Integrating Agile Human-Centered Design with Lean UX and Scrum

Jenny Pilz

, Jana Deutschl

ander

, J

org Thomaschewski

1 a

and Eva-Maria Sch

3 b

University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer, Emden, Germany

Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany

Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (HAW), Hamburg, Germany

eva-maria.schoen@haw-hamburg.de

Keywords:

Agile Development, Agile UX, Human-Centered Design, Lean UX, User Research.

Abstract:

The integration of Human-Centered Design into agile product development can be challenging. In particular,

the application of established user research and UX design methods within short feedback cycles frequently

leads to discussions. This article provides an overview of the development and current state of research in

Agile UX. In particular, we analyse Lean UX and answer the following questions: How can user research

be implemented in agile product development and which best practices can be used to achieve it? For this

purpose, we conducted a literature review and analysed how user research in agile product development has

progressed in recent years. We discuss an approach that leverages identiﬁed best practices for Agile UX by

introducing a new model for integrating Lean UX with Scrum to address the needs of the users more strongly

in agile product development. We conclude that existing best practices and patterns already aim to adapt

established user research methods to the agile framework. Lean UX provides a suitable approach to integrate

such user research methods for use in agile product development. This approach has the potential to improve

the user experience.

1 INTRODUCTION

The annual “State of Agile” study (VersionOne Inc.,

2020) shows that the interplay of agility and user cen-

tricity in product development has taken on an im-

portant role for companies. In this context, the study

points to a widespread use of agile practices and pro-

cess models. In addition, the study shows that custo-

mer/user satisfaction is one of the most frequently

cited criteria for measuring project success.

As a result, interdisciplinary teams (Beck et al.,

2001) are often faced with the challenge of imple-

menting stakeholder requirements in a user-centric

manner and reacting ﬂexibly to rapidly changing re-

quirements from both stakeholders and disruptive in-

novations (Sch

on et al., 2020). In particular, the inte-

gration of classical user research methods of Human-

Centered Design (HCD) (ISO 9241-210, 2020) into

the short feedback cycles of agile product develop-

ment is a constantly recurring point of discussion.

The frequent and regular involvement of customers

and users in product development is indispensable

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6364-5808

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0410-9308

for the HCD process. However, the availability of

sufﬁciently suitable test persons over the short feed-

back cycles cannot always be guaranteed. As a result,

the classical user research methods are perceived by

agile teams as too slow, too costly, and too cumber-

some. Ultimately, UX design and user research are

neglected. To help interdisciplinary teams solve this

problem, the integration of HCD into agile product

development has assumed an important role in re-

search (Salah et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2018). Addi-

tionally, the integration of methods such as Lean

Startup (Ries, 2011) and Lean UX (Gothelf and Sei-

den, 2016) have been listed in the literature as a way

to better engage customers and users in the agile prod-

uct development cycle (Zorzetti et al., 2021).

The motivation of this article is to show a way for-

ward for solving the aforementioned problems that

enables UX professionals and agile teams to collabo-

ratively and human-centeredly develop products that

meet the needs of users and stakeholders. This arti-

cle examines which best practices already exist for

integrating user research into agile product develop-

ment. It also proposes a model based on Lean UX that

can be used for best practices. According to Aarlien

Pilz, J., Deutschländer, J., Thomaschewski, J. and Schön, E.

Integrating Agile Human-Centered Design with Lean UX and Scrum.

DOI: 10.5220/0010713800003058

In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies (WEBIST 2021), pages 467-473

ISBN: 978-989-758-536-4; ISSN: 2184-3252

467

and Colomo-Palacios (2020) as well as Zorzetti et al.

(2021), an essential aspect of Lean UX is the combi-

nation of agile and human-centered methods with the

concepts of Lean Startup. Therefore, this article ad-

dresses the following two research questions:

• RQ1: What methods and practices can be used for

Agile UX?

• RQ2: How can user research be practically imple-

mented in agile product development?

Section 2 provides an overview of related work.

