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Table 3: Traffic Volume (MB) / Service (Mean +/- SD).
Operation Image Ceilometer Cinder Designate Glance Heat Keystone Magnum Manila MISC Neutron Nova RabbitMQ Sahara Trove
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver 0.022 +/- 0.004 0.008 +/- 0.007 0.105 +/- 0.012 346.61 +/- 0.01 0.073 +/- 0.087 0.14 +/- 0.016 0.012 +/- 0.019 0.007 +/- 0.007 9.552 +/- 1.605 0.345 +/- 0.159 1.11 +/- 0.194 0.249 +/- NA 0 +/- 0.001 0.011 +/- 0.017
Centos 7 (1300 MB) 0.018 +/- 0.015 0.195 +/- 0.016 1398.295 +/- 0.093 0.19 +/- 0.186 0.195 +/- 0.027 0.166 +/- 0.345 0.006 +/- 0.005 18.041 +/- 0.919 0.902 +/- 0.36 1.739 +/- 0.449 0.257 +/- NA 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.158 +/- 0.351
Centos 7 (898 MB) 0.01 +/- 0.006 0.142 +/- 0.008 860.562 +/- 0.123 0.223 +/- 0.298 0.163 +/- 0.027 0.245 +/- 0.474 0.006 +/- 0.007 13.229 +/- 1.015 0.55 +/- 0.293 1.362 +/- 0.232 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.049 +/- 0.055
Cirros 0.003 +/- 0.004 0.061 +/- 0.004 15.784 +/- 0.004 0.084 +/- 0.142 0.145 +/- 0.026 0.033 +/- 0.049 0.001 +/- 0.002 7.938 +/- 0.404 0.434 +/- 0.276 1.129 +/- 0.04
NA
0.001 +/- 0.002 0.015 +/- 0.031
Debian 10
0.022 +/- 0.001
0.01 +/- 0.007 0.137 +/- 0.018 575.644 +/- 0.005 0.362 +/- 0.095 0.146 +/- 0.023 0.033 +/- 0.047 0.004 +/- 0.004 14.482 +/- 0.537 0.481 +/- 0.164 1.366 +/- 0.357 0.305 +/- NA 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.067 +/- 0.061
Fedora 31 0.021 +/- 0 0.007 +/- 0.006 0.116 +/- 0.048 356.159 +/- 0.017 0.1 +/- 0.124 0.137 +/- 0.027 0.032 +/- 0.035 0.065 +/- 0.146 9.547 +/- 1.734 0.374 +/- 0.236 1.025 +/- 0.209 NA 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.025 +/- 0.034
Fedora 32 0.021 +/- 0.004 0.009 +/- 0.009 0.339 +/- 0.106 303.511 +/- 0.011 0.09 +/- 0.126 0.141 +/- 0.023 0.028 +/- 0.043 0.005 +/- 0.007 11.6 +/- 0.638 0.362 +/- 0.135 0.988 +/- 0.236 0.321 +/- NA 0.041 +/- 0.047
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 0.022 +/- 0.001 0.005 +/- 0.005 0.127 +/- 0.014 539.857 +/- 0.003 0.295 +/- 0.049 0.159 +/- 0.033 0.018 +/- 0.023 0.004 +/- 0.004 13.408 +/- 1.038 0.447 +/- 0.177 1.094 +/- 0.185 NA 0.081 +/- 0.066
FreeBSD 12 0.023 +/- 0.005 0.008 +/- 0.005 0.092 +/- 0.01 476.316 +/- 0.003 0.06 +/- 0.08 0.151 +/- 0.037 0.019 +/- 0.03 0.003 +/- 0.003 8.58 +/- 1.673 1.051 +/- 0.155 0.828 +/- 0.15
0.001 +/- 0.002
0.014 +/- 0.025
CREATE
MS Windows Server 0.022 +/- 0.001 0.024 +/- 0.006 0.452 +/- 0.115 6615.876 +/- 1.037 0.233 +/- 0.178 0.243 +/- 0.033 0.057 +/- 0.041 0.012 +/- 0.005 25.98 +/- 1.927 1.16 +/- 0.606 1.429 +/- 1.006
