An Ontological Approach to the Formation of an Excursion Route by

Heritage Objects in GIS

Andrii Honchar

, Maryna Popova

and Rina Novogrudska

Educational Programs Department, National Center "Junior Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine

Intelligent Network Tools Department, National Center "Junior Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine

Keywords: Heritage Objects, 3D Models, Ontological Model, GIS, Excursion Route.

Abstract: The paper presents an ontological approach to the consolidation of heritage objects 3D models and

geoinformation systems for the virtual excursion routes formation. Given research purpose is to provide the

opportunity for free mass access to the digitized heritage of the world civilization using augmented and

virtual reality in three-dimensional space. Modern approaches and the most common software for 3D

modelling of heritage objects are analysed. Software solutions for data 3D representation and analysis in

GIS are listed. It is shown that the most suitable for practical implementation is GIS with integrated 3D

panoramas of heritage objects. An ontological approach to the consolidation of multi-format data is

described, it provides a solution to the problems of heterogeneity and interoperability of transdisciplinary

distributed information resources that describe heritage objects. An ontological model of an excursion route

is presented; its taxonomy is implemented in the form of a graph.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the process of digital society

development has led to the need for remote

communication. Various circumstances such as long

business trips or remote work of employees,

territorial distribution of jobs, active interaction with

foreign partners, training and distance learning of

staff and other unforeseen circumstances (such as

quarantine during a coronavirus pandemic) forced to

move organizations work processes to digital space

The priorities were the organization of

geographically distributed workplaces, systems,

databases and knowledge into a single environment,

high-quality visualization of information that

simplifies its perception, analysis and assimilation,

as well as ensuring functional space flexibility and

adaptability for user interaction.

The formation of the information society and

knowledge economy has enriched the modern

vocabulary with the concept of "virtuallity", which

3D modelling URL: https://gisinfo.ru/3d/3d_model.htm

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8877-7559

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-1713

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0533-5817

came into use not only in the context of information

and communication industry and business, but also

culture and education. A clear illustration of this fact

on a global scale is the understanding of the need to

protect the accumulated in html-format global

knowledge, as well as reaching an international

consensus on the collection, preservation and

dissemination of digital documentary heritage, as

stated in the UNESCO Charter on Digital Heritage

(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization, 2009). Over the past few years, access

to global information resources has undergone

qualitative changes: the world's leading heritage

objects (museums, libraries, archives, etc.) have

made the transition from a passive form of

interaction with the civilization heritage (digital

collections, electronic collections, databases, etc.) to

active, providing opportunities for virtual travel

through the centres of historical, cultural and

scientific knowledge. The latest augmented and

virtual reality technologies, interactive elements,

three-dimensional interfaces have become an

integral attribute of a modern digital heritage object.

Relatively new technology of creating virtual

routes for tours and excursions is Geographic

Information System (GIS). It was previously used

exclusively in geography, land management, civil

170

Honchar, A., Popova, M. and Novogrudska, R.

An Ontological Approach to the Formation of an Excursion Route by Heritage Objects in GIS.

DOI: 10.5220/0010406901700176

In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security (IoTBDS 2021), pages 170-176

ISBN: 978-989-758-504-3

engineering, transport infrastructure development,

urban planning of any scale, architectural design and

other areas that require storage and analysis of data

from the objects schematic location in space.

Although the basis of GIS is a digital map created in

vector or raster graphics, as well as 3D panorama

and panoramic photo, it is a graphical visualization

of spatial data about the object. GIS includes data on

the objects size and proportions, their relative

position and 3D-panoramas (objects external

characteristics in a panoramic photo).

The main and indisputable advantage of 3D-

panorama and panoramic photo over geographic

information systems is the reliability and realism of

images not only in size and proportional data, but

also in visual colour and texture. Although it is

impossible a need to create a virtual route between

heritage objects without GIS consolidation with 3D

panorama. This tandem is the most promising and

effective tool in creating a digital and at the same

time natural system for the most accurate

transmission of the most complete information about

the real object in cyberspace.

The structure of the paper is following: Section 2

shows analyses of related works and backgrounds

for the research. Section 3 gives data classification

that is used to create GIS excursion route. Section 4

depicts ontological approach to such route

formation. Section 5 presents conclusions and plans

for future research.

