Results of the Information and Cognitive Approach in Assessing the
Impact of Investments on Sustainable Agricultural Development
Vladimir N. Laptev
a
and Sergey V. Laptev
b
Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Kalinina str. 13, Krasnodar, Russia
Keywords: Open System, Adaptive Control Mechanism, Generalized and Particular Mathematical Models of Os Control,
Sustainable Development.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the impact of investments on the results of agricultural activities using the
author's information and cognitive mechanism of adaptive control for open systems. We propose to achieve
this goal by studying the functioning laws and developing the agro-industrial complex (AIC) as an open
system (OS), which interacts with the surrounding environment, balances its effects, using the exchange of
matter, energy and signals (energy pulses) with the environment. The successful functioning of the OS in
typical situations and its development in unusual situations is provided by the freeze-framework of the
adaptive control mechanism (ACM) of the OS. It calculates the matrix of typical knowledge (MTK) based on
the system-cognitive analysis implemented by the Eidos system. In typical AIC situations, a computer can
create this matrix automatically, where it has a form of a continuous generalized mathematical control model
(GMCM). In unusual situations, the MTK is created with the help of a human manager. It is partially
optimized or fully adapted to the new real conditions.
1 INTRODUCTION
The main focus of this research is improving the
management of the agro-industrial complex (AIC).
The subject of the research is the use of the latest
achievements of science and information
technologies (IT) to increase the payback of
investments in the agro-industrial complex in its
functioning and development, in a fast-changing
socio-economic situation. The aim of the research is
to develop mathematical models and methods for
their effective implementation in the agro-industrial
complex based on the integrated use of the
advantages of natural and artificial intelligence (NI
and AI) ( This approach allows us to effectively
simulate human cognitive functions (including self-
learning and finding solutions without a pre-set
algorithm) and quickly get the desired results
comparable, at least, with the results of human
intellectual activity. At the same time: a) the
investments should take into account the AIC
interests, as well as interests of the investors (Laptev
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5604-5361
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6876-8791
and Lutsenko, 2002) in the agribusiness ACM it is
necessary to use the next triad: KNOWLEDGE-
ABILITIES-SKILLS, linking together the
functioning and the development of the OS (Anokhin,
1978; Grahen, 2006; Evreinov, 1981) the MTK must
use the requirements of the natural laws of dialectics
and the provisions of the theory of functional systems
(TFS) (Engels, 1986), , The Decree of the President
of the Russian Federation, October 10, 2019 No. 490
"The development of artificial intelligence in the
Russian Federation". In Russia, the question of the
need for a scientific breakthrough in improving the
efficiency of the ACM in the agro-industrial complex
has become acute. So far, the best ACM for the OS is
the control mechanism of human activity. It is a
specific device that determines the order of certain
activities of the human body as an OS. Namely: a) the
human body focuses on getting a useful adaptive
result (survival); b) its receptors work accurately, as
they fix the effects from outside and from internal
organs; c) rapid transmission of control signals
(energy pulses or chemicals) from the receptors to the
Laptev, V. and Laptev, S.
Results of the Information and Cognitive Approach in Assessing the Impact of Investments on Sustainable Agricultural Development.
DOI: 10.5220/0010592604750481
In Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure (ISSDRI 2021), pages 475-481
ISBN: 978-989-758-519-7
Copyright
c
 2021 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
475

central nervous system (CNS), spinal cord and brain;
d) formation and comparison of freeze-frame models
of the current model Y
k
(x
n
) with typical freeze-frames
of the MTK Y
m
(x
n
); e) when they coincide, the brain
generates a spectrum of resonant frequencies ω
1
, ω
2
,
... , ω
q
which, according to the law of resonance (the
response of all functional elements (FE) to ω
q
),
triggers the mechanism of (collective) synchronous
operation of these q FE in the human body, thereby
ensuring its survival in the current freeze-frame
Y
k
(x
n
)=Y
m
(x
n
) (otherwise, it acts by intuition no matter
what happens next); e) performs selective association
of neurons in a neural network, which in the shortest
way brings the spectrum of control signals generated
by the brain to the desired q functional elements; g)
ensures the friendly team work of these FE, i.e. the
implementation of a specific behavior model of the
human body with the proper "system effect". Only a
human uses the ACM OS described above in their
activities. Through a series of typical freeze-frame
interactions with the external environment, he
exchanges matter, energy and signals with it, and he
also uses his ACM skillfully, both for an instant
correct reaction in a typical situation, and for adapting
his behavior to changes in the surrounding
environment. This clearly shows the adequate
response of the human body of a person who
considers to be a creator to changes in the external
environment (i.e. the world).
