Feed Base for Animal Husbandry in the Regions as a Factor of

Increasing Food Security and Sustainable Development Ensuring in

the Russian Federation

Magomed D. Magomedov

, Olga V. Karabanova

and Vladimir V. Stroev

Moscow City University, 2nd Agricultural fare 4, Moscow, Russian Federation

Keywords: Food Security, Animal Products, Mixed Feed, Grain, Hay, Green Feed, Silage.

Abstract: The article shows the great importance of ensuring the food security of the country. Its state in the Russian

Federation (RF) is considered. The assessment of the level of food supply in the country is given. There is the

attention to the greater efficiency when feeding animals with compound feeds is paid in the article. An

inequality is proposed to determine the economic feasibility of the production and use of compound feed. It

is indicated that it is advisable to produce mixed feeds, in some cases, using their own grain and protein-

vitamin-mineral concentrates. The state of production of the main ingredients in the Russian Federation that

are part of compound feeds is shown.

1 INTRODUCTION

Animal husbandry is one of the most important

sectors of agriculture, which has a significant impact

on it. Animal husbandry produces the most important

food products - milk and meat, which are the main

source of protein of animal origin; it produces raw

materials for various sectors of the processing

industry, supplying them with milk, meat, wool,

sheep, leather, etc. The relevance of this topic is that

in development animal husbandry is inextricably

connected with crop production, since the efficiency

of the industry is largely determined by the state of

the feed base.

The main trends in the market for livestock

products today are as follows:

 Growing need for animal protein, rising

incomes and continued urbanization;

 Increase in the number of livestock in

Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and other

countries in the region, which increases supply

from these countries and may affect potential

price reductions in the market, possible

dumping;

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 Geographically, the main growth of meat

demand will be in China against the

background of the development of the food

industry in the country;

 The increase in the population of Muslim

countries will be a factor in the increase in

demand for halal beef.

At the same time, harsh climatic conditions

complicate the task of providing livestock with

quality feed in winter in Russia. Russia is still

dependent on the import of livestock products (18-

20% of consumption). The cost of livestock

production in Russia is much higher than in other

developed countries (Karabanova, Sharapova.,

Magomedov, 2020). But at the same time, the

industry needs support and development in Russia, as

it plays one of the most important tasks in ensuring

the country's food security.

Ensuring the country's food security is of great

social, economic and political importance (Altukhov,

2019). In the early 1990s, when there was a serious

food problem in the USSR, radical economic and

political changes began. Both subjective and

objective factors had a negative impact on this

problem. Subjective include deliberate restrictions on

516

Magomedov, M., Karabanova, O. and Stroev, V.

Feed Base for Animal Husbandry in the Regions as a Factor of Increasing Food Security and Sustainable Development Ensuring in the Russian Federation.

DOI: 10.5220/0010593205160521

In Proceedings of the International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure (ISSDRI 2021), pages 516-521

ISBN: 978-989-758-519-7

the supply of food to the trading network, as well as

the irresponsible attitude of individual citizens

involved in this problem. And objective are the low

technical level of agricultural, food and transport

enterprises, which had a great influence on a

significant increase in losses in the production and

transportation of food products. In modern

conditions, after the use of advanced technologies in

these enterprises, losses and efficiency were

significantly reduced. According to the results of the

studies, economists of our country set the necessary

lower threshold for ensuring food security. It is 85%.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodological and informational base of the

study is the works of researchers in the field of

agricultural, economy, regionalistics. The theoretical

and methodological basis for studies of regional

socio-economic systems is laid down in the works of

W. Eisard, A. Weber, A. G. Granberg, N.N.

Kolosovsky, etc. The agricultural sector as a

subsystem of the regional economy was investigated

in the works of A.I. Altukhov, V.M. Bautin, T.A.

Dozorova, M.N. Dudin, and others. The problem of

state regulation of the regional economy was raised in

numerous publications by L.I. Abalkin, E.Yu.

Alekseitcheva, A.S. Bashkirtsev. The study is based

on data from statistical agencies for different periods

of time (OECD, Rosstat),

Analysis, synthesis, modeling, analogy,

formalisation, generalization are chosen as research

methods.

