Preventing Sexual Violence against Children: Parents' Perception in
Pontianak City
Izkah Shafha Ramdinar, Linda Suwarni
a
, Selviana, Vidyastuti, Widya Lestari
Health Science Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Pontianak, Jenderal Ahmad Yani Street, Pontianak, Indonesia
Keywords: Sexual Violence, Children, Parents’ Perception
Abstract: Cases of violence against children tend to increase from year to year. One of the protective factors for children
against sexual violence is parenting. Perceptions of sexual violence against children are essential, which
impact prevention programs for violence against children. This study explored parents' perceptions of sexual
violence against children as well as prevention practices. This study was a qualitative design, using an in-
depth interview with parents who have children under 18th years old. Maximum variation sampling was used.
Ten participants contribute to this study. The majority of participants in this study defined sexual violence
against children as limited to sexual acts that lead to forced sexual relations. The challenges faced by the
participants were taboo, lack of correct knowledge in sexuality education in children, limited skills in
communicating sexuality to children, and lack of self-confidence. There are disparities in understanding the
meaning of sexual violence against children, and challenges in prevention need to be discussed further.
1 INTRODUCTION
Children are an investment in the future of a nation,
but there are still many problems that arise, one of
which is violence. Violence against children has
received international recognition as a violation of
social and human rights. Common causes and
supporting factors for violence against children are
related to society's traditions, customs, and culture
(Levinson, 1989). Child sexual violence is a form of
violence against children that is rife recently. Sexual
violence and sexual harassment are two different
things. Sexual violence is a term that has a broader
scope than sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is
one type of sexual violence (World Health
Organization, 2013).
Cases of violence against children tend to increase
from year to year. Based on the 2017 Global Report,
73.7% of Indonesian children aged 1-14 years
experience physical and psychological violence at
home as an effort to discipline (Global Report, 2017).
The number of violence against children recorded
from January to June 2020 was 3,928 cases,
consisting of sexual, physical, and emotional violence
cases, and nearly 55% of them experienced sexual
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0862-4881
violence (Medistiara, 2020). It was exacerbated by
the Covid-19 pandemic, which impacted various
aspects, including an increase in child abuse cases
during the pandemic. The Ministry of Women's
Empowerment and Child Protection noted a
significant increase in cases during the pandemic,
including 852 physical violence, 768 psychological
violence, and 1,848 sexual violence. Recorded
instances of violence against children show that
previously before the pandemic period, there were
1,524 children, increasing to 2,367 children victims
of violence during the Covid-19 pandemic (Kemen
PPPA, 2020).
Child sexual violence is a severe problem that is
difficult to detect (Louwers et al., 2010) (Murray et
al., 2014). Sexual violence against children is any
sexual activity that involves a child (less than 18 years
old) getting sexual satisfaction from sexual comments
or seduction to forced sexual relations (Berlo &
Ploem, 2018). Sexual violence in children has a
prolonged impact on their life cycle (Bellis et al.,
2011).
A protective factor for sexual violence in children
is parenting (Meinck et al., 2015) (Rudolph et al.,
2018) (Scoglio et al., 2019) (Ligiero et al., 2019)
182
Ramdinar, I., Suwarni, L., Selviana, ., Vidyastuti, . and Lestari, W.
Preventing Sexual Violence against Children: Parents’ Perception in Pontianak City.
DOI: 10.5220/0010758900003235
In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social Determinants of Health (ICSDH 2021), pages 182-188
ISBN: 978-989-758-542-5
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

(McKillop et al., 2019) (McKillop et al., 2019) al.,
2021). Parenting patterns in preventing sexual
violence against children require a correct
understanding of sexual violence. This understanding
is essential in determining parents' actions in
providing parenting to children (Collins, 1996).
To our knowledge, in Indonesia, especially the
city of Pontianak, there has been no research that
examines the perceptions of parents who have
children (<18 years) about sexual violence against
children. Although this perception is very decisive in
determining parenting as a protective factor for
children from sexual violence, the law in Indonesia
on sexual violence is still ambiguous and limited to
rape cases only. The impact on the prevention of
sexual violence against children is not
comprehensive. The purpose of this study was to
explore parents' perceptions of sexual violence
against children.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
Maximum variation sampling was used with a set of
criteria for recruiting participants: participants must
be parents of school children as these parents may
begin to consider risks outside the home when their
children are at this age; participants must represent
different backgrounds in terms of work, education,
and economic status; and willing to discuss sexual
violence against children. Ten participants from
diverse demographic backgrounds were recruited to
participate in this study. Participants consisted of two
men (fathers) and eight women (mothers) aged 30-
47
th
. Their sociodemographic characteristics are
shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Participants were recruited between April and
May 2021. Individual interviews were terminated
when it was challenging to find additional insights
from the new data gathered. Before starting data
collection, participants were informed about their
rights as research subjects. They were made aware
that their participation was voluntary and the
information they provided would be kept
confidential. Each interview lasted about 45–60
minutes.