2 STATE OF ART AND

BACKGROUNDS

2.1 3D Modelling of a Heritage Object

Nowadays the most popular methods for creating a

3D model of a heritage object are digital panoramic

photo and video capture, including using UAVs

(Iglesias Martínez, 2019), and laser scanning (Klapa,

2017).

Ground-based laser scanning technology allows

in a short time obtaining a three-dimensional image

of the object in the form of discrete points with

spatial coordinates (x, y, z) and with qualitative

surface characteristics (light absorption, colour,

etc.). Due to the accuracy of positioning and

measurement density, it becomes possible to analyse

the object as a whole that allows most fully

reflecting it in the model. The high shooting speed

of the laser scanner (up to several thousand and even

tens of thousands of measurements per second) and

the built-in servo-drive allow reducing time of field

works and to minimize influence of the human

factor. Also an important advantage of such

technology usage is the capture of inaccessible or

inaccessible objects due to the fact that laser

scanners shoot at a considerable distance in a

reflective mode.

For heritage object 3D-modeling specialized

programs (Real Works Survey (RWS), 3Dipsos) and

software products for three-dimensional design

(Autodesk Inventor, Autodesk Civil 3D) are used.

They are designed to process laser scanning data.

This allow performing modelling in several ways,

that is very important for heritage objects, where the

density of exhibits is extremely high and many of

them are difficult to access. The laser scanning

model of a heritage object can be converted by

software into a set of drawings, sections and

sections, which are part of the standard design

documentation during construction. Thus, this model

can be used to support the research activities of

architects, historians and more.

Despite all the advantages, laser scanning

technology is expensive, and data processing

techniques are still evolving.

The process of creating a 3D model of a heritage

object with photo panoramas consists of

photographing the object, processing and composing

images, creating the final files. For high-quality

panoramic photography, it is recommended to use a

tripod and a special panoramic head, digital camera,

lens (wide-angle or Fisheye type), a trigger for the

camera (Dovgyi, 2016). Upon completion of the

photography process and creation of an equilateral

projection to form a continuous seamless panoramic

image, stitching of a series of original photographs is

performed:

• conversion of original photographs to a form

suitable for stitching (reduction to cylindrical or

spherical projection);

• own stitching (combination of identical elements

in adjacent common areas of images);

• mixing images to equalize their brightness,

• contrast and colour tone.

Today there are many commercial (Adobe

Photoshop, Pano2VR, Easypano Panoweaver,

ArcSoft Panorama Maker, Panorama Plus Starter

Edition / X4) and free or those with a free trial

(Autopano Pro / Giga, Hugin, Microsoft Image

Composite Editor) programs for creating 3D

panoramas. The most common software is the

software product PTGui (PTGui guidance, 2020),

which has a wide range of tools for creating

panoramas and has a clear interface.

An Ontological Approach to the Formation of an Excursion Route by Heritage Objects in GIS

171

The last stage of the heritage object 3D

modelling is the combination of a ready-made 3D-

panoramas series in so-called virtual tours or walks,

where the transition from one panorama to another is

carried out through hotspots placed directly on the

images as navigation elements and/or floor plan.

Pano2VR (Du, 2015) tool is most often used for this

purpose. It allows not only forming a template using

a room plan and setting the navigation logic within a

virtual tour, but also to link multimedia content

elements to active points using the developer

interface (Flash API).

The 3D model of the heritage object is the main

source of information to develop 3D GIS, which

then forms a route for a virtual tour.

2.2 3D GIS for Creating Excursion

Routes between Heritage Objects

Traditionally, GIS is designed to store and analyse

information about spatial phenomena in order to

gain knowledge about the world around us.

According to (Campbell

, 2020), the functionality of

GIS includes the collection, structuring,

manipulation, analysis and presentation of data.

Three-dimensional geographic information systems

allow viewing objects located in the area in 3D, as

they look in real life. Indeed, 3D GIS aims to

provide the same functions as 2D GIS, but,

unfortunately, there are almost no 3D systems that

can fully and autonomously provide the process of

creating and using heritage objects. Several types of

software are used simultaneously to extract and

manage the necessary information, its analysis and

presentation, including in three-dimensional form

(for example, 2D GIS, DBMS and CAD). Due to the

shortcomings of such systems in processing 3D

objects, the data is often distributed between several

systems. For example, one system is used for data

storage and the other for 3D visualization. Such

situation often arises due to problems of

inconsistency, that leads to unnecessary time, effort

and money spending to find a solution.