The need for this research is due to the urgent
practical need for rapid radical improvement of the
functional and the adaptive capabilities of the OS in
any situation (including the agro-industrial complex),
whereas the significance and the scientific novelty of
the research consist in the advanced development of
new theoretical provisions and working tools that
really improve the management of their effective
functioning and development. The solution to this
problem is in the construction and use of MTK, which
is a continuous generalized mathematical control
model (GMCM) of the Y(x) open system, in which its
variable discrete coefficients of mathematical models
of control Y
m
(x
n
) (CMMC) are successfully used by
the OS for its survival, moreover, with a constantly
decreasing real time interval ∆t
n
, which was supposed
to be the implementation of the latter. This study is
devoted to the formulation and solution of this
problem.
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The term “mathematics” means "exact knowledge".
Mathematical description of world events, including
the AIC is based on a sophisticated game of its
continuous and discrete things and can be easily
displayed in mathematical models as various
functions. The latter are represented as "stiff"
(unchangeable) and "soft" (changeable) mathematical
models. It should be noted that the absolute laws of
the World are (Anokhin, 1978) , (Laptev at al., 2019),
(Engels, 1986): the law of the space and time
continuum of the motion of matter and the three laws
of the dialectic of nature: 1) mutual penetration of
opposites (or more precisely, their balanced
interaction); 2) the transition of quantity into quality
and back; 3) negation-negation (a new definition of
the interaction of opposites), interpreted by Hegel as
the laws of thought (Laptev, 2013; Engels, 1986).
From the first law of dialectics the principle of
sequential quantization follows or ut also may be
called a freeze-frame balanced interaction of
opposites (nature and human) (Takhumova, 2018).
Therefore, living creatures and artificial open
systems must fit into the framework in order to obey
these laws, because only in this case they will ensure
their survival in real time. These laws of dialectics of
nature, based on the principle of primacy of matter
and secondary consciousness (reflecting the
interaction of a person with the surrounding
environment in our brain, in the form of freeze-frame
models), only confirm the fact that matter and mind
are just a convenient way found by nature, linking a
sequence of "quantum" (freeze-frames) of events
together.
Natural intelligence (NI) (or human intelligence)
appears only when the ability to make a probabilistic
choice that ensures its survival (preservation of
integrity) is required for the survival of the OS. The
term "system" is used when referring to something
put together, but it does not always refer to the criteria
by which its components have been assembled,
ordered, and organized. Whereas the ultimate goal of
any OS is its survival in any current freeze-frame
Y
k
(x
n
) by balancing it with the counteraction Y
m
(x
n
),
which means getting a positive final result (+FR). If
this impact is typical Y
k
(x
n
)=Y
m
(x
n
), then the "stiff"
Y
m
(x
n
) model starts working automatically, giving this
effect needed balance. In the case of any atypical
impact, the OS launches one of the "soft" models with
the hope that its implementation can save it from
destruction.
The TFS is based on the following postulates:
1) the result of behavior is the leading objective
indicator of the FS activity;
2) self-regulation is the principle of dynamic self-
organization of the FS;
ISSDRI 2021 - International Scientific and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure
476

3) isomorphism (uniformity of organization) of
FS of different levels;
4) representation of continuous OS interaction
with the World through a sequence of freeze-frames;
5) the FS hierarchy;
6) multiparametric interaction of the FS on final
results;
7) sequential dynamic interaction of the FS;
8) selective maturation of the FS and its parts in
the course of life of the human body.