This study has received ethical clearance no:
448/KEPK-FKM/UNIMUS/2021, University of
Muhammadiyah Semarang.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted based
on interview guidelines. Four critical questions about
parents' perceptions of sexual violence against
children include: What is the definition and type or
form of sexual violence against children according to
parents? How do parents understand the risks of
sexual violence against children? What do parents
think about efforts to prevent sexual violence against
children? Two critical questions about parental
practices regarding sexual violence against children
include: What will parents avoid sexual violence
against children? What are parents doing to protect
their children from sexual violence against children?
All interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data
were analyzed using the thematic analysis method
(Guest et al., 2012), which organizes and categorizes
the data according to each participant's main themes
and responses.
3 RESULT
This study conducted to ten participants with indepth
interview technic. The majority participants is 30-39
years old, female, senior high school and employed
(see Table 1). The detail participants in Table 2.
Table 1: Social-demographic characteristics of 10
participants.
Social-demographic
Characteristics
n %
Age
30-39
40-49
6
4
60
40
Sex
Male
Female
2
8
20
80
Level of education
Junior high school
Senior high school
Bachelor degree
Master degree
1
7
1
1
10
70
10
10
Occupation
Employed
Unemploye
d
7
3
70
30
Preventing Sexual Violence against Children: Parents’ Perception in Pontianak City
183

Table 2: Characteristics of participants.
No Sex Age Occupation Education
C
hildren’s
sex/age
M1 M 38
th
Employed Master
de
g
ree
F/8
th
&
M/6
th
M2 M 38
th
Employed Bachelor
degree
F/10
th
&
F/7
th
F1 F 38
th
Employed Senior
high
school
F/11
th
&
M/12
th
F2 F 40
th
Unemployed Junior
high
school
F/12
th
F3 F 47
th
Unemployed Senior
high
school
F/15
th
F4 F 42
th
Unemployed Senior
high
school
F/13
th
F5 F 45
th
Unemployed Senior
high
school
F/16
th
F6 F 39
th
Unemployed Senior
high
school
F/14
th
F7 F 38
th
Unemployed Senior
high
school
F/13
th
&
M/10
th
F8 F 36
th
Unemployed Senior
high
school
F/14
th
&
M/9
th
Table 3: Definition of sexual violence against children
Definition of Sexual
Violence Against
Children
Number
reporting
Percentage*
Ra
p
e 10 100
Other sexual activities
(like kissing, petting,
sensitive areas forcibly
and or violence
3 30
Although all participants specifically defined
physical, sexual activity with a child by force, they
had different standards for the form of sexual activity
performed. The participants' responses can be
grouped into two groups regarding sexual violence
against children, namely rape and other sexual
activities, such as kissing, hugging, touching
sensitive areas forcibly, and violence (see Table 3).
All participants stated that the very narrow limit for
determining sexual violence against children
occurred to forced sexual relations with children
(rape). Only 3 out of 10 participants noted that sexual
violence against children could occur not only
through rape (sexual intercourse) but also in the form
of other sexual activities. As the informant said
below:
"…. Like that… like rape by adults to children…"
(M1)
"…. Playing hands… and forcing sexual
intercourse…." (F1)
"…. That… like holding onto a child's genitals…
kissing… until later on to a husband and wife
relationship…" (M2)
When in-depth interviews were conducted, all
participants reacted embarrassed when asked about
the definition of sexual violence against children.
They felt taboo to talk about sex. As the informant
stated below:
"…. Is that… that… yeah like that… (accompanied
by a shy smile)" (F2)
"… .Hmmm… hmmm…. Yes ... how about it ... it's
hard to talk about it (accompanied by scratching his
head and blushing) (M1)
3.1 Scope and Forms of Sexual
Violence against Children
The in-depth interviews showed that all participants
stated that the scope of sexual violence against
children was rape or sexual immorality. Only four out
of ten participants said that abuse is also included in
sexual violence against children, apart from rape.
Harassment can take the form of kissing, hugging,
holding a child's sensitive area forcibly. As the
informant stated below:
"... the shape and scope are like rape ..." (F8)
"…. Which includes such as a child being kissed, or
being held by a sensitive organ which is done forcibly
... "(F1)
3.2 Causes of Sexual Violence against
Children
This study found that some participants stated that the
cause of sexual violence against children was
promiscuity. Some other participants indicated that
they were influenced by friends and did not listen to
their parents' advice. As the following statement:
"... the cause is due to promiscuity ..." (F4)
"... children like not listening to parents' advice ..."