0.292 +/- NA
0.004 +/- 0.006 0.08 +/- 0.132
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver 0.001 +/- 0.002 0.024 +/- 0.009 0.025 +/- 0.055 0 +/- 0.001 0.009 +/- 0.018 0.003 +/- 0.002 1.775 +/- 0.556 0.035 +/- 0.042 0.156 +/- 0.034 0 +/- 0 0.009 +/- 0.023
Centos 7 (1300 MB)
0.009 +/- 0
0.005 +/- 0.006 0.033 +/- 0.004 0.04 +/- 0.092 0.012 +/- 0.02 0.005 +/- 0.005 0.004 +/- 0.004 2.808 +/- 0.327 0.127 +/- 0.111 0.185 +/- 0.119 0.001 +/- 0.002 0.013 +/- 0.034
Centos 7 (898 MB) 0.011 +/- 0.007 0.002 +/- 0.003 0.026 +/- 0.006
0.003 +/- 0.002
0.008 +/- 0.005 0.004 +/- 0.007 0.08 +/- 0.077 0.002 +/- 0.003 2.436 +/- 0.345 0.059 +/- 0.028 0.153 +/- 0.021 0 +/- 0 0.003 +/- 0.003
Cirros 0.009 +/- 0 0.003 +/- 0.004 0.014 +/- 0.003 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.009 +/- 0.009 0.012 +/- 0.017 0.002 +/- 0.001 0.005 +/- 0.003 1.599 +/- 0.288 0.03 +/- 0.008 0.181 +/- 0.07 NA 0.007 +/- 0.004
Debian 10 0.009 +/- 0.001 0.003 +/- 0.005 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.108 +/- 0.106 0.002 +/- NA 0.008 +/- 0.007 0 +/- 0 2.237 +/- 0.38 0.076 +/- 0.126 0.104 +/- 0.045 0.001 +/- 0.001
Fedora 31 0.001 +/- 0.003
0.021 +/- 0.002
0.001 +/- 0.001 0.03 +/- 0.053 0.012 +/- 0 0.012 +/- 0.021 0.013 +/- 0.037 1.694 +/- 0.579 0.038 +/- 0.041 0.145 +/- 0.034
0 +/- 0
0.002 +/- 0.002
Fedora 32
0.009 +/- 0
0.006 +/- 0.007 0.108 +/- 0.033 0.004 +/- 0.005 0.022 +/- 0.058 0.006 +/- 0.01 0.016 +/- 0.025 0.001 +/- 0.003 2.937 +/- 0.277 0.071 +/- 0.085 0.116 +/- 0.074 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.016 +/- 0.031
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 0.011 +/- 0.007 0.003 +/- 0.004 0.044 +/- 0.013 0.003 +/- 0.003 0.153 +/- 0.164 0.008 +/- 0.014 0.036 +/- 0.053 0.003 +/- 0.003 3.815 +/- 0.513 0.097 +/- 0.119 0.155 +/- 0.09 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.006 +/- 0.005
FreeBSD 12 0.013 +/- 0.004 0 +/- 0 0.006 +/- 0.005 0 +/- 0 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.002 +/- 0.002 1.054 +/- 0.425 0.174 +/- 0.053 0.072 +/- 0.025 0.01 +/- 0.021
SUSPEND
MS Windows Server
0.002 +/- 0.004
0.031 +/- 0.031 0.003 +/- 0.005 0.019 +/- 0.05 0.001 +/- 0.003 0.016 +/- 0.025 1.03 +/- 0.422 0.085 +/- 0.05 0.064 +/- 0.015
0 +/- 0
0.004 +/- 0.008
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver 0.001 +/- 0.004 0.014 +/- 0.005 0.036 +/- 0.065 0 +/- 0 0.011 +/- 0.021
0.002 +/- 0.003
1.46 +/- 0.395 0.041 +/- 0.057 0.2 +/- 0.041 0.001 +/- 0.002 0.01 +/- 0.023
Centos 7 (1300 MB)
0.009 +/- 0
0.009 +/- 0.01 0.017 +/- 0.006
0.001 +/- 0.002