Section 3 explains the research methodology used to

analyse the evolution and current state on Agile UX.

Section 4 presents best practices for Agile UX and a

model for integrating Lean UX into the Scrum pro-

cess. This is followed by a discussion in Section 5

on the use of the developed model. Finally, Section 6

summarises the ﬁndings and provides an outlook.

2 RELATED WORK

The following studies can be cited for the integra-

tion of classic user research methods according to

HCD into agile product development. For instance,

Bertholdo et al. (2014, 2016) describe that there is

not enough time for user research under agile con-

ditions. They therefore recommend regular meetings

with the team, customers, and users in which usability

tests and user research methods are conducted. This

approach of collaborative and participatory design en-

sures that the results of the last Sprint are evaluated

and the requirements for the following Sprint are de-

ﬁned. Olsson and Bosch (2015) created a conceptual

model that highlights the need to combine qualitative

user feedback in the early stages of product develop-

ment with quantitative user observation in the later

stages of product development. Bellucci et al. (2015)

examined in a ﬁeld study, how users interact with pro-

totypes. They combined methods of Extreme pro-

gramming (Beck and Andres, 2004) with co-design

sessions to develop the product with strong user in-

volvement. The case study by Kautz (2010) examines

how stakeholders are involved in practice within agile

product development using participatory design. He

states that the involvement of customers and users in

the design and development process has a positive in-

ﬂuence on usability. Users were thus enabled to per-

form their tasks to their own satisfaction and in an

effective, efﬁcient, and economical manner. Further-

more, studies by Sch

on et al. (2019, 2020), prove that

agile methods and practices have an impact on how

user research is conducted. They conclude that agile

teams have problems, among other things, to contin-

uously involve all relevant stakeholders in the agile

development process. Furthermore, the authors found

that companies regularly face the challenge of de-

veloping requirements together with the users of the

product. For this reason, among others, Sch

on et al.

recommended building a user pool and developed a

pattern that enables UX professionals to jointly de-

velop solutions for the aforementioned challenges.

From all the above studies, it can be concluded

that research has already been conducted on the topics

of user research and the direct involvement of users

and customers in agile product development. How-

ever, the approaches presented in the literature do not

show a structured process of how the continuous in-

tegration of users and customers as well as methods

of HCD should take place in the agile product devel-

opment cycle. The goal of this paper is to show how

Agile Human-Centered Design (Agile HCD) can be

done by using a model for integrating Lean UX into

Scrum.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

The motivation of this paper is to help UX profes-

sionals and agile teams to better understand user and

stakeholder requirements and to show how Agile and

HCI methodologies can be combined in a single feed-

back cycle. Therefore, this work aims to capture ex-

isting best practices for Agile UX and to develop a

model for the practical application of these best prac-

tices. For this purpose, we chose the following pro-

cedure (see Figure 1) to answer RQ1: Which meth-

ods and practices can be used for Agile UX? and con-

ducted literature research in Step 1 and Step 2. Based

on the results from RQ1, a model was developed to

help answer RQ2: How can user research be practi-

cally implemented in agile product development?

petsdr3 petsdr3 petsdr3 petsdr3 petsdr3 petsdr3

Define Modell for

Lean UX in Scrum

1st step

2nd step

3rd step

Identify Agile Methods &

Practices for Agile UX

Best Practices for

Agile UX in Lean UX

Figure 1: Overview of research approach.

WEBIST 2021 - 17th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies

468

The ﬁrst step is to identify the existing methods

and practices for Agile UX via a literature review. For

a more complete overview of existing research on

Agile UX, we use the systematic literature reviews by

Silva et al. (2011, 2018) and Sch

on et al. (2017a) as

well as the studies by Bertholdo et al. (2014, 2016);

Burkart and Sch

on (2019), and Sch

on et al. (2017b,

2020).

The second step is a literature review on Lean UX

to identify the concepts of the approach and the best

practices for Agile UX contained therein. This inte-

grative approach has not yet received sufﬁcient crit-

ical attention in the scientiﬁc literature (Liikkanen

et al., 2014; Aarlien and Colomo-Palacios, 2020).