(F2)
"... the influence of friends too ..." (F6)
In terms of the perpetrator, the cause of sexual
violence against children is the uncontrolled lust of
the perpetrator. As the participants stated below:
"... Cannot control lust ... lust ...." (M2, and F2)
Another informant stated that another cause was
that the wife could no longer serve her husband's lust,
ICSDH 2021 - International Conference on Social Determinants of Health
184

so she did it to underage children. Several participants
also noted that the current openness of social media is
also the cause of sexual violence against children. The
following is the participants' statement:
"…. Usually it is triggered because the wife cannot be
invited to have sex or often refuses ... "(F7)
"... currently the influence of social media can also be
a cause ..." (F5)
3.3 Victims of Sexual Violence against
Children
According to eight participants, this study stated that
victims of sexual violence against children mainly
occurred in girls (both biological and stepchildren)
and granddaughters. Only two participants said that
apart from girls, it can also happen to boys. The
following is the informant's statement:
"…… The victims are mostly girls… biological or
stepchildren…. Many granddaughters are also
victims…" (M2)
"... indeed there are many victims of the female sex,
but nowadays there are more and more boys who have
become victims ..." (F2)
3.4 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence
against Children
The in-depth interviews showed that all participants
stated that the perpetrators of sexual violence against
children were more family and neighbors (known
people). In addition, outsiders (unknown) are also
perpetrators of sexual violence against children now.
As the informant stated below:
"…. Most cases .. the perpetrators are family such as
an uncle, grandfather, etc., and there are also
neighbors…. People who are known or who are
around the child ... "(M1)
"... if you look at the current trend of cases there are
also many people who are not known ... outsiders ..."
(F8)
3.5 Efforts to Prevent Sexual Violence
against Children
Several participants stated that the attempt to prevent
sexual violence against children strengthened religion
by praying a lot. Several other participants said that
through education on sexual violence against children
from an early age, giving advice, choosing good
friends to hang out with, and limiting gadgets to
children. As the informant stated below:
"Strengthen religion and a lot of worship to prevent
cases of sexual violence against children" (F1)
"…children should be given an education from an
early age… tell private body parts, shout if someone
holds them" (M1)
"Restricting children from playing gadgets" (M2)
"Choose good associates" (F8)
All participants stated that mothers are
responsible for delivering education on the
prevention of sexual violence against them.
"The mother closest to the child" (M1)
"Already nature of mother" (F6)
This study also shows that all participants state
that schools are also responsible for educating
children to prevent sexual violence against children
through the sexual education curriculum. However,
several participants said that even though it was
included in the curriculum, the language used was not
directly related to sexual education. The following is
the informant's statement:
"Schools are also responsible for educating their
students" (M2)
"Agree if the school includes the curriculum" (F1)
"If you can, the name should not be immediately
vulgar in sexual education" (M1)
3.6 Challenges in Education on
Prevention of Sexual Violence
against Children
All participants stated that the biggest challenge in
preventing sexual violence against children is still
taboo and minimal knowledge about what things need
to be conveyed to children to prevent sexual violence.
The participants also stated that when they were little,
their parents never told them either. In addition, some
participants noted that it was difficult to educate
children because of the limited skills and beliefs in
delivering sexual education to prevent sexual
violence against children. As the informant stated
below:
"Awkward, taboo ... parents never taught it, and it was
a taboo" (F1)
"It's hard to be confident and confused about what to
say" (F2)
In addition, several participants stated that the
ongoing Covid-19 pandemic caused the use of
cellphones and internet access to be a challenge in
itself. It is because content that contains pornographic
elements appears on cellphones and when accessing
the internet.
Preventing Sexual Violence against Children: Parents’ Perception in Pontianak City
185

4 DISCUSSION
The majority of participants in this study defined
sexual violence against children as limited to sexual
acts that lead to forced sexual relations. The
participants' responses can be grouped into two
groups regarding sexual violence against children,
namely rape and other sexual activities, such as
kissing, hugging, forcibly touching sensitive areas,
and violence. All participants assumed that mothers
were responsible for delivering education on the
prevention of sexual violence against children. The
challenges faced by the participants were taboo, lack
of correct knowledge in sexuality education in
children, limited skills in communicating sexuality to
children, and lack of self-confidence.
The participants' limited understanding of sexual
violence against children is only in the form of sexual
acts that lead to forced sexual intercourse, affecting
providing sexual prevention education to children
because there is a process before sexual intercourse.
