Normative Regulation of Activities of Operational Units of the

Penitentiary System (Historical Aspect)

Nikolai Viktorovich Rumyantsev

and Aleksey Vyacheslavovich Agarkov

FKU of Scientific Research Institute FSIN of Russia, NITs-3, Moscow, Russia

Vladimir legal institute FSIN of Russia, of department of investigation and search operations, Vladimir, Russia

Keywords: Operational and investigative activities, operational units, tasks, history, normative regulation, penitentiary

system.

Abstract: Introduction: operational units of the penitentiary system have accumulated extensive experience that can be

applied in modern conditions. Purpose: to trace the genesis of their normative regulation, structural

construction, on the basis of which to draw conclusions on the efficiency and prospects of their functioning.

Materials and methods: generalization of archival materials, works of a number of scientists, parallels with

the modern regulatory framework of activities of operational units using the historical and legal method.

Results: the system of operational units of the penitentiary system of the USSR was regulated exclusively by

departmental regulations of a closed nature, and their tasks changed depending on the situation in places of

deprivation of liberty. Some of them are included in Article 84 of the Criminal Executive Code of the Russian

Federation. In addition, having started their activities in difficult conditions, operational units managed to

achieve full manageability of places of detention by the 70s of the twentieth century. Conclusions:

operational-search activity in places of deprivation of liberty is necessary and historically conditioned, and its

normative regulation at various stages of development requires deep study and use in the work of modern

operational units of the Russian penal system.

1 INTRODUCTION

Currently, scientific and not only scientific interest is

aroused by questions related to the history of the

activities of various operational units. Aspects that

previously belonged exclusively to closed

information and were not available to a wide range of

researchers are of particular interest. We do not

pursue the task of establishing the "historical truth",

because in this matter we share the position of

Professor P. A. Astafichev, who believes that

"historical truth" is only the goal of an objective and

conscientious researcher, the achievement of which in

the strict sense of the word is generally unattainable

(P. A. Astafichev, 2020). At the same time, it seems

to us that the regularities of the development of legal

regulation of operational work that is carried out in

the penal system are currently of interest and can

contribute to solving the main task of all law

https://orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0000

enforcement activities – improving the effectiveness

of the fight against crime.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this regard, we will attempt, based on the study and

generalization of archival materials, the works of a

number of scientists who develop problems of the

history of operational investigative activities, the

analysis of the regulatory framework of activities of

operational units in the period of 1945-1981, and

using primarily historical and legal and comparative

analytical methods, to trace the genesis of legal

regulation of operational units of the penitentiary

system, on the basis of which to draw conclusions on

the efficiency and prospects of modern operational-

search legislation.

Rumyantsev, N. and Agarkov, A.

Normative Regulation of Activities of Operational Units of the Penitentiary System (Historical Aspect).

DOI: 10.5220/0010633800003152

In Proceedings of the VII International Scientiﬁc-Practical Conference “Criminal Law and Operative Search Activities: Problems of Legislation, Science and Practice” (CLOSA 2021), pages

201-207

ISBN: 978-989-758-532-6; ISSN: 2184-9854

201

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Starting with the consideration of the issues of the

emergence and development of the legal regulation of

operational investigative activities in the penitentiary

system, it is necessary, in our opinion, to consider a

brief history of the formation of operational units in

places of deprivation of liberty. This need is dictated

by the historical fact that the tasks of operational work

were reflected both in the regulations and in the

organization of the activities of operational units.

Moreover, we believe that the organization and

practice of the work of operational units in the

penitentiary system had and continues to have an

impact both on the normative regulation of their

activities and on the formation of the theory of

operational investigative activities, which from a

scientific point of view reveal and explain the laws of

operational work. In this respect, we agree with prof.

Exarchopulo, who remarks that "during the formation

of the first scientific concepts of criminology (and

later the theory of operational search activity

developed from it - author's remark), and in the

further formation of its theoretical base, accumulated

knowledge and practical experience always were the

objective prerequisites for the development of science

(A. A. Exarchopulo, 2014).

So, based on the results of our previous research

(A.V. Agarkov, 2019), we assume that in the

medieval Russian state and the Russian Empire, there

were no specialized units that carried out operational

work in places of deprivation of liberty. At the same

time, since the middle of the XIX century, prison

officers provided assistance in the fight against crime

to the political and criminal police, which was

provided, in particular, by the relevant instructions

(Z. I. Peregudova, 1992). This is confirmed by

modern researchers (P. E. Shchegolev, 1992), and

"journalistic investigations" of the period under

review, acting as narrative sources (V. M.