To date, there are several ready-made

commercial solutions that can be classified as three-

dimensional data representation and analysis

systems. A significant share of the GIS market is

occupied by such systems as: 3D Analyst with

ArcGIS (ESRI Inc.), Imagine VirtualGIS (ERDAS

Inc.), gvSIG (gvSIG Association). They offer some

functions of three-dimensional data processing.

There are also some examples of integration of

data management applications with GIS on the

example of platforms Autodesk Revit Series (Niu,

2015; Wing, 2019; Baik, 2015), Google Earth (Niu,

2015; Wing, 2019), Autodesk Infraworks (Giudice,

2014), Autodesk 360 (Sergi, 2013), Autodesk Civil

3D (Butenko, 2020), LandXplorer CityGML Viewer

(Blut, 2017), QGIS (Iadanza, 2015) and VISSIM

(Wang, 2014). Such software solutions are usually

focused on the visualization of geometry, rather than

on geodata modelling (including topology and

thematic attributes) or on the analysis of three-

dimensional geospatial and temporal data. All

analysed systems have little functionality of 3D GIS

in terms of three-dimensional structuring, three-

dimensional manipulation and three-dimensional

analysis, but most of them can effectively process

three-dimensional data in terms of three-dimensional

visualization. A fully integrated 3D GIS solution has

not yet been offered by GIS vendors.

Although our lives are in three dimensions, until

recently, commercial GIS was largely limited to

processing only two dimensions. Both relevant

hardware and software were lacking, and the reason

for this shortcoming was the insufficient and

expensive acquisition of 3D geodata. The obvious

reason for the lack of practical full-featured three-

dimensional GIS implementation is that the

transition to 3D means an even greater variety of

object types and spatial relationships, as well as very

large amounts of unstructured data. A full-featured

3D GIS must be a true 3D GIS (geographic

information and analytical system).

3 DATA CLASSIFICATION FOR

CREATING GIS EXCURSION

ROUTE BETWEEN

3D-MODELS OF HERITAGE

OBJECTS

The initial data for the integration of heritage object

three-dimensional model, modelling of its

environment on the ground, and development of the

route for the tour are:

• vector map - a set of descriptions of passport

data about the map sheet (scale, projection,

coordinate system, rectangular and geodetic

coordinates of the sheet corners, etc.), metric

data of map objects (coordinates of objects on

the ground) and semantic data of map objects

(different properties of objects);

• height matrix that contains the absolute heights

of the terrain where the heritage objects are

located;

IoTBDS 2021 - 6th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security

172

• triangulation relief model containing triangles of

an irregular network describing the terrain

surface;

• map classifier - a set of descriptions of vector

map layers, types of objects and their symbols,

types of semantic characteristics and their

accepted values, presented in digital form;

• library of objects three-dimensional models -

contain descriptions of the three-dimensional

type of objects.

• digital terrain photographs and digital objects

photographs.

While displaying interiors three-dimensional models

there can be used individual objects and entire

interiors, created in various programs for editing

three-dimensional images and imported into the

library of three-dimensional images of the classifier

vector map GIS (Pierdicca, 2019; Fortino, 2016;

Chianese, 2014.).

Three-dimensional visualization in 3D GIS

requires appropriate three-dimensional spatial

analysis tools. They allow easily moving between

large models in real time. Studies of the demand for

3D GIS, in particular 3D City, demonstrate the

advantage of users' choice in favour of photo-

texturing, which causes the need to store additional

data (values of model parameters) to overlay on the

geometry. Therefore, the most suitable for practical

implementation in terms of attracting time, labour

and financial resources is an integrated GIS with 3D

modelling of the heritage object from photo

panoramas.

4 ONTOLOGICAL APPROACH

TO THE FORMATION OF THE

EXCURSION ROUTE IN GIS

GIS, in the sense of integrating semantic and

geometric data, as well as spatial relationships,

seems to be the most suitable system for analysing

large amounts of data and thus for servicing many

applications and routines. Therefore, developers

working with spatial or semantic information have

been trying to achieve GIS functionality for many

years. CAD developers (such as Autodesk, Bentley)

create tools for linking two-dimensional and three-

dimensional geometry with semantic data and the

organization of topologically structured layers.