0.088 +/- 0.122 NA 0.044 +/- 0.079 0 +/- 0 1.626 +/- 0.22 0.056 +/- 0.021 0.207 +/- 0.055 0.004 +/- 0 0.097 +/- 0.125
Centos 7 (898 MB) 0.003 +/- 0.005 0 +/- 0 0.014 +/- 0.022 0.001 +/- NA 0.093 +/- 0.106 0.002 +/- 0.003 1.624 +/- 0.238 0.093 +/- 0.108 0.241 +/- 0.11 0 +/- 0 0.004 +/- 0.005
Cirros
0.009 +/- 0.001
0 +/- 0
0.015 +/- 0.004
0.001 +/- 0.001 0.009 +/- 0.012 0.032 +/- 0.046 0.001 +/- 0.002 1.733 +/- 0.189 0.032 +/- 0.017 0.194 +/- 0.019 0 +/- NA 0.004 +/- 0.003
Debian 10 0.004 +/- 0.004 0.016 +/- 0.005 0.005 +/- 0.009 0.093 +/- 0.003
NA
0.039 +/- 0.06 0.006 +/- 0.002 1.671 +/- 0.147 0.052 +/- 0.025 0.128 +/- 0.046 0.001 +/- 0.002 0.008 +/- 0.006
Fedora 31 0.013 +/- 0.003 0 +/- 0 0.023 +/- 0.027 0.006 +/- 0.007 0.011 +/- 0.02 0.002 +/- 0.003 1.383 +/- 0.397 0.051 +/- 0.047 0.189 +/- 0.033 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.001 +/- 0
Fedora 32
0.003 +/- 0.004
0.104 +/- 0.031 0.002 +/- 0.004 0.008 +/- 0.026 0.012 +/- 0.011 0.012 +/- 0.026 0.003 +/- 0.003 1.646 +/- 0.287 0.033 +/- 0.018 0.106 +/- 0.037 0.001 +/- 0.002 0.004 +/- 0.005
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 0.002 +/- 0.003 0.013 +/- 0.005 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.1 +/- 0.013 0.037 +/- NA 0.03 +/- 0.049 0 +/- NA 1.863 +/- 0.309 0.035 +/- 0.017 0.127 +/- 0.087 0 +/- NA 0.003 +/- 0.003
FreeBSD 12 0.002 +/- 0.004 0.014 +/- 0.005 0 +/- 0 0.008 +/- 0.007 0.02 +/- 0.033 0.004 +/- 0.003 0.001 +/- 0.002 1.345 +/- 0.505 0.205 +/- 0.05 0.094 +/- 0.029 0.001 +/- 0.002 0.004 +/- 0.006
RESUME
MS Windows Server 0.002 +/- 0.003 0.033 +/- 0.038 0.002 +/- 0.004 0.009 +/- 0.01 0.013 +/- 0.021 0.013 +/- 0.024 0 +/- 0 1.545 +/- 0.345 0.123 +/- 0.067 0.1 +/- 0.033 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.013 +/- 0.016
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver
0.009 +/- 0
0.003 +/- 0.004 0.039 +/- 0.004 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.013 +/- 0.011 0.016 +/- 0.018 0.006 +/- 0.014 0.004 +/- 0.003 2.823 +/- 0.91 0.053 +/- 0.02 0.198 +/- 0.068 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.014 +/- 0.026
Centos 7 (1300 MB) 0.009 +/- 0.001 0.001 +/- 0.002 0.016 +/- 0.008 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.048 +/- 0.107 0.021 +/- 0.04 0.001 +/- 0.002 1.253 +/- 0.229 0.046 +/- 0.046 0.141 +/- 0.059 0.007 +/- 0.01
Centos 7 (898 MB) 0.009 +/- 0 0.004 +/- 0.004 0.024 +/- 0.003 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.008 +/- 0.005
NA
0.072 +/- 0.107 0.004 +/- 0.003 2.195 +/- 0.306 0.072 +/- 0.129 0.192 +/- 0.09
0 +/- 0
0.002 +/- 0.002
