Sustainable Development of Reclamation in Russia on the Basis of

Increasing the Technical Level and Improving the Ecological State of

the Reclamation Complex

G. V. Olgarenko

, V. I. Bulgakov and T. A. Kapustina

Federal State Research Institution All-Russia Scientific and Research Institute for Irrigation and Farming Water Supply

Systems “Raduga”, Kolomna, Russia

Keywords: Reclamation System, Assessment of Technical and Operational Parameters, Technical Level, Ecological State,

Recommendations, Technical Proposals, Operational Efficiency.

Abstract: Development of methodological recommendations for assessing the technical level, technical and operational

parameters, and the ecological state of the reclamation fund, increasing the technical level (modernization) of

reclamation systems and the ecological state of reclaimed lands, the efficiency of using interfarm and

intrafarm reclamation systems. The article presents an analysis of the technical level and technical and

operational parameters of reclamation systems, a qualitative assessment of the ecological state of reclaimed

lands. Recommendations for improving the technological and environmental quality of the operation of

reclamation systems and lands are developed. The relevance of scientific research is due to the need to

improve the efficiency of the use of integral resources and reduce the energy intensity of the operation of

reclamation systems, largely depending on the validity of decisions made on reconstruction, heavy overhaul

and service checks, water use and water distribution in reclamation systems.

1 INTRODUCTION

Hydro land reclaiming systems are complex natural

and technical objects, that function under conditions

of uncertainty in the dynamic impact of a complex of

external and internal factors, that change in space and

time. The technical level and efficiency of the hydro

land reclaiming system operation is a hierarchical set

of structural, technical, economic, technological,

ecological and operational indicators, that determine

the production function of the system's compliance

with its purpose. Low technical level and poor

technical and operational parameters of hydro land

reclaiming systems lead to the danger of emergencies,

a decrease in safety and reliability indicators, which

leads to low values of efficiency, causes significant

losses of irrigation water, leading not only to a

decrease in the efficiency of reclaimed lands, but also

to environmental degradation of the natural

environment (negative impact on the environment)

(Reclamation complex, 2020; Report on the

http//orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-3147

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-4460

implementation, 2018; Information portal of FSBSI,

2021).

It is necessary to develop and form a base of initial

data for assessing the technical level of reclamation

systems, agroecological and functional state, and use

of the reclamation fund and, on this information and

analytical basis, develop methodological

recommendations for the development of the

reclamation complex, taking into account the

technical level, ecological state and actual use of the

reclamation fund.

Carrying out of research work in this direction

will allow to objectively assess the work and

technical level of regional hydro land reclaiming

systems and develop recommendations on the priority

of the timing and cost of works during the

reconstruction, modernization of systems, to ensure

high-quality performance of capital and maintenance

operational works, and agricultural producers to

increase the yield of agricultural crops on reclaimed

land.

Olgarenko, G., Bulgakov, V. and Kapustina, T.

Sustainable Development of Reclamation in Russia on the Basis of Increasing the Technical Level and Improving the Ecological State of the Reclamation Complex.

DOI: 10.5220/0010586200650072

In Proceedings of the International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure (ISSDRI 2021), pages 65-72

ISBN: 978-989-758-519-7

2 PURPOSE

Development of methodological recommendations

for assessing the technical level, technical and

operational parameters, and the ecological state of the

reclamation fund, increasing the technical level

(modernization) of reclamation systems and the

ecological state of reclaimed lands, the efficiency of

using interfarm and intrafarm reclamation systems.

The main tasks, solved in the course of research:

 to conduct a scientific and technical analysis of

scientific and technical and production

materials on the technical and ecological state

of the reclamation fund and on the operation of

reclamation systems;

 to develop a methodology for assessing and

criteria for reliable stable operation of hydro

land reclaiming systems during the life cycle;

 to justify and develop recommendations for

improving the technical and ecological state of

the reclamation fund and the standard operating

mode of reclamation systems.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

When undertaking scientific information-analytical

and statistical research, standard methodological

approaches were used, scientific-methodical and

regulatory-technical documents were studied,

methods of analysis of the technical level and

technical and operational parameters of reclamation

facilities and the ecological state of reclaimed lands

were used (Information portal of FSBSI, 2021; The

consolidated report, 2019; Temporary provision,

2012).