For this reason, the systematic literature review by

Aarlien and Colomo-Palacios as well as the case study

by Zorzetti et al. (2021) and the Converge model by

Ximenes et al. (2015) were used.

In the third step (see Figure 1), the practical ap-

plication of the Agile UX best practices identiﬁed in

RQ1 and their positive impact on improving the user

experience (UX) were investigated. For this pur-

pose, a model was developed based on the ﬁndings

on Lean UX using Scrum (Schwaber and Sutherland,

2020) as an example. The given framework condi-

tions with regard to team composition, dependencies

on other teams, and the continuous involvement of

users and stakeholders were taken into account when

determining the sprint length.

4 RESULTS

As described at the beginning, the motivation of this

work is to present a development approach to interdis-

ciplinary teams to develop human-centered and value-

added products. The literature review identiﬁed sev-

eral studies that present methods and practices for

Agile UX. These studies demonstrate, among other

things, that the increasing prevalence of agile ways

of working has an impact on how user research and

UX design are practiced.

4.1 RQ1: What Methods and Practices

Can Be Used for Agile UX?

Silva et al. (2018) state that integrating agility and

HCD requires mutual team understanding across

three domains and they are understood differently:

The Processes and Practices domain is understood

and People and Social is nearly understood. For the

Technology and Artefacts domain, a full understand-

ing does not yet exist. An important aspect here is that

agile teams understand HCD methods as a team dis-

cipline rather than a role, and a common understand-

ing of both disciplines should be developed. There-

fore, Silva et al. (2011, 2018) recommend developing

clear integration guidelines and evaluate them empiri-

cally. Bertholdo et al. (2014, 2016) deﬁne patterns for

the phases of the HCD cycle (ISO 9241-210, 2020).

For example, they recommend a UX expert as part of

the agile team for planning the human-centered de-

sign process (Bertholdo et al., 2014). For the creation

and evaluation of design solutions, Bertholdo et al.

(2016) recommend collaborative as well as partici-

patory design on the one hand. On the other hand,

performing user tests and exploratory tests during

Sprints is useful as evaluation by inspection. Sch

et al. (2017a,b, 2020) developed the pattern Lean User

Research based on their ﬁndings on Agile Require-

ments Engineering (RE). It enables interdisciplinary

teams to adapt user research methods according to

HCD to agile procedures and to anchor basic user

research skills in the team. For this purpose, Sch

et al. recommend adapting the extensive methods of

user research and the documentation to the agile cycle

for shorter lead times, among other things. Further-

more, the authors, recommend continuously integrat-

ing UX evaluations as well as user research methods

into the agile development process in order to develop

value-added products. Burkart and Sch

on (2019) de-

veloped another framework for Agile UX. Six work

steps show that continuous user research and UX

design as well as continuous UX evaluations are in

focus. To support agile teams, Burkart and Sch

suggest a set of agile methods and practices as best

practices for each work step. For example, for the

step of understanding problems, they recommend,

among others, contextual interviews, and for the step

of experimenting, they recommend, for example, the

Minimum Viable Product (MVP) approach or Agile

Usability/UX testing.

The identiﬁed case studies on Lean UX deal

with the combination of the agile product develop-

ment concepts (Beck et al., 2001), Design Think-

ing (Brown, 2008) or HCD (ISO 9241-210, 2020)

and Lean Startup (Ries, 2011). Here, according to

Signoretti et al. (2019) and Zorzetti et al. (2021),

Lean Startup complements the disciplines of agile and

HCD with the approach of validated learning using

the Build-Measure-Learn cycle. Design Thinking, ac-

cording to the Converge model of Ximenes et al.