Studying the models of a calculator and a
calculating team (table 1) made it clear that an OS can
only survive if the condition Y
k
(x
n
)=Y
m
(x
n
) is met. At
the same time, it became obvious that the distributed
or concentrated model of a calculating team is the
main tool that provides a breakthrough in the growth
of high-speed computing. It turned out that the
desired performance of "system effect" Y
m
(x
n
) in the
OS can be achieved in the same way, namely, by
synchronous (parallel) operation of its executive
/functional/ elements (FE) (Evreinov, 1981).
Table 1: Comparison of models of a calculator and a
calculating team.
Calculator model Calculating team model
sequential execution of
operations;
fixed logical structure of
calculations;
structural heterogeneity of
elements and connections;
has a performance
increase limitation
parallel execution of
operations;
variable logical structure
and
structural uniformity of
the elements and
connections;
has no performance
increase limitation
In 1957, academician Kolmogorov (1957) proved
the theorem which stated that the representation of
continuous functions of several variables in the form
of superpositions of continuous functions of one
variable and addition. It postulates that any n-
dimensional continuous function defined on an n-
dimensional unit cube can be represented as a series
of 2-dimensional discrete functions defined on the
segment [0, 1].
))(())((),...,,(
1
12
1
12
11
21







M
m
N
n
nnmn
N
n
M
m
mmnnN
xxhxhgxxxY
(1)
In his book (Grahen, 2006) it is convincingly
stated that "concrete mathematics" stands for CON-
tinuous and dis-CRETE mathematics, that is, as a
unity of continuous and discrete mathematics. Its
purpose is to teach the reader the technique of
operating with discrete objects, similar to the
technique for continuous objects. The authors,
avoiding any generalizations, use concrete examples
to teach the reader how to study discrete-continuous
systems in the world around us. In 2002, Professor
E.V. Lutsenko, without relying on the above
scientific achievements, independently developed the
system information theory (SIT). Within the
framework of this theory, he developed a technology
for its application, which he called automated system-
cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) and implemented
it in an outstanding software package called "Eidos.
With its help, any manager can recognize a typical
current situation and launch an appropriate
mechanism for the company’s survival. MTK allows
the manager to establish real connections and their
strength for all of its parameters and use this
knowledge to achieve the desired +FR. All the above
information was described by Lutsenko (2002),
where he also indicates the traditional procedures of
the ASC-analysis:
 conducting cognitive-target structuring of the
subject area;
 formalization of the subject area (development
of classification and descriptive scales and
gradations, training sample);
 implementation of synthesis and verification of
statistical and system-cognitive models,
description of the technology for working with
the Eidos software complex, which provides
the solution of the task. In our case, it is a
solution to the problem of studying the impact
of investment on the results of agricultural
activities. The Eidos system is presented in
open access mode, on Professor Lutsenko’s
website (http://lc.kubagro.ru/aidos/_Aidos-
X.htm).
But in the Eidos system, there is no mechanism
for creating a "system effect" due to the synchronous
operation of the desired number of FS in the OS in
one particular freeze-frame, especially in the case of
situations atypical for the Eidos system. Nevertheless,
in live OS their survival is ensured by creating the
necessary "system effects". In other words, the human
brain manages to make different FS work
synchronously in a particular freeze-frame and thus
provide the necessary "system effects". The answer
turned out to be very simple – due to the natural use
of the law of resonance and fractals (communication
systems) in living OS, which simultaneously bring
the frequency spectrum of the control signal ω1, ω2,
..., ωq to q of the executive FS, which are working
synchronously. Surprisingly, the fractal called
"Serpinsky’s Triangle" copes with this task easily. As
a reliable communication system, it is constructed by
comparing the elements of the "Pascal’s Triangle"
using the module 2 (a≡b (mod 2)). The brain sends its
Results of the Information and Cognitive Approach in Assessing the Impact of Investments on Sustainable Agricultural Development
477

"own" control signal to all functional elements
involved in the current freeze-frame, but not
separately; it has the form of their spectrum. This
spectrum includes specific frequencies that coincide
with the proper frequencies of the desired FS, and as
they are included in the collective activity, they create
the desired "system effect" together, ensuring the
survival of the OS. According to the law of resonance,
each FS "responds" only to a frequency that coincides
with its own circular frequency. Upon receiving such
a signal, any FS is instantly involved in the joint
collective work of the FS team, whose own
frequencies are included in the spectrum of
frequencies sent by the brain. Currently, there are
very good software tools for processing such discrete
signals. Any signal is a message that is uniquely
recognized in the human body due to its
decomposition into a complex Fourier series. To
calculate individual eigenfrequencies of the FS,
signalers use a discrete Fourier transform (DFT),
which is processed on computers using the fast
Fourier transform (FFT) program.