The methods for assessing the technical level and

efficiency of hydro land reclaiming systems operation

establishes the nomenclature of indicators, used to

assess the technical level and technical state of hydro

land reclaiming systems and hydraulic structures, as

well as the procedure for conducting and formalizing

the assessment results (GOST R 58376-2019).

The nomenclature of parameters for assessing the

technical level of hydro land reclaiming systems and

hydraulic structures includes the following

indicators: the engineering-technical level and the

technical and operational state of the facility, the wear

percentage (depreciation); the volume of water

intake, (irrigation) or water disposal (drainage); the

presence of a dispatch control system; equipment

with control and metering devices; availability of

design estimates, operational documentation,

technical passport, safety declaration; availability of

qualified service personnel; availability of special

equipment, machinery and equipment for operation;

the yield of agricultural crops in the subcommand

(suspended) reclaimed areas; the cost of carrying out

maintenance operational works; the number of

hydraulic engineering posts; the information on

reconstruction and heavy overhaul and measures,

taken at the facility, to ensure operational reliability.

According to the technical level and technical and

operational state, reclamation facilities are divided

into four classes (Table 1):

 first - facilities with a good level of technical

state: facilities are equipped with a full set of

all technical means, have the necessary

reliability of all elements and ensure the

performance of the functions assigned to them

within the specified accuracy limits, the

reconstruction of such facilities is not required;

 second - facilities with a satisfactory level of

technical state, that is, the issue of the need to

carry out works to maintain the technical level

or to carry out reconstruction in the amount of

up to 25% is considered on an individual basis

to modernize and increase the technical level;

 third - facilities with an insufficient level of

technical state: they need to consider the

feasibility of reconstruction in the amount of up

to 50% of the book value of fixed assets,

depending on the plans for the development of

agricultural production on the reclaimed lands,

it is necessary to make a decision on the

reconstruction or conservation of these

facilities until the period of demand;

 fourth - facilities with an unsatisfactory level of

technical state: such facilities require complex

reconstruction in the amount of more than 50%

of the book value of fixed assets, or it is

necessary to make a decision on the

conservation of these facilities or pension off

(Olgarenko, 2015).

The results of the assessment are used to analyze

the indicators of the technical and operational state of

the existing hydro land reclaiming systems and

hydraulic structures, make a decision on the

feasibility of reconstruction, technical re-equipment,

or heavy overhaul of hydro land reclaiming systems

and hydraulic structures.

ISSDRI 2021 - International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure

Table 1: Indicators for assessing the technical level and technical and operational parameters of the reclamation facility

(irrigation system, drainage system, canal, separately located hydraulic structure).

The main standard indicators for assessing the technical and

erational state

Technical and operational state class

1 2 3 4 5

I II III IV

System name, location, cadastral numbers of plots

1. Technical condition, wear percentage (depreciation)

Up to 50%

50-

75%

75-90%

More than

90%

2. The volume of water intake, (irrigation) or water disposal

(drainage), the percentage of the design indicator of the reclamation

facilit

More than

75%

50-

75%

25-50%

Less than

25%

3. Availability of a dispatch control system - yes/no If any, then I-II If not, then III-IV

4. Equipping with control and metering devices, in % of the design

indicator of the reclamation facility, if there is no data on design

indicators - yes/no

More than

75%

50-

75%

25-50%

Less than

25%

If any, then I-II If not, then III-IV

5. The number of hydraulic engineering posts, in % of the design

indicator of the reclamation facility, if there is no data on design

indicators - yes/no

More than

75%

50-

75%

25-50%

Less than

25%

If any, then I-II If not, then III-IV

6. Availability of design estimates, operational documentation,

technical passport, safety declaration.