Doroshevich, 2019). In turn, the operational covering

up of political criminals in places of detention was

carried out by specialized detective agencies,

generally responsible for countering crimes against

the state. Their activities were carried out on the basis

of closed departmental regulations, however, taking

their organizational isolation from places of

deprivation of liberty into account, they will not be

considered in this work.

Similarly, the operational covering of places of

detention was built in the first years of the existence

of the Soviet state, but its results quickly showed the

inefficiency of this approach. Then, in 1930,

specialized information and investigation

departments were created in the organizational

structure of the territorial bodies of the OGPU (state

security bodies-author's remark) for the operational

maintenance of correctional labour camps, the

number of which sharply increased at that time.

However, despite this, they were part of the structure

of the OGPU, and therefore the normative regulation

of their activities also remains outside the scope of

our work. Only in 1932, as a result of organizational

changes, the information and investigation

departments were subordinated to the security units.

The new units received the names of Secret and

Operational Departments (GARF. F. R-9401sch. Op.

1a. T. 1. D. 2. L. 69), which was soon changed to the

third departments of the ITL (GARF. F. R-9401sch.

Op. 1a. T. 1a. D. 2. L. 80). No normative act

regulating their tasks was issued, and they

themselves, having in their composition

counterintelligence, secret-political, economic,

special and operational departments, carried out

various aspects of operational-search activities, as

well as conducting investigations exclusively on

political crimes.

In 1935, the third departments were created in

colonies and prisons, which completed the formation

of independent operational units in the penitentiary

system of the USSR. Their activities were soon

regulated by the order of the NKVD of the USSR of

April 26, 1935, No. 00159, which regulated the

organization and tactics of working with confidants,

and the order of the NKVD of the USSR of September

14, 1937, No. 00588, which introduced the

Temporary Regulation on the third departments of the

ITL NKVD (GARF. F. R-9401sch. Op. 1a. T. 1. D. 9.

L. 22-24). According to it, the third departments fully

conducted operational and investigative work, and

not always at the necessary level (S. I. Kuzmin,

2020). It also provided groups within the third

departments: counterintelligence, secret-political,

special, accounting and statistical, as well as (what

should be paid special attention to) the department for

combating escapes and the department of criminal

investigation. Thus, it is necessary to state the

normative consolidation of the tasks of prevention

and disclosure of penitentiary crimes. On the one

hand, this corresponded to the leading tasks of the

criminal policy of that time: strengthening the fight

against the remnants of class enemies and raising the

task of educating socialist discipline to a much greater

height (A.V. Sorokina, 2018). On the other hand, this

allows us to come to the extremely important

conclusion that the specific task of operational and

investigative activities to counteract penitentiary

crime and, in particular, to prevent escapes from

CLOSA 2021 - VII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “CRIMINAL LAW AND OPERATIVE SEARCH

ACTIVITIES: PROBLEMS OF LEGISLATION, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE”

202

places of deprivation of liberty, currently enshrined in

Article 84 of the Criminal Executive Code of the

Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the PEC

of the Russian Federation), was first normalized in

1937. Consequently, the counteraction of crime in

places of deprivation of liberty by operational-search

methods is historically conditioned, and the norms of

the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in terms

of the tasks of operational-search activities in

correctional institutions originate in departmental

acts that regulated the activities of operational units

of the penitentiary system. At the same time, it should

be emphasized that countering malicious violations of

the regime in correctional institutions is a feature of

the operational search activities carried out in them

(A.V. Bykov et al., 2015).

Significant changes in the structure and tasks of

the operational units of the penitentiary system were

made on February 7, 1940 by order of the NKVD of

the USSR No. 00149 (GARF. F. R-9401s. Op. 1a. T.

1. D. 55. L. 152-154). The third departments were

called operational-chekist departments (OCHO), and

their tasks were added to the regime functions, which

once again draws us to the content of the current

article 84 of the Criminal Code of the Russian

Federation. Besides observing moods. the tasks of

ensuring the smooth operation of production,

combating theft of property of penitentiary

institutions, hooliganism and banditry among

prisoners, as well as organizing interaction with the

territorial state security bodies in a number of areas

appeared. Thus, we consider it possible to draw

parallels with modern operational-search

counteraction to economic crime (which is currently

not regulated by law and, in our opinion, requires

deep scientific development), as well as with a

number of closed interdepartmental regulations in the

field of interaction of operational units of various

subjects of operational-search activity.