Currently, problems 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of this study
have been successfully solved. In this regard, it
should be noted that the human brain effectively uses
both typical Y
m
(Δx
n
) and current Y
k
(Δx
n
) models in its
operation. The M number fixes the total number of
typical models stored in its memory; 2N is the total
number of identical segments Δx
n
=n (x
n+1
- x
n
)/2N for
the interval [0, 1]; K is the number of the current
model Y
k
(Δx
n
), where K>>2N. If Y
m
(Δx
n
)=Y
k
(Δx
n
)
matches, it means they are balanced, and the OS
maintains its integrity and survives. When
Y
k
(x
n
)≠Y
m
(x
n
), the OS most often dies.
The human body as an OS is a highly flexible
executive mechanism. Its organs, which are FS and
FE, "respond" only to the spectrum of control signals
ω1, ω2,..., ωq, q circular frequencies of which
coincide with their own circular frequencies, coming
from the brain via neural networks. Only in this case,
the OS creates the necessary "system effects". This
point, unfortunately, has fallen out of the field of view
of management specialists, whereas signalers use it
very effectively. They are the ones who effectively
use their Fourier series decomposition, discrete
Fourier transform (DFT) and fast Fourier transform
(FFT) when processing pulse signals. In this case, the
FE involved in creating the desired "system effect"
must be taken into account. Under these conditions,
the system theory of information (STI) (Laptev 2013)
allows (using its tool which is the "Eidos" system) to
calculate the amount of information quickly (with a
plus or a minus sign, or equal to zero) contained in the
fact of the impact of any factor on the OS or vice versa
of the OS on the external environment. Moreover, it
allows us to judge which structure can go to some
future state, desirable (target) or undesirable. And the
amount of information reflects the impact of a
specific factor on the OS or the environment, and the
sign shows if it promotes or hinders the OS in certain
condition. When several factors affect the OS, their
effect on its state can be calculated as the sum of the
effects of each of them. At the same time, it turned
out that no one has yet fully used the dialectic of
nature as a general theory of the functioning and
development of open systems.
The use of methods for solving the 3rd, 4th and
5th problems in the study has convincingly confirmed
the need for their advanced solution. We have
obtained practical confirmation of the correctness of
a clear goal for a reasonable investment in the agro-
industrial complex and their competent use. Together
with the latest scientific and practical achievements in
the field of natural and artificial intelligence, concrete
mathematics, technologies of system-cognitive and
spectral analysis, this approach has fully justified
itself. At the same time, it was confirmed that it is
necessary to include software tools in the Eidos
system that ensure the creation of proper "system
effects" from a well-organized collective work of the
FS of the OS in a particular situation. The method of
solving the 5th problem justifiably includes solving a
number of tasks to study the impact of investment on
the results of agricultural activities, including cases of
typical and atypical situations that require a person to
display extraordinary intellectual and inventive
abilities. It involves describing the technology of the
author's information and cognitive ACM in the OS,
taking into account the complex use of the technology
of system-cognitive analysis, the theory of Fourier
series, discrete and integral Fourier transform and the
law of resonance. The acquired experience allows us
to reasonably assume the successful solution of the
remaining tasks.
