Design Strategies for Mobile Ad-hoc Network to Prevent from Attack

Puneeta Singh

, Atma Prakash Singh

and Abhilasha Gupta

BBDNIIIT, AKTU University, Lucknow, India

Department of Computer Science, AKTU University, Lucknow, India

Keywords: LEACH Protocol, Adhoc, Clustering, Steady Phase.

Abstract: LEACH protocol is the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol consume less energy and

improved the performance of data transmission from cluster head to the base station. . In this paper

discussed about the alive nodes, data transmission. Leach protocol was the earliest protocol where try to

reduce the energy consumption of each node in every round. Achieve load balancing, energy efficient,

coverage and connectivity, scalability, robustness, data fusion, security and minimum delay. It increases the

lifespan of the network under the wireless sensor network where it reduces the energy consumption of the

network to ensure that our nodes to be created and maintained it. Compare this data with attack and without

attack if any malicious nodes come.

1 INTRODUCTION

Ad hoc network is the self-conferring, infrastructure

less (ad-hoc) network where no wired connections

between source to destination. In Networking,

actually there are so many nodes they all are linked

and communicate to each other and transfer the

information from one node to another node. In the

part of networking, we are having infrastructure

based network and infrastructure-less (ad-hoc)

network. Basically, we are having three kinds of

networks LAN (Local area network), MAN

(metropolitan area network) and WAN (Wide area

network). Local area network is that kind of network

when same kind of network will work together. In

Metropolitan area network is that kind of network

when we can communicate in the organization like

university, hospitals etc. Wide area network is the

network when we communicate with across the

world. Mobile ad-hoc network i.e. decentralized type

of network where there is no centralized network.

Ad-hoc networks is having two types i.e. Wireless

Mesh Networks (WMN), Mobile ad-hoc network

(MANET) and Wireless Sensor Network. Mobile ad

hoc network is the multi-hop wireless links where all

nodes are communicating to each other in multi-hop

manner, we also called as distributed routing. Ad-

hoc node worked on Packet-switched while cellular

network working on circuit-switching. With the help

of mobility frequency path will be break, they are

also called cooperative nodes.

2 CHARACTERISTICS OF

MANET (MOBILE AD-HOC

NETWORK)

Self-configuring: In this we configure each and

every node dynamically communicate or connected

to each other, no need of router to send the

information from one node to another node.

Configure automatically connect with some other

node without the need of any router.

Dynamic network topology: In mobile ad-hoc

network, topology created and automatically they

can find their route with the help of some routing

algorithm. So, it’s dynamic in nature. It

automatically find the path to go.

Light weight terminal: In Mobile ad-hoc network

the devices are mobile devices these are having

small capability of CPU processing, less memory

storage. Have capability to optimize the

mathematical functions themselves.

Autonomous terminal: In Manet terminal, each and

every node acts as a router or a host. Each and every

mobile terminal is an autonomous node. These

mobile nodes work as a switching function instead as

a router.

IG.1. depicts that all nodes are connected to each

other and sending the information from one node

the another node as a mesh topology with the help

194

Singh, P., Singh, A. and Gupta, A.

Design Strategies for Mobile Ad-hoc Network to Prevent from Attack.

DOI: 10.5220/0010566800003161

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computing and Software Engineering (ICACSE 2021), pages 194-201

ISBN: 978-989-758-544-9

of sensors they are communicating to each other

and forwarding or sending the data packet from one

node to another node.

Figure1. Representation of Mobile Ad-hoc network

3 ARCHITECTURE MODEL OF

MANET

The model of Manet is about to preserves the

integrity of ip-addresses of every particular in this

model. Basically in wireless networking, we are

having two types Single hop and multiple hop. In

single hop we are having Infrastructure based (hub

and spoke) including 802.11, Cellular networks and

802.16 and infrastructure-less (ad-hoc) i.e. 802.11

and Bluetooth.

In multi-hop again we are having infrastructure-

based (Hybrid) multi-hop including Wireless Sensor

Networks and Wireless Mesh Networks and in

infrastructure- less (Manet) including Car-to-Car

Networks (VANETs). Basically, ad-hoc and mobile

ad-hoc network both are different ad-hoc is single

hop and mobile ad-hoc network is multi-hop. In

Multi-hop we can forward the data from one node to

another node.

3.1 Types of MANET

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (Vanet): We can

communicate with another vehicles with the help of

some equipment’s which are placed on roadside.

Intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks plays a major

role for giving me some precautions on some

collisions.

Hub-spoke Manet: All the sub-networks of Manet

are connected to each other and they can create the

geographically distributed type of network. It looks

like a network where one spoke will tell to the hub

and hub will give the answer via in which it looks

like a hybrid kind of structure.

Internet based Mobile Ad hoc network (iManets):

They can take protocols and through these protocols

they are to communicate to each other. Internet based

mobile ad hoc network can take and supports the

TCP/UDP and IP protocols. With the help of these

routing protocols we can establish the route path

distributed automatically.

Smart Phone Ad hoc network (SPANC): Smart

phone ad hoc network will be used without the help

of any cellular network we can create the peer to peer

connection. As a Bluetooth or Wi- Fi works which

comes under the Smart phone ad hoc network?

Flying Ad hoc Network (FANET): with the help of

drones, we can create or able to communicate in rural

areas. FANET is the part of ad hoc network where

their mobility was so increased as compared to

MANET or VANET.

Figure 2. Architecture view of Manet (Mobile ad-hoc

network)

FIG.2. depicts as a node that is able to communicate

without any central device and sharing the

information from one to other. It automatically or

dynamically changing the topology. They have

sensors and these sensors play one of the major role

in mobile ad hoc network. It’s has the capability of

self- configure, automatically connected with

neighbor nodes and starts communication.

3.2 Attacks Performed on MANET

Generally attacks means any unauthorized user can

disturbed the link or tries to take the original data. In

Manet, having two types of attacks.

Active attack: Any attacker or hacker or any

unauthorized user tries to hack the data or tries to

modify the data or disrupts the service. There are so

many examples of active attack like masquerade,

denial of service and replay etc. Black hole type of

attack is the example of active attack.

Design Strategies for Mobile Ad-hoc Network to Prevent from Attack

195

Passive attack: passive attack is the attack when it

monitors the data, there is no modification in their

data. Passive attack is not much as dangerous as

active attack. Third party only monitors the data it

can never change or alter the data. Traffic analysis

and traffic monitoring type of attack is the example

of passive attack.

Figure 3. Representation of requirement of Malware

program

Fig.3 about the malware or malicious program wants

requirement of host need program to execute the

program.

Threshold decision making: In this phase, we see the

threshold value and fix it, after see the malicious

node we will rectify via some algorithm and that

algorithm is threshold decision making. There are

two parameters in the network: RREQ and RREP.

RREQ: When we send the packets from source to

destination then that route called as RREQ (route

request). RREP: When we are sending the data

packets from destination to source then that route

path called as RREP.

3.3 Different Clustering Algorithm

K-Means Clustering: In K-Means algorithm, we

choose a number of groups (number of nodes) and

choose accordingly distinct points or groupings.

In this we see the closest distance between the

centers of the group. This K-Means clustering is

the unsupervised learning and here also it

checks the points from the group.

Figure 4. Representation of K-Means clustering

Fig.4 Representation of k-means clustering in which

those items whose functionality was same they are

placed in one group which was named as cluster.

There are so many cluster and they are to be talked

with the help of cluster head. Steps of K-Means

clustering:

 First we choose k points, we also called means

of that.

 We calculates the value of coordinates of mean

those items which are nearest.

 We do recursion means call many times until

we cannot achieve our goal.

3.4 Mean Shift Clustering

This clustering which was based on sliding window,

it will work on centroid based. It will see the center of

the group in the network. At every time it will check

the procedure where their density of data is high.

Figure 5: Representation of Mean shift clustering

Fig.5 tells that it sees the center of the group in the

cluster, it always sees the maximum value from the

nodes. It always calculate the mean from the cluster.

4 LITERATURE REVIEW

Prasanna, S. it tells about how any node attack the

any node in network. It also tells about the how

wormhole attack, black-hole attack, attacks the

malicious node. They all are discussing about

routing protocol i.e. routing protocols are of two

types one reactive routing protocol, the other one is

proactive protocol and the third one is the hybrid

protocol. For achieving network security we will get

three things in that: Confidentiality, availability,

authentication and integrity. The data is protected

from un authorised user. Availability means the

resources and services are to be available, DOS that

attack under the availability. Authentication means

the data is should be authenticated. Integrity means

whatever the message is being transmitted is not be

altered.