3 RESULTS OF THE STUDY

The food security situation has improved much in

recent years. The figure 1 shows that the share of

imported food in the Russian market has a downward

trend over the past 15 years. This indicator is one of

the components of the methodology for assessing

economic security in the Russian Federation.

Figure 1: Share of food imports in food retail commodities

Russian Federation % (Federal State Statistics Service,

2021).

However, despite positive trends in food security,

many problems remain: high competition in the world

market, industry difficulties caused by pandemic

restrictions, high costs of livestock products, and

others.

The main food products necessary for human life

include grain and its processed products; meat of all

kinds; milk and milk products; fish and fish products,

as well as eggs. (Altukhov, 2020) Among them,

livestock products occupy a large proportion.

When studying the problems of animal husbandry

in Russia, it is necessary to concentrate on providing

the feed base as the main component of the cost of

livestock products.

At the same time, climate features put first the

problem of providing livestock feed in winter.

Currently, grain directed for foraging purposes is not

always used effectively (Magomedov., Alekseicheva,

Kulomzina, 2015). So, for example, according to

Rosstat data in 2019, cattle and poultry were fed grain

at its finest - 12.7 million tons, which is not desirable.

The main products of the livestock industry

include meat, milk, eggs.

The shortage of meat and meat products to meet

the needs of the country's population, taking into

account their exports, is 0.4 million tons (according

to Rosstat data for 2019). This volume is small.

However, given the economic feasibility of

increasing the export of meat and meat products, it is

necessary to significantly increase their production in

the country.

Milk and milk products occupy a large part in

human nutrition. Their production volumes in the

country in the last ten years have not changed much

and until today Russia is forced to import products to

meet needs. Import exceeds 20% of the volume

produced in the country.

To solve this problem, the Government of the

Russian Federation should pay more attention to

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Feed Base for Animal Husbandry in the Regions as a Factor of Increasing Food Security and Sustainable Development Ensuring in the

Russian Federation

517

increase the production of milk and dairy products,

although entrepreneurs engaged in this type of

business receive some support. A positive factor

affecting the development of the industry is the

increase in milk production from one cow. At the

same time, there was a decrease in the number of

cows. That is, on the one hand, there was an increase

in milk production on average from one cow, and on

the other, a decrease in the number of cows, and as a

result, the total milk production remained at about the

same level. It is necessary to increase the number of

highly productive cows and create the required feed

base for them to improve the situation.

Table 1: Feed consumption in livestock industry of the

Russian Federation (in farms of all categories) for 2000-

2019.

2000 2010 2017 2018 2019

All feed in

terms of feed

units, mln

tons 106,9 96,9 107,0 105,6 105,9

including:

concentrated

fee

37,1 43,6 54,1 54,9 55,9

coarse, juicy

and other

feeds

69,8 53,3 52,9 50,7 50,0

Feed

consumption

per head of

conditional

cattle,

centne

28,5 28,9 29,2 29,0 29,1

According to Rosstat data (Federal State

Statistics Service, 2020).

Eggs are an important food item for humans that

meet the protein needs to some extent. In recent

years, there have been great positive changes in the

poultry industry of the Russian Federation, but

despite of it, egg imports remain very high. So,

according to 2019, 6728 million units were imported.

To eliminate this problem, the interest of

entrepreneurs engaged in this type of business should

be increased and a good feed base should be created.

Of the above-mentioned livestock products, only

milk and dairy products do not provide food security.

That is, they produce less than 85% of the required

level. To solve this problem, first of all, it is necessary

to create a good feed base.

The table 1 presents data on the consumption of

all types of feed in the livestock industry of the

Russian Federation for 2000-2019.

As table 1 shows, the total feed consumption for

the period under review remained at approximately

the same level. At the same time, the consumption of

concentrated feed increases every year. That is, if in

2000 they were used 37.1 million tons, and in 2019

use was increased to 55.9 million tons (growth

amounted to 50.7%). However, for other types of feed

(hay, green feed, silage and senage), the opposite

trend is observed. In 2000, their volume amounted to

69.8 million tons, and in 2019, 50 million tons

(production decreased by 28.4%). This situation

adversely affects the amount of milk produced

(Panova, 2020). Cows should receive concentrated

and other fodder in strict accordance with

zootechnical standards. Otherwise, it will not be

possible to avoid a decrease in milk yields. An

analysis of the work of advanced agricultural

enterprises showed that the collection and drying of

coarse and juicy feed is carried out using advanced

technology and technology, therefore the labor

intensity and labor losses during their harvesting have

significantly decreased, which positively affected the

growth of livestock production efficiency. Table 1

shows that feed consumption per head of conditional

cattle remained at almost the same level.