3 MAIN RESULTS
The expected result of our research will also consist
in finding a new way to resolve cognitive dissonance
– psychological discomfort of the manager caused in
his mind by the clash of conflicting ideas about ways
to solve the problem of effective functioning and
development of the agro-industrial complex in the
new external investment environment. With its help,
multiparametric, dynamic, non-linear OS, such as
AIC with complex structures, can successfully
function and develop in typical and atypical freeze-
ISSDRI 2021 - International Scientific and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure
478

frame interactions with a changing environment. To
solve these problems, in the future we a going to
develop the principles of automatic operation of all
private mathematical models of agribusiness
management, optimization of some of them, and,
finally, a complete recalculation of the MTK ACM of
the OS, ensuring its effective functioning and
development in the new conditions. The scientific
significance of the expected results in the fact that for
the first time the improvement of the mechanism of
adaptive management of the agro-industrial complex
will be implemented on the basis of adaptive
interaction of generalized and partial mathematical
models of its management (in full accordance with
the laws of modern Economics). The adaptive model
of the agro-industrial complex will be implemented
by the ACM of the OS as an application to the Eidos-
ASA computer system.
Step-by-step solutions to each of the tasks have
already contributed to the results of the study, its
scientific novelty and practical significance, while
providing certain advantages over traditional
approaches.
The principles of this section reflect their
combined complex impact on the construction of
more accurate standard mathematical models for
complex, multiparametric and dynamic solar power
plants for the AIC, including incomplete and noisy
heterogeneous empirical data in them. The main idea
of the proposed improvement of the mathematical
method is to study the impact of investment on the
results of agribusiness activities, using the freeze-
frame system information theory (SIT) for any
current situation, based on empirical data reflecting
the interaction of the operating system with the
changing environment of E (i.e. ОS
m
↔E
k
), the
integral value of the amount of information is
calculated, that is, the qualitative characteristic of Y
m
(Δx
n
), due to the influence of various external and
internal factors on it in the current k-th freeze-frame
of interaction (during Δt
k
). This allows the OS to
divide Y
m
(Δx
n
) clearly into non-overlapping classes.
The integral characteristic of the current model
Y
k
(Δx
n
), is also calculated, and then, with an
acceptable error in practice
 
nnmnk
xпри)x(Y)x(Y
(2)
We determine whether the Y
k
(Δx
n
) model is
typical or atypical for the current interaction freeze-
frame with the Δt
k
time interval. If yes, i.e. Y
k
(Δx
n
) ≈
Y
m
(Δx
n
), then the Y
k
(Δx
n
) model is typical for the OS.
According to this m typical model, a fast Fourier
transform (FFT) program is launched, as it provides
calculation of natural frequencies ωq for q FE, whose
synchronous (parallel) operation will ensure the
proper "system effect" that balances the external
influence. If not, then in the case of Y
k
(Δx
n
) ≠ Y
m
(Δx
n
)
the human brain will have to optimize one of the
typical Y
m
(Δx
n
) models by a creative process, and on
its base it will start synchronous (parallel) operation
of the required number of executive FE, with the hope
that they have built a new typical Y
opt
m
(Δx
n
) model. If
this hope is not justified, it has to re-calculate all the
standard models, taking into account new information
about their generic parameters. If these actions fail,
the OS dies immediately or gradually.
The nature has successfully tested the mechanism
of adaptive OS management on a person. It is a very
original device that determines the order of a specific
type of human activity: a) obtaining a useful adaptive
result of its behavior; b) the work of receptors, c)
transmitting signals from receptors (in the form of
energy impulses or chemicals) to the central nervous
system (CNS), spinal cord and brain (where the
matrix of information or typical knowledge of a
particular person is stored, ensuring its successful
survival in typical situations); d) selective association
of neurons in a neural network that conveys control
signals generated by brain to the desired functional
elements (FE) of the body; e) effective collaboration
of these FE that ensure the implementation of a
specific typical or atypical OS behavior model, with
the proper "system effect" which generally means
human survival. In a changing world, people have
learned to periodically refine their knowledge in a
creative way and improve the mechanism for their
effective application. This happens when
constructing generalized and partial mathematical
models of the ACM in the AIC). In their interaction,
the places and roles of each subsystem of the
executive mechanism are clearly defined, and a
hierarchical control system is designated, which
ensures the creation of various spectra of control
signals and their corresponding "system effects".