During the Great Patriotic War, the tasks of the

operational units of the penitentiary system were

significantly expanded, which, however, did not find

its normative consolidation, but was carried out

exclusively on the basis of the administrative

instructions of the NKVD of the USSR. So, in

particular, the operational units selected persons

among the prisoners who were sent from places of

deprivation of liberty to the active army, carried out

work in filtration camps, prevented the disruption of

production for the front, and also solved the most, in

our opinion, responsible task-identifying and

suppressing the activities of enemy agents aimed at

organizing uprisings, sabotage in places of

deprivation of liberty. Numerous facts show that this

work was efficient. For example, one of the identified

persons preparing an armed uprising in a correctional

labor camp said: "We need to have up to 50 people of

desperate thugs now. We need to master weapons...

the most important thing is to capture the radio station

and the base with food, then we would help the front"

(A.V. Agarkov, 2015). The activities of the criminal

group were suppressed by the operational unit.

Regarding the organization and transformation of

the tasks of the operational units of the penal system

in the post-war period, we note that after the end of

the Great Patriotic War, the operational situation in

places of deprivation of liberty became seriously

complicated: penitentiary crime became more active,

and mainly due to commissioning of violent crimes,

group disobedience, attacks on the administration,

etc. We explain this by a number of factors: an

increase in the number of convicts, a change in their

qualitative composition, among them there were

persons with front-line experience, there were

processes of redistribution of power between

traditional thugs and persons who participated in

hostilities (so called" bitches") - "bitch war",

accompanied by numerous murders and other crimes

against the person (V. T. Shalamov, 2021). We

consider it possible to cite the data of a related

archival document:

"In 1949, 49, in 1948, 89 people fled. There were

18 cases of open bandit manifestations, which were

expressed in the murders and injuries of prisoners. In

1948, 37, in 1949, 72 people were involved in

banditry. The growth is explained by:

1. Most of the bandits in 1948-1949 came from

the Northern camps because of illnesses, and

some from prisons.

2. Until 1949, there was no hostility between

bandit elements (so-called "thieves in law" and

"bitches") in the camp, so the first isolated

bandit manifestations in some units were

underestimated neither by the camp

administration nor by operational workers, and

therefore no decisive actions were taken to

prevent them.

3. Mixing of contingents was allowed.

The following actions took place: stabbing

prisoners, a group of prisoners organized a bandit act,

as a result of which a warden was killed and an

assistant platoon commander was wounded, repeated

beatings and robberies of individual prisoners in front

of everyone; murders of prisoners with axes, knives,

including foremen, cooks, etc. (archive of the IC of

the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Komi Republic,

f.14, O. 2, A. 29, L. 24-28).

Normative Regulation of Activities of Operational Units of the Penitentiary System (Historical Aspect)

203

Trying to respond to the growth of penitentiary

crime with organizational measures, the Ministry of

Internal Affairs of the USSR was reorganized:

security units were merged with operational

departments, and the heads of the newly formed

structures became deputy heads of institutions

(GARF, f. R-9401c, op. 12, d. 310, t. 2, l. 3).

As of September 1, 1947, the total number of

special prisoners held in GULAG prisons was

1,392,368, who were housed in 54 camps, 79

colonies, and 57 prisons. Confidential assistance was

provided by about 10,000 employees and freelancers,

almost 4,000 persons who provided assistance on a

contractual basis, and almost 65,000 on a non-

contractual basis ("informants"). In addition," anti-

run awareness " was carried out by 60,225 people (V.

A. Berdinskikh, 2001).

Taking into account the workload of operational

workers due to the need to communicate with a large

number of confidants of various specializations, in

1948 to intensify the fight against escapes, the right

to work with confidants who carried out "anti-escape

information" was granted to the security officers and

all the personnel of the supervisory service, while the

operational workers who served the camp units and

colonies were entrusted only with monitoring the

quality of the selection of informants, as well as

instructing the guards and security officers on the

methods of attracting prisoners to the assistance

brigades and ensuring secrecy in working with them

(GARF, f. R-9401c, op. 12, d.316, vol. 3, L. 4).