Dry forage (hay), green feed, silage and senage

occupy an important place in the diet of farm animals

(Tranchenko, 2014). The volumes of their production

are significantly influenced by the natural and

climatic conditions in the regions of the country, the

level of use of advanced technology and technology,

the state of organization of labor and etc. (Panova,

2020). If there are real conditions for increasing the

volume of harvests of these types of feed in a

particular region, it is necessary to interest

entrepreneurs engaged in this type of business.

ISSDRI 2021 - International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure

518

Table 2 Hay, green feed, silage and senage production in the Russian Federation for 2011- 2018, mln tons.

Indicators 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Natural

hayfields:

11734,0 10257,9 10119,4 9637,3 9751,2 9481,4 9152,5

green feed, silage and senage 888,8 638,2 664,6 566,7 673,2 631,0 569,1

Cultural ha

fields and im

roved

astures:

hay 197,2 110,8 103,7 116,6 50,5 50,6 47,9

reen feed, sila

e and sena

e 973,8 511,4 520,8 450,5 302,4 262,5 237,8

Total ha

11931,2 10369,7 10223,1 9753,9 9801,7 9532,0 9200,4

Total

reen feed, sila

e, sena

e 1862,6 1149,6 1185,4 1017,2 975,6 893,5 806,9

According to Rosstat data (Federal State Statistics Service, 2020).

Table 2 shows that the amount of hay produced in

the Russian Federation is constantly declining except

in 2016, when there was a slight increase compared

to 2015. About the same situation has developed in

green feed, silage and senage, with the exception of

2014, when their number was slightly more than

2013.

4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

In animal feeding, concentrated feed occupies an

important place. They include different types of grain

available in each region and, if economically feasible,

imported from other regions, regions and republics;

Waste from food enterprises and feedstuffs brought to

a suitable condition. Of all the listed species of

concentrated feed, feedstuffs are more effective.

Scientists involved in the study of the problems of the

agro-industrial complex have found that compound

feed gives a large return on pure grain by 34%. The

composition of feedstuffs includes many components

of different nutritional value. Some of them exist in

the region where the feed mill operates, and the rest

is imported from other regions. Practice shows that it

is not always profitable to bring the missing

ingredients for the production of feed from other

regions of the country. This is primarily due to the

high transport costs and therefore it is necessary to

assess the economic feasibility of acquiring them.

Based on the results of the studies, we recommend

using the following inequalities to assess the

profitability of feed production:

ZhP1 × C - Zk ≥ ZhP2 × C

–

Zz (1)

Where:

ZhP1 - the volume of livestock products obtained

by feeding one head of conditional cattle with

compound feed, kg.;

C - price of one kg of livestock products produced,

rub. (Magomedov, Kulomzina, Chaikina, 2012).

Zk - costs of production and sale of livestock

products obtained by feeding one head of conditional

cattle with compound feed, rub.;

ZhP2- volume of livestock products obtained by

feeding one head of conditional cattle with clean

grain, kg;

Zz - costs of production and sale of livestock

products obtained by feeding one head of conditional

cattle with clean grain, rub.

The results of practical testing of this inequality

confirmed its validity.

A large variety of ingredients are used for the

production of feedstuffs as mentioned above. They

are not always available in the region where the feed

mill is located, and some of them are produced only

in a single region. Therefore, the production of scarce

types of ingredients should be increased where

possible. Table 3 presents the data on the structure of

production of feedstuffs and its main ingredients for

the federal districts of the Russian Federation

(Alexeichev, Edelev and Magomedov, 2011) for

2019.

Feed Base for Animal Husbandry in the Regions as a Factor of Increasing Food Security and Sustainable Development Ensuring in the

Russian Federation

519

Table 3 - Structure of combined feed production and its main ingredients by federal districts of the Russian Federation for

2019, % .