When creating a generalized mathematical model of
the OS ACM and its propriate software, all these
principles are used in a comprehensive manner
(Polozhentseva, 2018).
All of the above confirms the successful solution
of the remaining 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th problems. These
tasks are listed below, along with how to solve each
of them.
Task 6: formulation of requirements for the
method of step-by-step research of the impact of
investments on the results of agricultural activities in
accordance with the goal; structuring and
formalization of the subject area and development of
classification and descriptive scales and gradations
for data used in the MTK.
Results of the Information and Cognitive Approach in Assessing the Impact of Investments on Sustainable Agricultural Development
479

The solution to this problem is supposed to be
implemented by a reasonable correction of the
mathematical and software part of the "Eidos-
ASA"system.
Task 7: synthesis implementation and verification
of models of the impact of investments on AIC
activities, identifying the limitations of AIC ACM
and prospects of its development.
It is supposed to be solved by developing visual
schemes and models of synthesis, verification of
system-cognitive models of the impact of investments
on the activities of the agro-industrial complex with
the mandatory identification of real limitations
inherent in the ACM activities of the agro-industrial
complex and its development prospects.
Task 8: numerical solution of the problems of
studying the impact of investment on the results of
agricultural activities using the information and
cognitive mechanism of adaptive OS management.
It is proposed to solve this problem by actively
attracting future users to use the Eidos-ASA software
tools. This allows them to develop the necessary skills
independently in the presence of the developer to
evaluate the impact of investments on improving the
activities of their agro-industrial complex, as well as
to create the desired "system effects" for them.
Task 9: development of a custom algorithm for
self-study of the impact of investment on the results
of agricultural activities based on the use of "Eidos-
ASA" software tools.
It is supposed to be solved by the user's
independent development of all the software tools of
"Eidos-ASA".
4 DISCUSSIONS
The scientific novelty of this fundamental research is
that it clearly indicates the way of continuous
improvement of the agro-industrial complex as an
operating system. It also confirms the usefulness of
this study, which contributes to a fundamental
improvement in the management of the functioning
and development of the agro-industrial complex.
The results obtained confirm the scientific and
applied significance of the work. In our case, it is
necessary to apply the methodology for using typical
Y
m
(x
n
), optimal Y
opt
m
(x
n
), or new Y
new
m
(x
n
) interaction
models for OS↔E with real-time ∆t
n
, required to
implement the m-th "system effect". In the human
body, the desired "system effect" is created by
generating a spectrum of resonant frequencies ω
1
, ω
2
,
..., ω
q
for q specific executive FEq, which
automatically respond to their ω
q
. A creative person,
as a rule, manages to create refined Y
opt
m
(x
n
) and new
Y
new
m
(x
n
) models for non-typical situations, and after
that, by using their practical debugging, we may set
the corresponding frequency spectra and ω
opt
1
, ω
opt
2
,
..., ω
opt
q
, и ω
new
1
, ω
new
2
, ..., ω
new
q
, which will ensure
the collective operation of the desired FEq in
automatic mode. This part of their work has to be
checked practically by partial or complete change of
MTK (Laptev, 2019).
5 CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the relevance of this research is due to a
significant improvement in the functional and
adaptive capabilities of the agro-industrial complex in
typical and atypical situations, when we (in a complex
way) use real laws of nature, resonance, dialectical
and formal logic, fractals, spectral and the ASC-
analysis, and improvement of the Eidos-ASA
software (Lutsenko and Laptev 2008).
The proposed step-by-step automation of ACM in
agribusiness allows us to identify new sources of
investment quickly and accurately; also, it helps to
use them to first optimize, and then dramatically
improve the activities of the agribusiness. This is
facilitated by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) which
allows the Eidos-ASA system to calculate the spectra
of the specified resonant frequencies ω
1
, ω
2
, ..., ω
q
for
q executive FEs in real time. The latter provides
simultaneous "activation" of q executive FEs that
ensure the creation of the "system effect" required for
the OS survival.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was funded by RFBR, project number
19-010-00143 A.
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