Cirros 0.011 +/- 0 0.014 +/- 0.005 0.247 +/- 0.007 0.02 +/- 0.003 0.16 +/- 0.144 0.013 +/- 0.001 0.085 +/- 0.044 0.007 +/- 0.004 20.769 +/- 0.301 0.451 +/- 0.166 0.795 +/- 0.105 0.004 +/- 0.001 0.08 +/- 0.05
Debian 10 0.011 +/- 0.007 0 +/- 0 0.028 +/- 0.022 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.067 +/- 0.02 0.009 +/- 0.014 0.002 +/- 0.001 0.003 +/- 0.004 2.086 +/- 0.49 0.027 +/- 0.012 0.1 +/- 0.083 0 +/- 0 0.025 +/- 0.048
Fedora 31 0.01 +/- 0.004 0.001 +/- 0.004 0.021 +/- 0.005 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.042 +/- 0.068 0.009 +/- 0.009 0.009 +/- 0.02 1.607 +/- 0.548 0.039 +/- 0.043 0.138 +/- 0.047 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.015 +/- 0.027
Fedora 32 0.009 +/- 0 0.004 +/- 0.005 0.085 +/- 0.027 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.038 +/- 0.097 0.007 +/- 0.007 0.018 +/- 0.034 2.161 +/- 0.367 0.032 +/- 0.012 0.093 +/- 0.051 0.002 +/- 0.002 0.015 +/- 0.034
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 0.011 +/- 0.007 0.004 +/- 0.004 0.046 +/- 0.015 0.001 +/- 0.002 0.074 +/- 0.035 0.009 +/- 0.014 0.008 +/- 0.006
0.001 +/- 0.002
3.94 +/- 0.574 0.124 +/- 0.144 0.098 +/- 0.036 0 +/- 0 0.013 +/- 0.024
FreeBSD 12 0.013 +/- 0.007 0.014 +/- 0.005 0.258 +/- 0.009 0.004 +/- 0.004 0.1 +/- 0.099 0.018 +/- 0.023 0.029 +/- 0.034 0.007 +/- 0.003 15.12 +/- 0.663 1.939 +/- 0.182 0.482 +/- 0.205 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.051 +/- 0.04
STOP
MS Windows Server 0.015 +/- 0.009 0.016 +/- 0.006 0.293 +/- 0.067 0.018 +/- 0.009 0.162 +/- 0.126 0.024 +/- 0.018 0.034 +/- 0.035 0.009 +/- 0.004 16.308 +/- 0.771 0.664 +/- 0.426 0.486 +/- 0.123 0.054 +/- 0.096
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver 0.033 +/- 0.002 0.01 +/- 0.006 0.151 +/- 0.011 1113.557 +/- 0.088 0.105 +/- 0.099 0.072 +/- 0.02 0.024 +/- 0.032 0.01 +/- 0.012 11.663 +/- 1.583 0.307 +/- 0.141 0.824 +/- 0.114 0.025 +/- 0.031
Centos 7 (1300 MB) 0.035 +/- 0.001 0.029 +/- 0.028 0.233 +/- 0.014 1401.211 +/- 0.56 0.26 +/- 0.171 0.067 +/- 0.01 0.118 +/- 0.105 0.008 +/- 0.004 20.03 +/- 0.874 0.79 +/- 0.334 1.423 +/- 0.537 0.098 +/- 0.151
Centos 7 (898 MB) 0.034 +/- 0.001 0.013 +/- 0.013 0.169 +/- 0.021 919.581 +/- 0.527 0.179 +/- 0.134 0.089 +/- 0.014 0.077 +/- 0.075 0.006 +/- 0.003 14.844 +/- 0.441 0.462 +/- 0.242 0.898 +/- 0.133 0.049 +/- 0.055
Cirros 0.033 +/- 0.001 0.004 +/- 0.005 0.026 +/- 0.004 28.721 +/- 0.027 0.138 +/- 0.14 0.056 +/- 0.008 0.003 +/- 0.001 0.001 +/- 0.002 4.087 +/- 0.345 0.118 +/- 0.082 0.587 +/- 0.052
0.002 +/- 0.002
0.007 +/- 0.008
Debian 10 0.033 +/- 0.002 0.018 +/- 0.005 0.262 +/- 0.021 1512.123 +/- 0.106 0.61 +/- 0.139 0.062 +/- 0.011 0.093 +/- 0.052 0.009 +/- 0.004 24.048 +/- 0.655 0.728 +/- 0.214 0.971 +/- 0.221