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Arulkumaran, G., & Gnanamurthy, R. K. this

strategy used in military services where they want

secure the data and would be transmitting in a secure

channel. MANET is the dynamic topology and it

create the fuzzy logic concept, with the help of this

strategy we reduce the black hole attack and it

improves a speed of AODV (Ad-hoc on demand

vector) protocol.

Amru, M., Jabirullah, M., & Krishna, A. C. tells

about the improvement of those failed nodes which

are cluster head. Cluster head are to chosen when

their energy is maximum. It uses LEACH protocol

in which it tries to reduce the energy consumption or

power consumption. Sensors are very small insize,

their memory is also limited. It proposed a scheme

which is based on rank.

Kassan, S., Lorenz, P., & Gaber, J. it talks about

the wireless sensor nodes in which it works with the

help of number of nodes, software etc. Sensors

nodes are depend on limited battery but wireless

sensors nodes are having unlimited energy for the

usage of network.

Netyorks, V. S., Krishnakumar, A., & Anuratha,

V. in this paper discuss about the cluster head in the

wireless sensor network through which whatever the

method was using for choosing the cluster head, it

can change or modified the cluster head. It helps to

increase to life of the network, we choose the

highest data or value from the cluster head. Uses the

concept of Fuzzy logic (FL) from super head of

cluster.

Kundu, S., Karthikeyan, S., &Karthikeyan, A it

studies and tell that the one algorithm QBEECH and

it compare with other LEACH like Multiple

LEACH, C- LEACH etc. There are disadvantage in

these protocols. This algorithm tells that it will

increase or enhance the life of the network.

Rahmadhani, M. A., Yovita, L. V., &Mayasari,

R proposed a method of Delay tolerant network

(DTN) in which when network is traffic in nature

then those data packet which are transferring it will

be loss. Basically LEACH algorithm will be divided

into two phases set up phase and steady phase. This

method will very helpful for the use of busy network

and data will be dropped, reached successfully. This

DTN was added into the LEACH-WSN in which

data will not dropped.

Vaseer, G., Ghai, G., &Ghai, D. talks about the

novel intrusion detection system and prevention for

mobile ad hoc networks. Generallywe built a novel

techniques to counter set of attacks i.e. active attacks

like denial of service (DOS), vampire, user to root

attack etc. The user give the lot of request to the

system then the server blocks the whole process it

causes crashes in the system. These kind of attacks

can be detected using single attack and multi-attack.

They are using AODV protocol Ad hoc on demand

distance vector in NS2 environment Hussain, K.,

Hussain, S. J., Jhanjhi, N. Z., & Humayun, M. about

the energy consumption it uses many approaches

such as scheduling for optimal route path. In this it

uses the concept of clustering algorithm in which it

will decrease the distance between the two nodes in

the cluster and it will optimize the energy

consumption of all nodes in that cluster. It also use

the concept of fundamentals of clustering i.e. set-up

phase and steady phase. They also follow the routing

algorithm when data should be reached to the node.

It can use the concept clustering algorithm which is

using to choose the routing path from one node to

othernode.

Mukherjee, P. describes the functionality of

smaller nodes, these smaller nodes are cheaper in

cost. These smaller nodes are the reason for

transmission. For calculating the shortest path

between two nodes we need Dijkstra algorithm for

finding the shortest path. It will calculate value

between active cluster head. It uses LEACH-VD

helps for reducing the power consumption and

increasing the energy with the help of dijkstra

algorithm. Network will divide into clusters.

Clusters make with groups of nodes. The probability

of each cluster has same. These cluster head will

directly connect to the base station.

Hassan, A. A. H., Shah, W. M., Othman, M. F.

I., & Hassan, H. A. H. it will talk about the K-

Means and fuzzy C-means algorithm to help the

cluster who are removed with their position and it

also increase the network life like to save the battery

of sensors. When we deploy the sensors on dense

area. It introduce the concept of KM and FCM with

which it will improve the balanced cluster. Take

several parameter for calculating and improving

when we take lot of scenario together. It also tells

that by their calculation it got to know that FCM is

more powerful as compare to KM which is less

beneficial as compare to FCM if we deploy lot of

sensor on widearea.