Working with secret employees was based on the

Instructions approved by the same order.

Describing the decision, it should be noted that

this measure led to a decrease in the number of

escapes, but along with the positive aspects, we see

the negative aspects here, the main of which are

possible violations of conspiracy and partial decoding

of methods of the ORD due to poor professional

training of employees, mass involvement and, as a

result, poor selection of secret apparatus, wide

awareness of the special contingent about the

operational cover provided by the anti-run operation,

etc.

In the period of 1950-1951, the functions of

security and operational support were again divided

and departments of the regime and operational work

were created.

Simultaneously with the attempts to improve the

organization of the activities of operational units, the

search for ways to improve the operational-search

activity itself was underway. In accordance with the

instruction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the

USSR No. 823 of June 30, 1951 (GARF, f. R-9401s,

op. 12, d. 311, l. 6), accounting and observation cases

began to be opened as a prototype of one of the types

of modern operational accounting cases provided for

by the current Federal Law of 12.08.1995 No. 144-FZ

"On Operational search activities".

It should be noted that by the beginning of 1953,

the operational situation in places of detention

stabilized, which was greatly facilitated by the

activities of operational units. The most dangerous

leaders of groups of convicts of a negative orientation

were localized or shot, the redistribution of the

"shadow" power ended.

At the same time, the death of I. V. Stalin and

subsequent changes in the domestic political life of

the country again led to a complication of the

situation in places of detention.

Having declared an amnesty for criminals, the

country's leadership was in no hurry to release those

convicted of political crimes, which was the reason

for the dissatisfaction of the special agent and the

tense situation in places of detention (M. I. Perlik,

2015). This is what is discussed in the document

below: "... It is established that the dissatisfaction of

prisoners... is mainly related to the publication of the

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the

USSR on the amnesty of the criminal bandit

element..." (Archive of the IC of the Ministry of

Internal Affairs of the Komi Republic, f. 47,

Vorkutinsky ITL, O. 1-P, No. 9, l.12-16).

It should be noted that the above events occurred

at the time when the level of penitentiary crime for a

number of reasons increased dramatically. Leaving a

detailed consideration of the reasons for this growth

outside the scope of our study, we will highlight only

a few, in our opinion, the main ones: the lack of

qualified specialists due to losses in the Great

Patriotic War; the change in the composition of the

special contingent and the ongoing redistribution of

the "shadow" power in the ITL; the imperfection of

the regulatory framework and insufficient attention

paid to the problems of the penitentiary system by the

leadership of the USSR.

Since 1954, the tasks of the entire penitentiary

system have changed – the main one was the

correction and re-education of offenders. Conditional

early release became possible again, supervision of

the prosecutor's office was established for compliance

with the laws in correctional labor institutions,

amateur organizations of convicts were organized,

and convicts were granted the right to receive

education in the schools of working youth.

The changes also affected the organizational

structure of places of detention: the regime service

was transferred to the subordination of security units,

CLOSA 2021 - VII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “CRIMINAL LAW AND OPERATIVE SEARCH

ACTIVITIES: PROBLEMS OF LEGISLATION, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE”

204

in which the departments of the supervisory service

were created. The operational units of the ITL and the

ITK were renamed operational (first) departments.

On September 8, 1956, a new departmental

normative act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of

the USSR was adopted, regulating operational and

investigative activities in correctional labor camps

and colonies, which was developed taking into

account the changes that occurred in the country: it

became "an integral part of the re-education of those

sentenced to imprisonment serving their sentences in

places of detention". Serious changes also affected

the tasks of the operational units of the Criminal

Justice System, the main task of which was the fight

against penitentiary criminal crime.

Analyzing the tasks given in the Regulation, it

should be noted that along with the implementation

of the prevention of specific crimes by the special

agent, the task of countering organized crime in

places of deprivation of liberty is highlighted for the

first time – the fight against the leaders of organized

crime groups (in modern terminology), which

indicates its relevance. It should be noted that this

task is still among the tactical tasks provided for by

the departmental regulatory act of the Federal

Penitentiary Service of Russia and solved by the

operational units of the penal system.