Available

in full

Partially available,

then II-III

Not

available

1 2 3 4 5

7. Service personnel, (people), including: Engineering and technical

personnel (1 person per 1,000 hectares), Workers (2 persons per

1,000 hectares)

More than

75%

50-

75%

25-50%

Less than

25%

8. Availability of equipment, (pcs.) Including: (mark by default)

- construction;

- specialized reclamation equipment; +

- vehicles. +

9. Yield on the serviced reclaimed areas of the main types of

agricultural crops (t/ha) - check for compliance with the design yield

- rice

- vegetable

- feed

- technical

- cereal

More than

75%

50-

75%

25-50%

Less than

25%

10. The cost of carrying out maintenance operational works as a

ercentage of the book value

8-10 % 5-8% 3-5%

Less than

11. Information about reconstruction and heavy overhaul, in

accordance with the date of the last performance

Up to 5

years

5-10

years

10-25

years

Over 25

years

12. Information about the measures taken at the facility to ensure

operational reliability, as well as the prevention and elimination of

emergencies. Annual measures taken and cost.

If any, then I-II If not, then III-IV

Based on the results of data analysis and

comparison with standard indicators, an expert

opinion is prepared, including conclusions and

recommendations for the final assessment of the

technical and operational state of the reclamation

facility and its safety level, compliance with the

structure and staff, qualification support, safety

control, as well as technical proposals for increasing

technical level and improving technical and

operational parameters, of reclamation facility with

an indication of the types, volumes, and cost of

construction and installation work and equipment.

The assessment of the ecological state of the soils

of the reclaimed lands is carried out on the basis of

standard assessment methods and a methodology,

developed with the participation of the authors. A

three-level system of qualitative assessment is

adopted as the main parameters: good, satisfactory

and unsatisfactory state of the land fund

(Methodological recommendations, 1982; Nikitin et

al., 2010).

Sustainable Development of Reclamation in Russia on the Basis of Increasing the Technical Level and Improving the Ecological State of the

Reclamation Complex

The main indicators, characterizing the ecological

situation on reclaimed lands, include: the level of

groundwater, salinity and alkalinity of soils; the state

of the surface of reclaimed lands, or a complex of all

negative ecological processes, that appear

simultaneously. Assessment categories reflect the

degree of their suitability for agricultural production

and the direction of measures to improve the land

reclamation state (Nikitin et al., 2010; Technique of

operational, 2015).

The algorithm for assessing the ecological state of

reclaimed lands includes the following procedures:

selection and justification of parameters,

characterizing the ecological situation and standard

values; assessment of the current ecological state of

the soil of reclaimed lands; retrospective analysis of

changes in the ecological situation by individual

parameters; projected development of processes and

predictive assessments of the territory; assignment of

reclamation measures to improve the ecological state

of reclaimed lands.

According to the results of the assessment of the

ecological situation of the reclaimed lands, a list of

reclamation systems and lands is drawn up:

functioning in the normative mode, the assessment of

the situation is good; requiring a set of measures to

prevent or eliminate negative processes during the

operation of reclamation systems or their

reconstruction (the situation is assessed as

satisfactory); requiring implementation of a complex

of reclamation measures to improve the ecological

state of soils at the stage of reconstruction, the

assessment of the situation is unsatisfactory.

4 RESEARCH RESULTS

By 2020, the reclamation fund of the Russian

Federation amounted to 9.45 million hectares,

including with the following structure:

 with 4.67 million hectares of irrigated land,

3.86 million hectares were actually used in

agricultural production, and irrigation was

carried out due to the supply of water by state

reclamation systems on an area of 1.69 million

hectares and due to the initiative actions of

agricultural producers, on expert assessment,

about 0.75 million hectares were watered;

 with 4.69 million hectares of drained land, 3.16

million hectares were used in agricultural

circulation, and in fact, the regulation of the

water regime and drainage loss is ensured

through state reclamation systems on an area of

about 916.86 thousand hectares (Ugryumova et

al., 2018; Olgarenko and Ugryumova, 2019).

Not used in agricultural production, total

reclaimed land - 2,320.60 thousand hectares,

including:

Irrigated lands - 791.0 thousand hectares, of

which 116.6 thousand hectares were not used due to

salinization and waterlogging. Of the total area of

irrigated land, 2,963.35 thousand hectares were not

watered, including 1,912.92 thousand hectares due to

the irrigation network failure.

Drained lands - 1,528.17 thousand hectares, of

which: due to the drainage network failure - 625.8

thousand hectares, due to poor agroecological state

(close occurrence of GWL, poor water-physical and

agrochemical parameters of soils) - 894.8 hectares.