Haque, M. E., &Baroudi, U. tells about the

guarantee delivery from source to destination in

which it uses energy efficient protocol with the help

of this definitely data should reached. It uses the

concept of DEER i.e. Dynamic energy efficient

routing and they have the capability to improve or to

increase the session time of the network and addition

to that it is having one of the functionality added that

it can easily deployed from any distance. This

technique also helpful to reduce the energy

Design Strategies for Mobile Ad-hoc Network to Prevent from Attack

197

consumption and power consumption. As compare

to dijkstra algorithm this DEER routing was so

much helpful.

Rajesh, D., & Jaya, T. give the mathematical

model for secure the cluster mobile ad hoc network.

It also increase the life of network. In this very

difficult to save the battery for a long time. It

contains the method of shifting the cluster head of

the network. It uses the methodology of ME2SC

using with LEACH-C, DMSR andDMSR.

Prasad, A. Y., & Balakrishna, R. this will tell

about the low energy consumption, power

consumption due to when we transmit the data it

wants more energy, the rate at which user transmit

the data from source to destination. In this they will

try to improve the energy. It will find the most

suitable routing algorithm for communication. It

describes the LEACH (low energy adaptive cluster

hierarchy) protocol which will take low energy and

power consumption between source todestination.

Kaushik, M., Gupta, S. H., & Balyan, tells about

advancement in wireless sensor network. There is

one technology i.e. Wireless body area network.

That WBAN technology used in pets and human. In

this Wireless body area network would be inserted

into human body, this technology would be

beneficial, it also take less energy and it’s reliable.

In this paper it also calculate the end to end delay,

throughput etc.

Kumar, H., Chahal, V. P., &Verma, P. R. this

paper tells about the advantages and disadvantages of

Leach protocol. In this paper it can take the security

was the main task in the network. Leach is the low

energy adaptive clustering hierarchy it takes low

energy from the whole nodes. Wireless sensor nodes

wasthe collection of maximum number of nodes via

which we are doing communication.

Rajesh, D., & Jaya, T. in this it is talking about

this LEACH protocol which is implemented on dry

soil i.e. the part of homogeneous. It will calculate

the value of part of heterogeneous. It design a model

which is using for calculating the energy. In this

paper it develops a cluster head which is depend on

threshold value. It calculates the value of threshold

in each round. It gives the simulation which is based

on performance of life in the network and how much

nodes are alive ordead.

Takele, A. K., Ali, T. J., & Yetayih, K. A. in this

paper they are describing how to improve the

performance of small sensors which are cheap, low

cost battery and small CPU. Battery are to be

deployed most probably in remote locations which

was the main cause of this problem. Most of the

energy are to be consumed when data should be

transmitted and some of the energy will lost to

decide where to be deployed thenodes.

5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Leach protocol is the Low energy adaptive

clustering hierarchy. It will monitor the

environmental type of conditions i.e. moving,

temperature etc. This protocol defines reduce the

energy consumption of the nodes and reduce the

data transmission to the other node.

LEACH protocol based on Time Division

Multiple Access (TDMA) which will divide the

frequency in different time slots under the MAC

protocol. The goal of LEACH protocol is that it will

increase the lifetime of the network. There are two

phases of LEACH protocol i.e. Set- up phase and

Steady phase.

Figure 6. Representation of Phases

5.1 Operation on Leach Protocol

Leach protocol contains so many rounds and in each

round include these two phases i.e. Set- up phase

and steady phase which is used for reducing the

energy consumption.

In Fig.6. In the case of set-up phase, the aim is to

discover the cluster, we select the cluster on the

basis of that nodewhoseenergy is maximum. In this

phase, we send the packet to inform the all the nodes

which are clustered that our own self is also a

cluster, calculate on the basis of thisformula:

T (n) = R/ 1-R*(r mod R-1)

where R is the probability of cluster head, n is the

number of nodes, T (n) is the threshold valueThe

number (n) which is lessor than threshold value, then

that value will be cluster head. When that cluster

becomes cluster head, then it never becomes cluster

head again. It give only one chance in the network

that node will become cluster head once. In this case

set-up phase has 3 fundamentals i.e. cluster head

advertisement, cluster set up and creation of

transmission line.

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Figure 7. Representation of three fundamentals set- up

phase

SET-UP PHASE:

In Fig.7. In cluster head advertisement, the packet is

forwarded to all the nodes with the help of this

advertisement, it will advertise to all the nodes. If

that node whose energy is maximum then that

energy will become the cluster head. All the nodes is

having only one chance for making cluster node.