DBMS developers (Oracle, Informix) introduce

spatial descriptors to represent geometric data and

support them together with semantic data. The

consensus on how to present, provide access and

organize the dissemination of spatial information are

the OpenGIS specifications (Geospatial Information

and Standards, 2020), that allow directing the efforts

of software developers and researchers from

different fields of knowledge in one direction - the

development of functional GIS. As a result, the role

of the DBMS is changing, it should become a geo-

DBMS - an integrated "container" of semantic and

geometric properties of real objects, that will

provide functionality for storage, retrieval and

analysis of spatial data.

There is a considerable amount of researches on

the three-dimensional data structuring, but they all

are centered on several basic ideas. Each of the

proposed data structures demonstrates the

effectiveness and shortcomings in relation to

specific programs and operations that need to be

performed. However, to ensure the full functionality

of 3D GIS the issues of three-dimensional buffering,

the shortest three-dimensional route and three-

dimensional interdependence must be solved. The

integration of object-oriented approaches with 3D

GIS shifts research emphasis from standard

descriptors of objects and operations towards

databases.

Thus, when creating a virtual tour route, a

necessary step is to add its characteristics to the

simulated heritage objects, and, consequently, to

create a database. With the help of modern software

solutions on the three-dimensional model, it is

possible to create the required number of active

zones, which are used to navigate hyperlinks to

distributed information resources (databases,

electronic systems, text, spreadsheet, multimedia

content, etc.) or query the internal database where

stored information about instances (exhibits) of the

heritage object. However, this way of providing

access to information resources is accompanied not

only by organizational difficulties (time, labour and

financial costs), because there is always a risk of

information loss due to changes in the virtual

address of the information resource, but also

requires to solve number of problems such as

heterogeneity and interoperability of

transdisciplinary information resources. Database

usage allows reading, entering, modifying and

deleting data quickly and efficiently. But when

creating a route for a virtual tour, it is in need to

ensure the aggregation, integration and consistency

of information resources included in 3D models of

storage objects created in different formats

according to different standards and technologies.

Computer ontologies are promising solution for

various data sources integration that solve problems

An Ontological Approach to the Formation of an Excursion Route by Heritage Objects in GIS

173

of data structural and semantic heterogeneity, their

interoperability, elimination of inconsistencies and

uncertainties, etc. Nowadays, ontologies are an

essential element of many applications, used in

agent systems, knowledge management systems, e-

commerce, robotics, telecommunications, and

medicine. The formation of a virtual tour as a system

of knowledge about the heritage objects that is

presented in the form of integrated distributed

information content is most effectively implemented

on the basis of ontology as a semantic model of the

subject area. Ontology can also serve as an effective

tool for finding and aggregating information from

heterogeneous sources, presentation and

interpretation of transdisciplinary information in the

research process (Dovgyi, 2013; Stryzhak, 2014;

Globa, 2018).

The ontological approach to the formation of

tour route in GIS provides communication between:

systems (GIS and 3D-panorama); users and systems

(acting as a "single window" of access to

semantically related contexts of information

resources); and users with each other (defining

common vocabulary of virtual tour users who need

to interact with the information). The structure of

ontology allows displaying the specific tasks of the

integrated information environment and provides

opportunities for their solution in the ontograph

environment when necessary analytical tools are

disabled in the environment of the geoinformation

system (Popova, 2013).

The algorithm for forming a tour route includes

the following steps:

1. Creation of heritage objects 3D models with

photo panoramas.

2. Formation of heritage objects ontology and its

integration into the created 3D-models (Figure

1).

3. Creation of 3D GIS for integration of heritage

objects ontomodels.

4. Formation of an ontological excursion route

(Figure 2).

5. Synchronization of the ontological excursion

route with 3D GIS (Figure 3).

Information modelling of heritage objects is an

information technology for displaying real objects

with virtual elements of their description. The

combination of 3D-panoramas and GIS provides the

necessary know-how to build a reliable model,

method and technology of knowledge management

about the heritage of world civilization.