2,146.42 thousand hectares of irrigated lands are

in federal ownership, 478.8 thousand hectares are

owned by the constituent entities of the Russian

Federation, municipal units, legal entities, and

individuals own 1,216.55 thousand hectares of

irrigated lands, there are 357.35 thousand hectares

ownerless and under registration irrigated lands.

1,117.96 thousand hectares of drained lands are in

federal ownership, 755.47 thousand hectares are

owned by the constituent entities of the Russian

Federation, municipal units, legal entities, and

individuals own 1,670.17 thousand hectares of

irrigated lands, there are 1,877.69 thousand hectares

ownerless and under registration drained lands.

In total, there are 2,868 reclamation facilities in

the Russian Federation, of which 805 are irrigation

systems, 1,052 are drainage systems, 285 are

separately located hydraulic structures (Table 2).

There are more than 34.3 thousand reclamation

facilities in federal ownership, including: 232 water

reservoirs; more than 2 thousand regulating and

distribution waterworks facilities; 134 river stanches;

1.8 thousand supply and discharge pumping stations,

42.3 thousand km of main water supply and discharge

canals; over 3 thousand km of protective stanches and

protection embankments.

Of the reclamation fund of Russia, about 58.4% of

hydro land reclaiming facilities are in federal

ownership, and 34.7% are ownerless. The number of

land plots under Federal property facilities is 12,200

units, of which 4,780 units have title documentation.

The total area of land plots under reclamation

facilities (water reservoirs, stanches, waterworks

facilities, ponds, etc.) is 1,503.45 thousand hectares,

of which the area of registered land plots is 352.7

thousand hectares.

ISSDRI 2021 - International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure

Table 2: Technical and operational state of reclamation facilities by the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation as of

01/01/2020.

Name of the reclamation facility Total State class

I II III IV

Irri

ation interfarm s

stems 805 42 192 389 182

Draina

e interfarm s

stems 1,052 56 213 574 209

draulic structures on reclamation s

stems 721 34 143 437 107

Separately located hydraulic structures 285

–

Total reclamation facilities 2,868

Central

Irrigation interfarm systems 159

51491 49

Drainage interfarm systems 450

27 83 231 109

Irrigation intrafarm systems 3

–

11 1

Drainage intrafarm systems 3

–

Hydraulic structures with facilities on the network 42

21019 11

Separately located and other hydraulic structures and facilities 17

–

3 11 3

orthwestern

Irrigation systems 2

–

Drainage systems 329

14 77 199 39

Hydraulic structures with facilities on the network 507

22 109 295 81

Separately located hydraulic structures 52

2 10 31 9

Vol

Irrigation systems 174

14 53 76 31

Drainage systems 106

93252 14

Hydraulic structures with facilities on the network 81

2669 4

Separately located hydraulic structures 87

–

Southern

Irrigation systems 119

55143 19

Drainage systems 1

–

Separately located hydraulic structures 8

–

orth Caucasian

Irrigation systems 126

23667 21

Drainage systems 7

–

15 1

Hydraulic structures with facilities on the network 62

7 11 37 7

Separately located hydraulic structures 41

–

Ural

Irrigation systems 43

5918 11

Drainage systems 39

–

619 14

Separately located hydraulic structures 25

–

Siberian

Irrigation systems 68

31232 21

Drainage systems 19

–

37 9

Separately located hydraulic structures 23

–

3 16 4

Far Eastern

Irrigation systems 116

81761 30

Drainage systems 101

61156 28

Hydraulic structures with facilities on the network 28

1717 3

Separately located hydraulic structures 32

–

On irrigated lands: 2.41 million hectares are in a

good ecological state; 1.38 million hectares are in a

standard (satisfactory) state; 0.9 million hectares are

in an unsatisfactory state. Of the irrigated lands in an

unsatisfactory ecological state on an area of 0.9

million hectares (19.0% of the availability), 0.4

Sustainable Development of Reclamation in Russia on the Basis of Increasing the Technical Level and Improving the Ecological State of the

Reclamation Complex

million hectares have a close occurrence of

groundwater, 0.26 million hectares - soil salinization,

and on 0.24 million hectares, there is the combined

action of unfavorable ecological factors -

unacceptable close occurrence of groundwater and

soil salinization.