(2015), provides an approach how interdisciplinary

teams within continuous product development work

together and create a common understanding of ap-

plication problems on the one hand. On the other, the

study shows how teams can overcome the challenge

Integrating Agile Human-Centered Design with Lean UX and Scrum

469

Understand the problem

Understand & specify

context of use

Similarities

Lean UX specific HCD specific

Produce design

solutions

Specify user

requirements

Create a hypothesis

Evaluate design

solutions

Figure 2: Comparison of the HCD process with the Lean UX Cycle.

of involving customers and users more closely in the

process. For this purpose, the authors of the afore-

mentioned work recommend the use of different best

practices such as interviews, the 5-W method, paper

prototypes, and Likert scale questionnaires. Zorzetti

et al. conclude that adopting an integrative approach

to Lean UX can bring about positive changes in mind-

sets, activities, practices, and techniques. The teams

in these case studies recognised that agile methods

alone do not help to identify whether they are building

the right product for users. Validated learning through

build-measure-learning, on the other hand, provided

the teams with a comprehensive understanding of the

goals and needs of customers and users.

4.2 RQ2: How Can User Research Be

Practically Implemented in Agile

Product Development?

In order to examine the practical use of user research

methods according to HCD in an agile environment,

a model was developed based on the ﬁndings from

RQ1 and the Lean UX approach (Gothelf and Seiden,

2016; Zorzetti et al., 2021) using Scrum (Schwaber

and Sutherland, 2020) as an example. The model is

applicable for interdisciplinary teams that work ac-

cording to Scrum. For this model, they consist of

representatives from different disciplines such as soft-

ware development, user research, UX design, man-

agement, and are characterised by a high degree of

interaction and collaboration (Schwaber and Suther-

land). However, they can be confronted with hetero-

geneous target groups as well as plan-oriented devel-

oper teams and the associated technical dependencies.

Therefore, based on Scrum, we assumed that a sprint

length of three weeks reduces the risk of sprint can-

cellation due to excessive complexity.

As shown in Figure 2, the Lean UX approach and

the HCD process have clear similarities in compari-

son. Both approaches are iterative and put people at

the centre of the design process. HCD and Lean UX

focus on understanding the application problem and

evaluating solutions until the result is the right prod-

uct for users and customers. Since Lean UX is based,

among other things, on the concept of Lean Startup

(Ries, 2011), this approach dispenses with the strong

focus on user research before the actual design or de-

velopment.

Figure 3 presents our model for integrating

Lean UX and Scrum. Before Sprint Planning, a work-

shop is held with the team and all relevant stakehold-

ers. The goal of this workshop is to understand the

problem to be considered as well as the users and

to visualise it, for example, using a customer jour-

ney map. Based on this, hypotheses are created in

the team and recorded, for example, as user stories

in the hypothesis backlog for Sprint Planning. Ac-

cording to Hinderks (2021), the application of the UX

Poker method can support the interdisciplinary team

in better assessing the inﬂuence of a User Story on

selected UX factors such as attractiveness, depend-

ability or convenience. In the subsequent Sprints, the

hypotheses are veriﬁed collaboratively through exper-

iments with the users. The interdisciplinary team en-

sures, among other things, that all team members de-

velop a common understanding of the goals and needs

of the users through continuous usability tests with

prototypes and the Minimum Viable Product (MVP).

In addition to weekly user tests, we also introduced

short interviews and online questionnaires. To en-

sure knowledge transfer to the team, two independent

preliminary studies showed that the weekly user tests

could be conducted on a Thursday, which allows their

results to be evaluated on Friday. The ﬁndings from

the tests and evaluations thus ﬂow directly into the

current product development cycle and the hypothe-

ses are continuously adjusted. The result is a prod-

uct with obvious added value (outcome) and both cus-

tomers and users are satisﬁed (Ximenes et al., 2015;

Sch

on et al., 2017b; Zorzetti et al., 2021). To ver-

ify the success of this product, it is recommended to

WEBIST 2021 - 17th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies

470

3-week Sprint

Understand the problem

Create a hypothesis

User testing

Evaluation

Sprint Planning

Sprint Review

Epic = set of Sprints on the same topic

3rd week

Development

2nd week

Design

1st week

Outcome

Figure 3: Model for Lean UX using the example of Scrum.

conduct further usability tests shortly after the Sprint

Review, for example, with subsequent questionnaires

to evaluate hedonic and pragmatic quality, such as the

UEQ+ (Schrepp and Thomaschewski, 2019). A ﬁ-

nal UX Retrospective according to Hinderks (2021)

offers the interdisciplinary team an opportunity to re-

view the results of the last Sprint in terms of UX fac-

tors and optimize them for the next feedback cycle.

