Du, 2012) proposes an adaptive model based on an

iterative combination of past information for the

current day with travel time information available at

specific points in time to predict the distribution of a

particular section road's travel time. To determine the

model of adaptive information integration, the

authors use the nonlinear programming formula with

an emphasis on information quality. The model

adapts good information, weighing it higher and

protecting the consequences of bad information,

reducing its weight. Numerical experiments show that

the proposed model adequately represents the

distribution of the short sections transit time in terms

of accuracy and reliability, while ensuring

compliance with the surrounding traffic flow's

conditions.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Earlier, we already conducted similar studies using

microscopic simulation (Makarova, 2019). These

studies were carried out in medium-sized cities, where

the load at intersections is greater, especially during

peak hours, and where there are more options for

improving traffic and unloading problem sections of

roads. As a literary review in small cities showed,

environmental problems of motorization are also

relevant.

For the research, 2 cities were selected: Apatity,

which are located in the Murmansk region, and the city

of Elabuga, located in the Republic of Tatarstan. Both

cities have almost the same population (55,000 people

live in Apatity, 74,000 people in Elabuga), and they are

similar in structure and construction. Both cities have

an identical shape. The difference is the fact that

Elabuga is located on a flat terrain in the mean climatic,

Apatity near a mountain range in the northern climatic

zone.

We have identified the main problem areas in

selected cities and suggested possible ways to address

them or minimize them. To analyze the effectiveness

of the proposed activities, simulation models of

sections of the road network in the AnyLogic software

package were built. AnyLogic simulation modeling

provides a Road Traffic Library, enabling traffic flow

simulation with the power to deliver the most efficient

road traffic engineering and design. Clear

visualizations quickly aid development, with density

maps highlighting congestion, and animations

demonstrating traffic flow and bottlenecks. The

freedom to experiment, and the ability to optimize

accurate models, with traffic simulation software,

provides the best platform for success in road traffic

planning and engineering.

Having analyzed the map of traffic accidents, we

selected one of the most emergency intersections in

Elabuga - this is the intersection of st. Mir– st.

Molodezhnaya. A weighty argument in choosing the

intersection was the fact that it is located almost in the

center of the city and has dense buildings around itself

and, as a result, has a high concentration of vehicles

and pedestrians for the city, especially during rush

hours.

To analyze the condition of the road section the

field surveys had been made. The field surveys consist

Improving the Road Network of Small Cities

637

in fixing a specific conditions and indicators of traffic

actually occurring during a predetermined time period.

The field surveys are the only way to obtain reliable

information about the condition of the roads and allow

an accurate characterization of existing traffic and

pedestrian flows. Field surveys were carried out in

accordance with the interstate standard GOST 32965-

2014 (Standardinform, 2019). The following data were

collected: the number of vehicles in each direction of

movement and the percentage of possible options for

traffic from each direction, the average, maximum and

minimum speed of vehicles when crossing an

intersection, the number of pedestrians and the average

speed of the pedestrian flow, the operating time of each

section of the traffic light. The data collected

contributed to a more detailed simulation of the

problem area (Figure 1). The model is built on the basis

of a discrete-event simulation modeling using libraries

of modeling processes, flows and traffic. The block

diagram of the model is shown in Figure 2.

The main problem of this intersection is the

different width of the dividing strip on st. Mir before

and after crossing with st. Molodezhnaya. It is this

factor that influenced the increased number of

accidents in this section of the road and, as a result, the

increase in pollutant emissions from vehicles.

The problem is further aggravated by the fact that

the markings are erased at the intersection, so it

becomes more difficult to notice a change in the

direction of the lane, and under unfavorable weather

conditions or limited visibility it is impossible to notice

the curvature of road.

The most obvious way to solve this problem was to

mark the intersection. The results of experiments on

simulation models without marking (Figure 3) and

with marking (Figure 4) showed that when there is

marking on the road, the number of dangerous and

conflict situations in this section of the road decreased,

the amount of harmful substances decreased by 11.8%

at the entire intersection, and decrease in average travel

time.

Figure 1: View of the simulation model of the section of the

road network of the city of Elabuga.

Figure 2: The block diagram of the model.

Figure 3: The results of the experiment on the model before

any changes (along the abscissa axis - the travel time of the

car along the site, along the ordinate axis - the number of

cars in % of the total number driving through the

intersection).

In the city of Apatity, for modeling was selected

the intersection of st. Lenin - st. Kosmonavtov

(Figure 5), since it is located, like the intersection in

Elabuga, near the center, the administration building

is also nearby, and during peak hours there is a large

concentration of vehicles.

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638

Figure 4: The results of the experiment on the model after

changes.

Figure 5: View of the simulation model of the road network

section of Apatity.

A feature of this intersection is the separation of

traffic and pedestrian flows. First, vehicles move

along st. Kosmonavtov, after them there is movement

along st. Lenin. In the third phase of the traffic light,

all vehicles are standing, pedestrians cross the road.

In our opinion, this is precisely the fact that

influenced the creation of traffic jams on st.

Kosmonavtov. The situation is aggravated by the fact

that the road in this direction is single-lane, and traffic

is carried out in three directions. It is impossible to

increase the number of lanes due to the lack of

sufficient space due to the dense development of

houses along st. Kosmonavtov.

Having studied in detail the structure of the

intersection, a solution was proposed to combine

pedestrian and traffic flows and make 2 sections of

the traffic light instead of 3 for the movement of

pedestrians and vehicles. The experiments on the

model showed a positive trend: the average travel

time decreased by 24.8% (by 20% in the problematic

direction), the intersection throughput increased

accordingly, the total amount of pollutant emissions

decreased by 21.1%. The experimental results are

presented in Figures 6 and Figures 7.

Figure 6: The results of the experiment on the model before

any changes.

Figure 7: The results of the experiment on the model after

changes.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The problem of the negative impact of the

motorization process is extremely urgent, especially

in small cities, since the solution to this problem is

complicated by the lower availability of budgetary

funds to improve transport infrastructure compared to

large cities. Therefore, in small cities should be

applied, first of all, more affordable methods and

solutions. The development of simulation models of

Improving the Road Network of Small Cities

639

sections of the road network and the implementation

of a series of experiments on it is one of such

methods. The article studies the possibility of

improving the road network of small cities on the

example of the city of Elabuga and the city of Apatity.

Measures were proposed to improve sections of the

road network. Calculations on the constructed

simulation models showed that for the city of Apatity,

the average travel time of cars in the problem road

section decreased by 24.8%, the volume of emissions

decreased by 21.1%. For the city of Elabuga, the

decrease was 15.1% and 11.8%, respectively. To

obtain more complete results, it is necessary to offer

a study of these cities to take into account the climatic

factor in order to assess the influence of the

geographical position of urbanized territories on

possible solutions to improve the road network. Since

these cities are located in different climatic zones

with a significant difference in the duration and

characteristics of the winter period, when traffic is

difficult, the proposed models will help in finding the

best solution to problems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation

for Basic Research: grant No. 19-29-06008\19.

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