On drained lands: 0.86 million hectares are in a

good state; 2.14 million hectares are in a satisfactory

state; 1.78 million hectares are in an unsatisfactory

state. Of the irrigated lands in an unsatisfactory

ecological state on an area of 1.78 million hectares

(37.0% of the availability), there is an unacceptably

close (critical) occurrence of groundwater and

inadmissible terms for surface drainage.

Table 3: Ecological state of the reclamation fund in Russia

Federal districts Good, (%) Normal, (%) Bad, (%)

Irri

ated lands

Central Federal District 45 30 26

Northwestern Federal District 8 54 38

Volga Federal District 68 28 4

Siberian Federal District 63 29 9

North Caucasian Federal District 41 25 34

Southern Federal District 60 22 18

Ural Federal District 53 36 11

Far Eastern Federal District 46 21 33

Drained lands

Central Federal District 16 38 45

Northwestern Federal District 11 53 36

Vol

a Federal District 21 55 24

Siberian Federal District 23 35 42

North Caucasian Federal District 41 41 18

Southern Federal District 45 39 16

Ural Federal District 5 58 36

Far Eastern Federal District 39 30 31

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

An analysis is carried out and an assessment is given

of the technical and operational state of reclamation

facilities in the federal districts of the Russian

Federation, which are under the operational

management of the regional FSBI "Management

"Meliovodkhoz". The bulk of reclamation facilities

(73.6%), in terms of their technical and operational

state, belong to the III and IV classes, of which

70.93% are irrigation systems, 74.4% are drainage

systems and 75.45% are hydraulic structures with

facilities on networks. In the regional context, the

largest percentage of reclamation facilities in an

unsatisfactory state falls on the Central Federal

District, so for irrigation systems, about 90% of

facilities classes III and IV, and more than 75% of

facilities for drainage systems (Table 2).

The first class - facilities with a good level of

technical state, which have the necessary reliability of

all elements and ensure the performance of the

functions assigned to them within the specified

accuracy limits, wear does not exceed 50%.

The second class - facilities with a satisfactory

level of technical and operational state (wear is no

more than 50-75%). For each facility, on the basis of

an expert assessment, the issue of the need to carry

out works on technical re-equipment, heavy overhaul

or reconstruction in the amount of up to 25% of the

book value of fixed assets to increase the technical

level is considered.

The third class - facilities with an insufficient

level of technical and operational state, equipment

wear is 75-90%. They require modernization and

reconstruction in the amount of up to 50% of the book

value of fixed assets. Depending on the plans for the

development of agricultural production, it is

necessary to make a decision on the reconstruction or

conservation of these facilities until the period of

demand.

The fourth class - facilities with an unsatisfactory

level of technical and operational state, wear of

elements is more than 90%. At such facilities,

complex reconstruction is required in the amount of

more than 50% of the book value of fixed assets, or it

ISSDRI 2021 - International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure

is necessary to make a decision on the conservation

or liquidation of facilities of this class.

For the effective operation of reclamation systems

and separately located hydraulic structures, it is

necessary to carry out the whole complex of

technical, organizational and economic measures to

ensure the maintenance of the reclamation network,

structures and equipment, their periodic inspection,

scheduled preventive maintenance, identification and

elimination of emergencies, rational water

distribution, regulation of the water regime of soils,

management and control over the preparation of the

reclamation network and structures for work during

the growing season by water users.

However, the potential of reclaimed lands and

state reclamation systems is significantly higher than

the actual indicators. The main limiting factors for

increasing the productivity of agricultural land are the

insufficient development of complex reclamation,

low technical level of reclamation systems, the

development of land degradation processes, such as

erosion, salinization, waterlogging, underflood,

deficiency of organic matter and mineral nutrients,

desertification (Kireicheva, 2017; Olgarenko et al.,

2019).