NA
0.003 +/- 0.002 0.09 +/- 0.054
Fedora 31 0.033 +/- 0.001 0.01 +/- 0.008 0.148 +/- 0.06 979.696 +/- 0.071 0.116 +/- 0.113 0.064 +/- 0.011 0.014 +/- 0.023 0.028 +/- 0.057 9.809 +/- 1.647 0.269 +/- 0.143 0.654 +/- 0.1 0.273 +/- NA 0.001 +/- 0.002 0.014 +/- 0.023
Fedora 32 0.032 +/- 0.006 0.015 +/- 0.013 0.383 +/- 0.145 836.53 +/- 0.118 0.174 +/- 0.161 0.07 +/- 0.019 0.066 +/- 0.053 0.006 +/- 0.004 14.959 +/- 0.759 0.339 +/- 0.159 0.704 +/- 0.285 0.264 +/- NA 0.046 +/- 0.049
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 0.033 +/- 0.002 0.019 +/- 0.008 0.263 +/- 0.012 1365.056 +/- 0.087 0.428 +/- 0.126 0.081 +/- 0.018 0.086 +/- 0.061 0.007 +/- 0.004 23.964 +/- 0.848 0.697 +/- 0.108 0.799 +/- 0.25
0.002 +/- 0.002
0.13 +/- 0.056
FreeBSD 12 0.034 +/- 0.001 0.003 +/- 0.004 0.062 +/- 0.005 476.908 +/- 0.084 0.068 +/- 0.093 0.058 +/- 0.012 0.018 +/- 0.03 0.002 +/- 0.003 5.598 +/- 1.214 0.669 +/- 0.124 0.43 +/- 0.122 0.001 +/- 0.001 0.007 +/- 0.015
SHELVE
MS Windows Server 0.035 +/- 0.001 0.032 +/- 0.004 0.659 +/- 0.167 6406.869 +/- 1208.735 0.319 +/- 0.199 0.064 +/- 0.016 0.09 +/- 0.035 0.018 +/- 0.004 37.046 +/- 1.885 1.54 +/- 0.951 222.094 +/- 1209.865
NA
0.004 +/- 0.001 0.116 +/- 0.197
Table 4: API Calls / Service (Mean +/- SD).
Operation Image Glance Keystone Neutron Nova
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver 9 +/- 1.416 41 +/- 1.589 14 +/- 0.89
Centos 7 (1300 MB) 13 +/- 1.252 60 +/- 1.494 24 +/- 0.816
Centos 7 (898 MB) 11 +/- 1.636 47 +/- 2.066 18 +/- 1.252
Cirros 10 +/- 1.265 32 +/- 0.85 10 +/- 0.675
Debian 10 10 +/- 1.033 47 +/- 2.348 18 +/- 0.699
Fedora 31 10 +/- 1.655 41 +/- 1.691 14 +/- 0.986
Fedora 32 10 +/- 1.042 42 +/- 1.524 15 +/- 0.855
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 13 +/- 2.003 43 +/- 2.394 16 +/- 0.738
FreeBSD 12 11 +/- 2.074 39 +/- 2.313 13 +/- 0.95
CREATE
MS Windows Server
4 +/- 0
14 +/- 2.141 100 +/- 10.785 47 +/- 1.502
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver 1 +/- NA 6 +/- 1.143 4 +/- 0.484
Centos 7 (1300 MB) 2 +/- 0.707 8 +/- 0.568 5 +/- 0.422
Centos 7 (898 MB) 1 +/- NA 8 +/- 2.685 4 +/- 0.316
Cirros 2 +/- NA 5 +/- 2.406 3 +/- 0.316
Debian 10 1 +/- NA 6 +/- 0.699 3 +/- 0
Fedora 31 1 +/- 0 6 +/- 1.424 4 +/- 0.484
Fedora 32 2 +/- 0.707 8 +/- 1.39 5 +/- 0.379
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 2 +/- NA 12 +/- 2.908 6 +/- 0.675
FreeBSD 12 NA 5 +/- 2.132 3 +/- 0.183
SUSPEND
MS Windows Server 1 +/- 0 4 +/- 1.455 3 +/- 0.254
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver 1 +/- NA 11 +/- 0.774
Centos 7 (1300 MB) NA 11 +/- 0.422