Federal Districts Combined Feed and Ingredients

Combined

Feed

premixes protein vitamin-

mineral complex

fodder

protein

fish

flou

meat

flou

seed

cake

Central 42,4 64,0 64,4 47,3 2,2 46,0 27,4

South 7,2 12,9 14,6 6,9 2,8 4,0 22,0

Northwes

8,9 4,9 2,6 3,4 14,5 3,0 23,7

Far Eas

ern 0,7 0,1 0,1 3,9 80,4 0,0 0,1

Siberian 8,5 5,8 1,7 0,0 0,2 7,0 5,8

Ural 8,8 2,9 5,3 0,0 0,0 7,0 0,5

Volga 20,4 9,4 10,0 38,5 0,0 28,0 19,5

North Caucasus 3,1 0,0 1,3 0,0 0,0 5,0 1,0

100 100 100 100 100 100 100

According to Rosstat data (Federal State Statistics Service, 2020).

The table 3 shows that the Central Federal has the

largest share in the total production of feedstuffs -

42.4% and the lowest is in the Far Eastern - 0.7%.

Such dramatic fluctuations in the volume of feed

produced in federal districts show that they do not

everywhere pay the necessary attention to the

development of livestock. If we take into account that

livestock products are used in nutrition by citizens of

our country everywhere, then to meet the needs for

them, they should be imported from other federal

districts. And if still, in such federal districts they

produce livestock products, then pure grain is used as

concentrated feed. This form of animal feeding is

ineffective.

Premixes are added to them to produce mixed

fodders with sufficient mineral substances and

vitamins. After that, balanced feed is obtained and as

a result, the efficiency of feeding animals increases.

Given this importance in the Central Federal District,

increased attention is paid to increasing the

production of premixes. As a result, their largest share

in the total volume in the country is concentrated in

the Central Federal District. Following to the Central

District is the Southern and in third place is Volga

region. As the number of mixed feed produced in the

country increases, the volume of premixes should

also grow synchronously. This will make it possible

to increase the efficiency in feeding animals with

compound feed.

Protein-vitamin-mineral concentrates (PVMC)

contain the required amount of minerals and vitamins.

They can, in a certain ratio with grain produced

locally, ensure the production of balanced feed for

agricultural enterprises and livestock complexes. In

such situations, the presence of grain at the location

of feed consumers is very important. The

disadvantage of such feedstuffs is the large proportion

of grain in them, which increases their cost. Despite

this, in most cases, it is more profitable to feed

animals with such feed than clean grain. Our country

has huge territories and it is not economically feasible

everywhere to produce feed from a large number of

ingredients. Therefore, increasing the production of

PVMC will make it possible to use coarse grain more

effectively.

5 CONCLUSIONS

For animal life-sustaining activity, protein occupies

an important place. Under such conditions, the

production of fodder protein is of particular

importance. The data in Table 3 show that most feed

protein is produced in the Central Federal District. At

the same time, in the Siberian, Ural and North

Caucasus federal districts its production is completely

absent. Table 3 also shows that the Far Eastern

Federal District has a large share of fish flour

production (80.4%). This is due to the presence of

favorable conditions in this district for the production

of fish flour. These possibilities need to be fully

exploited, since it is a very valuable ingredient

necessary for the production of feedstuffs. Meat-and-

bone flour and cake are produced more in the Central

Federal District. As far as possible, it is necessary to

increase their volumes, since they have a positive

impact on the quality of the produced feed.

In the future, from our point of view, it is

necessary to significantly increase the production of

these ingredients necessary for the production of

feedstuffs, which will contribute to the increase in

livestock production in the Russian Federation. This

will make it possible to fully meet domestic needs for

them and send a certain amount for export, which will

ISSDRI 2021 - International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure

520

provide an opportunity to replenish the country's

foreign currency resources and improve the financial

condition of domestic agricultural enterprises.

At the same time, it is necessary to increase the

competitiveness of the Russian feed base, reducing

the cost, but at the same time maintaining the high

quality of the feed due to the preservation of sugar,

protein, and high nutriency during long-term storage;

increase the productivity of livestock (including

winds, milk production with a high protein content)

and preserve its health; ensuring complete

mechanization and automation of the process from

mowing of herbs to distribution of feed to animals;

reduction of fuel consumption up to 40%; reduction

of first-class fodder harvesting time; increasing the

degree of return on the use of land: with a feed

conveyor and several slopes.

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