Limitations regarding the notion of sexual violence
have also been reported in several previous studies
(Mathoma et al., 2006) (Ige & Fawole, 2011)
(Jayapalan et al., 2018) (Baldwin-White, 2021). This
misunderstanding also occurred with police officers
who handled cases of sexual violence against children
(Ricciardelli et al., 2021) and the doctors who dealt
with the patients (Andrea & Roland, 2017) (Adams,
2020). WHO defines sexual violence against children
as all sexual acts to get sexual satisfaction, both verbal
(erotic/sexual comments/seductions) or physical
(kissing, hugging, penetration, etc.) that lead to
sexuality (World Health Organization, 2013). Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) provides a specific
definition, namely sexual acts as forced penetration
with intentional touch, or without penetration, and
sexual harassment without contact, such as exposing a
child to sexual activity, taking sexual photos or videos
of a child, prostitution or child trafficking (Leeb et al.,
2008). This understanding is fundamental in leading
to better programs and strategies for preventing sexual
violence against children (Sarno & Wurtele, 1997)
(World Health Organization, 2012) (Murray et al.,
2014) (Rudolph et al., 2018). Education from families
is crucial for preventing cases of sexual violence
(Hackman et al., 2017).
The majority of participants stated that most of the
perpetrators of sexual violence against children were
family members. Contrast with previous research,
which says that most sexual violence against children,
including sexual abuse, is a recurring chronic event
caused by family members (Andrea & Roland, 2017)
even though the family should protect children from
crimes, including sexual violence (Rahimi, 2020)
(Rudolph et al., 2018). Adults, including parents, act
as supervisors to create a safe (conducive)
environment for children to prevent crime, including
sexual crimes against children (Leclerc et al., 2015;
Leclerc et al., 2011). Lastly, parents as gatekeepers of
children have an essential impact on the risk of sexual
violence, including sexual harassment (Meschke &
Peter, 2014) (Mendelson & Letourneau, 2015)
(Fideyah et al., 2020).
All participants in this study stated that the mother
is the most responsible person in delivering education
about sexuality to children. Several studies have
shown that mothers psychologically have a close
relationship with their children so that sexuality
communication is more effective (Muhwezi et al.,
2015) (Nurachmah et al., 2018) (Faudzi et al., 2020).
Supported by other studies that children are more
open with mothers than fathers, making it easier to
establish communication and discussion about
sexuality (Wang et al., 2016) (Shams et al., 2017).
However, sexuality education in children is a shared
responsibility between the mother and father
(Nasution et al., 2019).
The myths circulating about sexual violence are
still problems and challenges to be faced (Zatkin et al.,
2021). The in-depth interviews' findings were related
to the difficulties faced to prevent sexual violence
against children. All participants stated that they still
felt awkward (taboo) in conveying sexuality to
prevent sexual violence against children. Supported
by previous research also shows that there are still
many parents who are taboo in delivering sexual
education (Grusec, 2011) (Manivasakan & Sankaran,
2014) (Suwarni et al., 2015) (Amaliyah & Nuqul,
2017) (Shams et al., 2017). Limited knowledge about
sexuality, inadequate skills in sexuality
communication (Shams et al., 2017). Other qualitative
study findings revealed that cultural resistance more
effectively limits the nature and content of sexual
health education than religious prohibition
(Onwuezobe & Ekanem, 2009). Parents feel they have
limited knowledge about the content of sexuality and
do not have the skills and self-confidence to discuss
sexual topics (social taboos). This social taboo that can
hinder sexual education has also been found in other
studies in Asia, Africa, and other countries in the
Western Pacific (UNESCO, 2015).
Participants (parents) agreed that sexual education
was school-based by integrating school curricula and
religious lessons. Religious education is essential in
preventing sexual violence against children (Ganji et
al., 2017) (Moghadam & Ganji, 2019). This study
also shows that parents' self-confidence and skills are
ICSDH 2021 - International Conference on Social Determinants of Health
186

still low in delivering sexuality education to prevent
sexual violence against children. One of the factors
causing the lack of self-confidence and skills in
providing sexuality education is the limited
knowledge of parents about the material. Previous
research supports parents who still have minimal
knowledge and understanding of sexual and
reproductive health (Shams et al., 2017) (Ram et al.,
2020).
5 CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that parents' perceptions of
sexual violence against children are still narrow and
limited. Challenges in preventing sexual violence in
the family environment include taboo in talking about
sexuality, lack of correct knowledge in sexuality
education for children, little skills in communicating
sexuality to children, and self-confidence. The
recommendations of this study are based on the
findings that have been stated, namely that a
comprehensive intervention is needed for parents so
that they can provide proper education to prevent
sexual violence against children. Apart from
knowledge interventions, interventions are also
required to increase the self-confidence and skills of
parents in delivering sexual education to their
children.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you to the Ministry of Research and
Technology of the Republic of Indonesia for funding
this research in the applied research grant in 2021.
Thank you also to all the participants in this research.
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