5 DISCUSSION

Agile practices and process models are used for dy-

namic stakeholder requirements, among other things

(Beck et al., 2001). Our presented model (see Fig-

ure 3) provides an approach which is particularly suit-

able for use in agile product development (Ximenes

et al., 2015; Burkart and Sch

on, 2019; Zorzetti et al.,

2021). Since Lean UX is based on the concepts of

Lean Startup and agile product development (Zorzetti

et al., 2021), the approach integrates well with exist-

ing agile process models such as Scrum (Schwaber

and Sutherland, 2020). The concepts of hypothe-

sis, experimentation, and minimum viable product

(MVP) enable the team to develop a better under-

standing of the customers’ and users’ application

problems through continuous involvement of users

and relevant stakeholders (Zorzetti et al.). For this

purpose, the methods of user research, UX design,

and UX evaluations do not take place as an upstream

phase to development, but are carried out continu-

ously throughout the entire product development cy-

cle. In this way, interdisciplinary teams are supported

in developing human-centered and value-added prod-

ucts (Ximenes et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2018; Sch

et al., 2020; Zorzetti et al., 2021). Consequently, inte-

grating the Lean UX approach into the Scrum frame-

work can help to increase UX.

For the successful use of the model, it is neces-

sary that a fundamental understanding of the prin-

ciples of the two disciplines of agility (Beck et al.,

2001) and HCD (ISO 9241-210, 2020) exists in the

team. Otherwise, the relevant user research meth-

ods will not be adapted to the agile pace and will be

perceived by the team as too extensive (Sch

on et al.,

2018). The single case study by Zorzetti et al. (2021)

shows that integrating UX professionals into the ag-

ile team as user advocates helps the team to develop

user research skills. The interdisciplinary teams of

the aforementioned study came to the conclusion that

the approach as well as the participation in user in-

terviews brings a number of beneﬁts. These range

from better code quality and more trust between team

members to quick feedback and reduced development

effort. As UX has become a relevant quality attribute

for companies (VersionOne Inc., 2020), UX profes-

sionals will increasingly take on a business analyst or

coach role to also support companies in their culture

change (Silva et al., 2018).

The chosen methodology of the literature research

can be seen as a limitation of this work. Due to

the restriction to already existing systematic litera-

ture reviews, further research results on Agile UX and

Lean UX may not have been considered.

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

WORK

This article provides the successful answer to the re-

search questions RQ1: Which methods and practices

can be used for Agile UX? and RQ2: How can User

Research be practically implemented in agile prod-

uct development? For this purpose, we conducted a

literature review on common methods and practices

for integrating user research methods into agile prod-

uct development (RQ1). Based on this, we developed

a model for integrating Lean UX and Scrum (RQ2).

Our model is based on the three concepts agile prod-

uct development, HCD as well as Lean Startup and

supports the approach of validated learning. In addi-

tion, this model provides a clear requirement to con-

Integrating Agile Human-Centered Design with Lean UX and Scrum

471

duct weekly user tests followed by short interviews

and online questionnaires. This enables the contin-

uous involvement of customers and users throughout

the product development cycle. Agile teams are sup-

ported with this model in the development of user-

centric and value-added products. Further research is

needed due to the lack of evaluation of the model. In

the future, multi-case studies in different companies

will be used to investigate how effective the model is

regarding the continuous integration of all users and

stakeholders in agile product development. To this

end, one of the objectives is to investigate the effec-

tiveness of establishing a pool of users to ensure the

availability of sufﬁcient suitable test subjects in the

short feedback cycles.

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