The infographic model of the ontological

excursion route can be formally represented as:

𝑂



{

𝑋,𝑅,𝐷



,𝐷



}

(1)

Figure 1: Integration of ontology and 3D panorama.

Figure 2: Formation of an ontological excursion route and

its synchronization with 3D GIS.

Figure 3: Consolidation of excursion route fragment

(heritage object ontological 3D-model) with 3D GIS.

IoTBDS 2021 - 6th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security

174

X – is the set of heritage objects included in the

route 𝑋={𝑋



,𝑋



,𝑋



,…,𝑋



where X

– set of museums: (𝑥



,…,𝑥



)∈

𝑋



|𝑋



⊂𝑋

– set of libraries: (𝑥



,…,𝑥



)∈𝑋



|𝑋



⊂𝑋

– set of archives: (𝑥



,…,𝑥



)∈𝑋



|𝑋



⊂𝑋.

obj

– set of other defined objects

(𝑥



,…,𝑥



)∈𝑋



|𝑋



⊂𝑋.

R – set of relations between heritage objects that

determine the direction and sequence of inclusion in

the route.

𝑅={𝑅



,𝑅



,𝑅



,…,𝑅



}}

(2)

– set of ontological descriptions of the steps from

which the route is formed.

GIS

– set of actions descriptions that are

performed in GIS to synchronize the display of the

ontological tour route

The basis of the ontology of the excursion route

is a taxonomy represented by a set of bipartite

graphs G: 𝐺=(𝑁,𝐸). Here the vertices are names

of heritage objects – N, (𝑁



,…,𝑁



)∈

𝑁



|𝑁



⊂𝑁, grouped into classes (according to

the type of heritage object - museum, library,

archive, etc.); and arcs are represented by semantic

relations between classes, based on them objects are

grouped into classes by their properties:

(𝐺



,𝐺



,𝐺



…,𝐺





)∈𝐺



}

(3)

Since in real life the tour route is not homogeneous -

one that includes heritage objects of only one type

(for example, only museums dedicated to the life

and work of Taras Shevchenko), a dynamic

redistribution of objects is provided during the tour

(for example, tour depicted in Figure 2 includes: a

bust of Taras Shevchenko at the metro station

University (1) - a Shevchenko monument at

Tereshchenkovskaya Street (2) - National Museum

of Taras Shevchenko (3) - a bust of Taras

Shevchenko on the facade of the National Academic

Opera and Ballet Theater of Ukraine (4) - Taras

Shevchenko Literary Memorial House-Museum (5) -

St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv,

depicted in watercolour by Taras Shevchenko in

1846 (6)), that can lead to the formation of new

classes of taxonomic objects (Gonchar, 2019):

𝐺





𝐺



{

𝐺(𝑁,𝐸)|𝑁



⊆𝑁,𝑁



⊆𝑁,

𝐸



⊆𝐸,𝐸



⊆𝐸} (4)

𝑁



⋂ 𝑁



{

𝑁|𝑁 ∈ 𝑁



,𝑁∈𝑁



}

(5)

The process of tour route forming in taxonomy

environment is reduced to solving the problem of

salesman on the graph with further displaying in GIS

environment.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Consolidation of geographic information systems

with 3D-panorama create an innovative tool for the

formation of excursion routes by virtual museums,

that provide new opportunities in the study of world

cultural, historical, scientific and digital

documentary heritage.

The ontological approach to the formation of the

tour route that was proposed in the research is

universal. It takes into account the features of the

knowledge field, the representation of which is the

heritage object through transdisciplinary integration

of distributed information resources that describe

ontological model of the selected object. Proposed

approach automated the formation of the tour route

and its components (virtual tours of individual

heritage objects) by creating ontological descriptions

of each step.

Usage of described approach for tour route

formation allowed automating its display in GIS,

which is a distinctive feature of real-time systems,

because depending on the available data the most

optimal route can be selected for the shortest period.

Ontology usage as information model of heritage

object made it possible to automate the formation of

the educational and research environment, which

best corresponds to researcher’s level of training and

his scientific profile.

Further researches would be devoted to a more

detailed consideration of the excursion routes

automated generation from sets of ontological three-

dimensional models, as well as to the software

implementation of the proposed approach.

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