Analyzing the above, we come to the conclusion

that there were qualitative changes in the organization

of the activities of the operational apparatuses of the

ITU – having lost the counterintelligence functions of

protecting state security; they began to carry out

directly operational-search activities, focused

primarily on the fight against ordinary crime in the

specific conditions of the ITU. In addition, by

transferring to other departments, as a result of the

reform, the functions of protection and supervision

that were not typical of operational work, the first

departments were able to fully focus on countering

penitentiary crime, using special operational methods

for this purpose. At the same time, operational and

investigative activities began to be considered as an

integral part of the general activities of the ITU for

the re-education of prisoners (providing assistance to

the administration in maintaining the regime, creating

conditions for the re-education of prisoners, and

quickly establishing their path of correction).

The ongoing measures to reform the penitentiary

system led to an increase in the activities of criminal

groups of convicts, with the knowledge or under the

influence of the organizers of which the majority of

crimes and gross violations of the regime were

committed in ITU. The problems of combating

penitentiary crime and improving the efficiency of the

penitentiary system acquired national significance,

which is confirmed by a number of regulatory legal

acts at the state level, namely:

 The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme

Soviet of the USSR of January 13, 1953 "On

measures to strengthen the fight against

particularly malicious manifestations of

banditry among prisoners in correctional labor

camps", according to which the death penalty

was allowed to be applied to those responsible

for these crimes;

 The resolution of the Central Committee of the

CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the

USSR of October 25, 1956, on the basis of

which the correctional labor camps were

liquidated.

Leaving out of the scope of our study the tactics

and specific facts of operational and investigative

activities among convicts of a negative orientation, it

is necessary to note the efficiency of the

implementation of the entire complex of measures

provided for by the above regulatory legal acts - the

crime rate among convicts decreased sharply. V. M.

Anisimkov claims that in some ITL in the period from

1956 to 1958, the total number of crimes decreased

by more than 40%, and the number of escapes

decreased by 43%, and robberies and mass riots – by

3 times (V. M. Anisimkov, 1993). Analyzing the

above information, we share the point of view of V.

V. Dedyukhin that these positive results were made

possible due to the implementation of measures to

isolate the criminal bandit element in special high-

security camp points in combination with measures of

a regime, operational-preventive and political-

educational nature (V. V. Dedyukhin, 1984).

Assessing the results of the fight against criminal

groups of convicts, S. A. Kutyakin and G. V.

Kurbatova argue that the elimination of criminal

groups in the early 60s were completed only

formally..., "thieves in law" lay low in anticipation of

favorable conditions for the activation of their

activities (S. A. Kutyakin, G. V. Kurbatova, 2003).

However, we believe that the actions taken by the

operational and regime units brought the necessary

effect, since the groups of convicts who were again

negatively disposed to the administration appeared

only 30 years later, in the era of «perestroika»

On August 21, 1962, a normative act of the

Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR was

published, which regulated the operational search

activities of correctional labor colonies, camps and

prisons of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the

RSFSR, which stated that operational search

activities "in colonies and prisons are carried out

Normative Regulation of Activities of Operational Units of the Penitentiary System (Historical Aspect)

205

according to a plan that provides for the main

measures aimed at strengthening the fight against

crime and strengthening the regime of detention of

prisoners."

The next departmental normative act in the field

of operational work in penitentiary institutions was

adopted on December 27, 1974. In his introductory

part, describing the current operational situation in

places of deprivation of liberty, the Minister of

Internal Affairs of the USSR, Colonel-General N.

Shchelokov, stated that "law and order had been

strengthened in places of deprivation of liberty, the

number of crimes had slightly decreased. There is a

tendency to increase the number of ITU, in which no

crimes are committed for a long time...". The content

of operational and investigative activities in the

penitentiary system was also formulated there:

"...assistance in the correction and re-education of

convicts, detection, prevention and disclosure of

crimes."

It should be noted that the operational situation in

correctional labor institutions during the period under

review was relatively favorable. We believe that this

became possible as a result of the coordinated work

of the operational and security services, which

managed to level and suppress the influence of the

shadow leaders of the criminal environment. Based

on our analysis of the content of the bulletin

"Operational-search work" for 1974-1981, published

by the Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal

Affairs of the USSR, it is possible to identify the

main, most urgent tasks that faced the operational

units of the penitentiary system during this period:

preventing the escape of convicts; countering illegal

trafficking narcotic drugs; prevention of mass riots,

crimes against the person; prevention of theft of

property.