This strategy is useful for saving the energy

consumption. Those nodes which are not cluster

head in the current round, it will send the join

request to the cluster head and tell that we are the

parts of cluster head because of this reason in the

second round they will also get a chance to

makecluster.

In the last step in the set-up phase that the cluster

head will maintain the route path with the other

nodes of that cluster. TDMA based MAC protocol

will work on those nodes which are in cluster.

TEADY PHASE:

In the case of steady phase, those nodes which are in

cluster i.e. cluster nodes were only talk to cluster

head. There is no multi-hop routing allowed only

single hop routing possible. With the help of this if

one cluster node can communicate to other cluster

node reach up to base stations. The working of

cluster head is that it will collect all data in their

cluster head and afterwards they are able to transmit

with otherdata.

All the nodes in one cluster, from that cluster one

node is cluster head which is deciding with the help

maximum energy in first round. In the second round

all those nodes who do not participate in first round

to make cluster head in the second round. With the

help of cluster node we are able to transmitting the

data from one cluster node to another cluster node.

In the network there are so many clusters, data

should be transmitted in a secure channel.

Machine learning has a clustering technique in

which it has so many data points with the helpof this

algorithm we can easily find out the which node in

which group it belongs. Those nodes which are in

same cluster there are having similar properties and

functionalities. As compare to other cluster it is

having different functionalities. In machine learning,

we have two things supervised learning and

unsupervised learning. Supervised learning is useful

for data collection and it give the output from our

previous experience but in the case of unsupervised

learning it will find out the unknown data patterns.

Clustering is the unsupervised learning and it also

helps in the field of data analysis and this was used

in many otherfields.

In Figure 8, was the representation of clusters in

which data should be transmitted from one to

another node. It will use clustering algorithm in

which we are able to reduce the energy consumption

and transmissiondelay.

Clustering algorithm using set-up phase and

steady phase:

Figure 8. Representation of clusters In the case of Set-up

phase:

Contention of cluster head: From this, it works

from base station, in the starting stage base station or

sink was provide some percentage (per), from this

percentage it will calculate the cluster head (ch)

from each round. Any kind of number or random

number (ran num) will be generated in between 0

and 1. We will see the percentage if it is less, then it

will be choosing a cluster head otherwise it was just

a node which is sensing node. Those nodes who

cleared this phase send a data packet to all with a

value called threshold (n). The calculated value

based on some sensor nodes and their average speed.

The speed was based on some transmission range.

All those nodes are in pattern and it should receive

some signal within that pattern it will help to choose

a cluster node. It is the solution of this to take

coverage ofnetwork.

Design Strategies for Mobile Ad-hoc Network to Prevent from Attack

199

ran number (0, 1) < per

threshold (n) = (

W1 *Sn) + (W2 * Ern)

Election of cluster head: In the phase of cluster

head (ch) those who follow the statement of (2) will

participate in the process of cluster head. It calculate

the value of threshold (n) based on (3) and it also

sees the any data packet it received from other

sensing nodes. If the value of threshold (n) will be

less than those nodes who are receiving packet, then

those nodes as elected as a cluster head.

5.2 Association Ofcluster Head

In the based on this, sensor nodes are the responsible

to make cluster head on the basis of criteria of

association of cluster head. Whatever the speed

comes from other cluster head and it will calculate

the distance and their speed, then it will be the part

of cluster head.

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 9. Representation of alive nodes with attack and

without attack

The values are in tabular format and take the

values of alive nodes with attack and without attack.

All are the GUI form of LEACH implementation

and in panel of Implementing Leach Protocol there

are three block, first is Leach Implementation, Leach

GUI Implementation and GUI Implementation. In

this section we are having the result of alive nodes,

data transmission, energy consumption and cluster

head using the matlab simulation tool and compare

with attack and without attack.

Figure 10. Data transmission from nodes to cluster head

7 CONCLUSION

Leach protocol contains so many rounds and in each

round include these two phases i.e. Set- up phase

and steady phase which is used for reducing the

energy consumption. In wireless sensor network,

there are small nodes and these small nodes having

limited energy. Leach protocol was the earliest

protocol and it works on energy consumption. This

will reduce the energy who has maximum energy. In

leach protocol there are having two phases we

already described and there are having so many

rounds and in each round cluster head will changed

via each cluster head will get chance once. In this

protocol there is having some pros and cons via this

we can try to modify the leach protocol like c-leach,

q-leachetc.

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