For sustainable development and complex

modernization of the reclamation complex, an agreed

solution of a number of priority tasks is required:

 development of a complex of engineering and

technical and technological solutions for the

restoration and modernization (reconstruction)

of hydro land reclaiming systems and hydraulic

structures, reclamation measures to improve

the ecological state of reclaimed lands, with a

justification of the scope and structure of work,

resourcing, as well as the sequence of works to

modernize the reclamation complex on

irrigated lands and dykeland by stages of the

Program implementation;

 improvement of the operation of reclamation

systems, incl. introduction of new technologies

and equipment for maintenance operational

works on reclamation systems and canal

cleaning, organization of rational water use,

using GIS-technologies for water distribution,

automation, and telemechanics, flood

prevention measures;

 increasing the efficiency of water-economic

complex management using computer

technologies, information and analytical

support, development of monitoring and

planning systems for water use, ecological

audit, management and control in the field of

land reclamation and water management;

development of a system for the provision of

information and consulting services and the

contagion of advanced experience in modern

technologies of construction, reconstruction

and effective use of reclaimed lands;

 development of infrastructure, improvement of

organizational and socio-economic

mechanisms for the functioning of the

reclamation and water-economic complex of

the agro-industrial complex;

 reforming the organizational structure of the

system of the operation of reclamation facilities

with the creation of regional technological

parks and specialized operational bases, that

ensure high-quality carrying out of

maintenance operational works; creation of

experimental production testing grounds;

 development of the production base of the

reclamation industry, the formation of planning

and surveying centers, the scientific and

laboratory base of federal state budgetary

scientific institutions, subordinate to the

Department of Reclamation;

 development and updating of regulatory and

procedural and standard technical documents,

ensuring the effective operation of the

reclamation and water-economic complex of

the agro-industrial complex;

 development of human resources in the field of

reclamation industry, hydraulic engineering,

water economy, and agricultural water supply:

preservation and development of scientific

potential, training of highly qualified scientific

and pedagogical personnel, retraining of

engineering and managerial personnel in

universities and research institutes, taking into

account the new economic situation and land

planning of the territory.

The development program of the reclamation

complex should include the concept of adaptive

landscape agriculture, the development of

ecologically reliable water circulation irrigation and

water supply systems, drainage and wastewater

treatment technologies; prevention of water and wind

erosion, restoration and vegetative reclamation;

biochemical technologies for restoring soil fertility,

bioengineering systems for treatment of drainage and

wastewaters, land and forest reclamation.

Development of an industrial base for the

reconstruction and restoration of reclamation systems

of operation and maintenance providers, technical re-

equipment, a system of machines for the construction

and operation of reclamation systems.

Sustainable Development of Reclamation in Russia on the Basis of Increasing the Technical Level and Improving the Ecological State of the

Reclamation Complex

6 CONCLUSIONS

In this work, an analysis is carried out and an

assessment is given of the technical and operational

state of reclamation facilities in the federal districts of

the Russian Federation, which are under the

operational management of the regional FSBI

"Management "Meliovodkhoz". There are 2,868

objects in total, including: 807 - irrigation systems,

1,055 - drainage systems, 721 - hydraulic structures

on the reclamation network, and 285 facilities -

separately located hydraulic structures. The bulk of

reclamation facilities (84%), in terms of their

technical state, belong to the III and IV classes, incl.

70% of irrigation systems, 88% - drainage systems

and separately located hydraulic structures, and 100%

- canals. Such reclamation facilities do not work

efficiently and require reconstruction or heavy

overhaul.

Basic components for the development of

reclamation potential and infrastructure: reclamation

systems and reclaimed lands not used in agricultural

production, as well as reclamation systems with

unsatisfactory technical and operational

characteristics and reclaimed lands, that are in an

unsatisfactory ecological state and have a low level of

soil fertility. To increase the level of productivity of

reclaimed lands, it is necessary to significantly

increase the technical level of reclamation facilities

by completing a set of works on the reconstruction of

reclamation systems and hydraulic structures, as well

as to implement a set of reclamation measures to

increase the level of fertility and improve the

ecological situation on reclaimed lands. The main

measures are technical, technological, organizational,

managerial and others, aimed at increasing the

sustainability of the development of the reclamation

complex and the agro-industrial complex of Russia,

including: measures for hydrotechnology, land, and

forest reclamation, cultural and technical, and

chemical reclamation.

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