2 +/- 0
Centos 7 (898 MB) 1 +/- NA 11 +/- 0.316 3 +/- 0.316
Cirros 12 +/- 2.677 2 +/- 0
Debian 10
NA
11 +/- 0.85 3 +/- 0.422
Fedora 31 1 +/- 0 11 +/- 0.679
Fedora 32 2 +/- 0.548 11 +/- 0.466
3 +/- 0.183
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 3 +/- NA 11 +/- 0.816 3 +/- 0.422
FreeBSD 12 2 +/- NA 11 +/- 1.57 3 +/- 0.254
RESUME
MS Windows Server 2 +/- 0.707 11 +/- 0.724 3 +/- 0.346
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver 2 +/- 0.535 11 +/- 2.614 6 +/- 0.607
Centos 7 (1300 MB) 4 +/- 0.632 3 +/- 0.316
Centos 7 (898 MB)
NA
8 +/- 3.373 4 +/- 0.316
Cirros 2 +/- 0.447 65 +/- 0.422 30 +/- 0
Debian 10 2 +/- 0.707 6 +/- 2.53 3 +/- 0.667
Fedora 31 7 +/- 2.811 3 +/- 0.403
Fedora 32
1 +/- 0
7 +/- 2.479 3 +/- 0.32
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 2 +/- 0.707 12 +/- 2.983 6 +/- 0.483
FreeBSD 12 2 +/- 1.166 66 +/- 1.213 31 +/- 0.669
STOP
MS Windows Server
NA
2 +/- 1.029 66 +/- 1.474 31 +/- 0.583
Ubuntu Bionic Beaver 10 +/- 0.183 6 +/- 1.383 46 +/- 4.071 19 +/- 1.159
Centos 7 (1300 MB) 6 +/- 0.85 66 +/- 0.789 27 +/- 0.471
Centos 7 (898 MB) 8 +/- 1.269 47 +/- 3.498 20 +/- 0.919
Cirros 5 +/- 0.516 14 +/- 2.547 4 +/- 0.422
Debian 10
9 +/- 0
6 +/- 0.675 74 +/- 1.43 31 +/- 0.738
Fedora 31 6 +/- 1.184 38 +/- 3.845 15 +/- 0.615
Fedora 32
10 +/- 0.183
6 +/- 1.599 49 +/- 3.83 20 +/- 0.964
Ubuntu Focal Fossa 7 +/- 1.524 72 +/- 2.716 31 +/- 0.738
FreeBSD 12 5 +/- 0.968 23 +/- 3.358 8 +/- 0.479
SHELVE
MS Windows Server
9 +/- 0
6 +/- 0.997 150 +/- 4.938 66 +/- 2.069
Glance’s network traffic around the image size. For
example, MS-Windows Server image size 6150 MB
and Glance network traffic volume for MS-Windows
Server CREATE is around to 6615.876 MB, which
confirms the transmission of the image through the
network. Therefore, we can assume the total traf-
fic produced by the operation minus the image size
is the amount of administrative network traffic. Pro-
ceeding with MS-Windows Server CREATE exam-
ple, 6645.582 MB (Table 2) - 6150 MB (image size)
= 495.582 MB of administrative network traffic. The
same logic from CREATE operation may apply to
SHELVE, but instead of the VM image being trans-
ferred through network there is a VM with the content
modified during execution. The remaining operations
do not produce massive network traffic and run on few
seconds. Figures 4 and 5 present the network traffic
measured in CREATE and SHELVE operations.
Figure 4: Box plot of traffic (MB) per second of each OS
image.
CLOSER 2021 - 11th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science
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