Conclusion. So, by the beginning of the 80s of the

twentieth century, the operational units of the Penal

System (operational units) fully controlled the

operational situation in places of detention. Crimes in

places of deprivation of liberty were committed, as a

rule, individually or in small groups, attempts of

convicts of a negative orientation to dictate their

conditions to representatives of the administration, as

a rule, ended in failure. Operative workers liquidated

a large number of criminal-bandit groups, debunked

a number of leaders of the criminal world – "thieves

in law", and took control of the situation in the vast

majority of correctional labor institutions. The work

of the operational units of the Criminal Investigation

Department was radically restructured – from

counterintelligence they became directly operational-

search units, which primarily fight against

penitentiary criminal crime, which significantly

increased its efficiency.

4 CONCLUSIONS

We consider it proven that operational search

activities in places of detention are necessary and

historically conditioned. Also, an objective necessity

is operational-search counteraction with violations of

the regime established in places of deprivation of

liberty. In addition, the analysis of the normative

regulation of operational work at various stages of the

development of the penitentiary system has shown

that a number of sources (including those not

considered in this publication due to their closed

nature), after appropriate processing, can be

successfully applied in the work of modern

operational units of the penitentiary system of Russia.

REFERENCES

Agarkov, A.V., 2015. Some aspects of the activities of the

operational units of the UIS of the USSR during the war

and the post-war period (according to archival

materials). VLADIMIR, DIRECTOR OF THE

VLADIMIR LAW INSTITUTE OF THE FEDERAL

PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF RUSSIA.

Agarkov, A.V., 2019. Genesis of methods of operational-

investigative activity in the penitentiary system of the

Russian Empire. In the Bulletin of the Vladimir Law

Institute. 3(52). pp. 135-138.

Anisimkov, V. M., 1993. Prison community: "milestones"

of history.

Astafichev, P. A., 2020. Ensuring the protection of

historical truth as a new principle in the constitutional

law of modern Russia. In Law Enforcement. 4(4). pp. 5-

11.

Berdinskikh, V. A., 2001. The history of one camp

(Vyatlag). MOSCOW, AGRAF.

Bykov, A.V. et al., 2015. Norms of the criminal executive

legislation regulating operational and investigative

activities, scientific and practical commentary.

MOSCOW, FKU RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE

FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF RUSSIA.

Dedyukhin, V. V., 1984. Formation and development of the

organization of the fight against crime in ITU.

MOSCOW, ACADEMY OF THE MINISTRY OF

INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA.

Doroshevich, V. M., 2019. In the Collected Works. 6(6).

Exarchopulo, A. A., 2014. Setting a scientific problem as

the beginning of the formation of a forensic theory. In

the Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. Ser.

14(2). pp. 104-113.

Kutyakin, S. A., Kurbatova, G. V., 2003. "Thieves in law":

at the turn of the century. RYAZAN, AKAD

CLOSA 2021 - VII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “CRIMINAL LAW AND OPERATIVE SEARCH

ACTIVITIES: PROBLEMS OF LEGISLATION, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE”

206

PUBLISHING HOUSE. RIGHTS AND

MANAGEMENT OF THE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE

OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.

Kuzmin, S. I., 2020. The place of the III Operational-

Chekist departments in the punitive system of the

Soviet state in the 30s of the XX century. In

Penitentiary Law: Legal Theory and Law Enforcement

Practice. 4(26). pp. 96-99.

Peregudova, Z. I., 1992. Secrets of political investigation:

Instructions for working with secret employees. ST.

PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

Perlik, M. I., 2015. Protest actions of prisoners in the

correctional labor camps of the post-war Gulag (1945-

1956): the reasons and main directions of law

enforcement agencies ' activities to neutralize them in

the Humanities, socio-economic and social sciences.

KRASNODAR, LLC "SCIENCE AND

EDUCATION". 6-1. pp. 365-369.

Shalamov, V. T. 2021. Bitch war. In the collection: Kolyma

stories. MOSCOW, VECHE.

Shchegolev, P. E., 1992. Guards, agents, executioners.

MOSCOW, PROSVET.

Sorokina, A.V., 2018. Draft Criminal Code of the USSR of

1939: general characteristics of the special part. In the

Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. Right. 27. pp.

94-108.

Normative Regulation of Activities of Operational Units of the Penitentiary System (Historical Aspect)

207