Trapped to Stay Connected: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and

Internet Use in Millennials

Rahayu Hardianti Utami

and Elrisfa Magistarina

Faculty of Psychology and Health, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia

Keywords: Fear of Missing out, Compulsive Internet Use, The Millennials.

Abstract: The rapid development of internet usage has an impact on changing behavior patterns on its users. One of

them is related to the inability to use the internet proportionately. Compulsive Internet Use (CIU) is a

maladaptive internet use indicating the user's inability to control, too busy surfing the internet, and

experiencing conflicts when wanting to stop using the internet. Researchers assume that feelings of worry or

fear will be left behind or missed information from others, or fear of missing out (FoMO) may play a

significant role in using the internet. This study involved 300 millennials with convenience sampling

technique. The results of this study showed FoMO has a definite contribution to CIU. This study also showed

that daily internet use time has a significant effect on CIU, which means the desire to stay continually

connected with what others are doing makes people stayed online longer than originally intended.

Nonetheless, the results of this study suggest that developmental age groups do not affect internet use.

Understanding compulsive internet use requires acknowledging the purpose and context of internet use.

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, the growth of information, communica-

tion, and technology in Indonesia has increased

rapidly year by year. The survey report of Penetration

and Internet User Behavior in 2018 by APJII

(Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia,

2018) states that internet penetration in Indonesia has

reached 64.8% of the total population, especially in

West Sumatra, reaching 84.2%. This data explicates

that the extension of internet users is advancing

quickly. Internet penetration is in line with the 4.0

industrial revolution. The current system is integrated

with computers, and the internet has spread to all

ages, levels of education, and socioeconomic status.

In current years, generations have been designated

by popular culture. One of the most contemporary is

millennial, which describes a generation born in

1980s and as children of the Baby Boomers (Burke et

al., 2015). Two main characteristics of the millennial

generation are ethnic diversity and their connection

with technology. Substantially, Millennial is also

known for using digital technology and social media

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-4079

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8540-8678

in almost all of the daily activities (Santrock, 2016).

The trademark of millennial characters is

acknowledged as 3C, namely Creative, Confident,

and Connected (Alvara Strategic Research, 2019).

Based data obtained by the APJII survey shows

that internet penetration is dominated by ages 13-18

years (75.50%) and 19-34 years (74.23%). In line

with the results of the Indonesia Millennial Report

2019 by IDN Research Institute (IDN Research

Institute, 2019) explains that the millennial

generation (people born in 1983-1998) is 98.2%

connected to the internet. Thus, the utilization of the

internet has penetrated throughout life's area.

The most accessed services are chat (89.35%) and

social media (87.13%). The extent of the already

using the internet can affect daily behavior patterns

caused by individuals' increasing needs for the

internet, especially the millennial generation.

The ease of communication with unlimited

internet service access makes internet users get many

benefits for various purposes, ranging from work,

education to social interaction. In addition to the

benefits gained from using the internet, the

development of information, communication, and

Utami, R. and Magistarina, E.

Trapped to Stay Connected: Fear of Missing out (FoMO) and Internet Use in Millennials.

DOI: 10.5220/0010808600003347

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche 2021), pages 43-49

ISBN: 978-989-758-580-7

technology also brings several risks. Previous studies

conducted by Xiaokang, Song et al. explains that the

high dependence on the internet can harm work and

academic performance (Kirschner & Karpinski,

2010), everyday life (Karaiskos et al., 2010), and

other psychological conditions, such as psychological

wellbeing (Alabi, 2013). Evidence suggests that some

individuals may lose control over the use of the

Internet, and this negatively alters critical aspects of

their lives both in the short term (e.g., heightened

levels of stress at a task, diminished work-life

balance) and in the long term (e.g., social isolation,

depression, and anxiety)(Quiñones-garcía & Korak-

kakabadse, 2014).

One of the risks by using the internet superfluous

to their needs, called compulsive internet use (CIU).

CIU is described as an internet use pattern

characterized by loss of control, preoccupation,

conflict, withdrawal symptoms, and using the internet

as a coping mechanism (Meerkerk et al., 2009).

Prolonged time spent internet usage manifests the

significant dependency on the internet. Such

conditions are giving rise to a new phenomenon

called Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). FoMO is

described as a desire to be continuously linked to

what other individuals are doing and is primarily

linked to social media technology that offers an

endless opportunity to compare what other

individuals are doing. (Przybylski et al., 2013a).

FoMO is also defined as a persistent concern that

other people will have a more enjoyable experience

without the presence of the person concerned,

consisting of feelings of irritability, anxiety, and

inadequacy, which will worsen when the individual is

attached to social media sites (Gupta & Sharma,

2021).

Beside of the heightened internet use risks

highlighted, previous research on FoMO focused

more on problematic smartphone use or social media

use. A cross-sectional study by Lo Coco et al. (2020)

shows a positive correlation between FoMO and

Problematic Smartphone Use on two-time points of

data collection among adolescence. In another study,

FoMO is a significant factor that explains the use of

social media by adolescents and found that

adolescents' problematic social media use has

mediated the relationship between FoMO and

phubbing behavior (Van Rooij et al., 2018). These

findings predominantly highlight teenagers as

internet users.

The study's main aim is to determine the impact

of FoMO on CIU, particularly in the millennial

generation as native internet users. Second, as

previously stated, this study emphasized the

Millennials generation, identified in three distinct

generational diversity in internet-related variables in

this study. Moreover, according to a research study

conducted by Coskun & Karayagız Muslu, 2019, it

would be valuable to investigate the problem from the

Millennials' point of view regarding FoMO and

internet use.

METHOD

2.1 Participants and Procedure

This study was conducted on the millennial

generation of the internet user population—the

convenience sampling technique used to gather the

variables study data. The participants' inclusion

criteria are the internet users range from late

adolescent to middle adult who included the

millennial generation category (born 1981-1998) and

is internet users (connected to the internet with any

devices). Participants are unearthed in places where

millennials do many activities such as campuses,

government and private offices, teachers, and school

employees included in the age group.

This study recruited 300 internet users as

participants (115 males and 185 females). The

participants were asked to fill the paper-based and

internet-based Fear of Missing Out Scales (FoMOS),

Compulsive Internet Use Scales (CIUS), and

supplementary information as the data. Participants

who received both paper-based and internet-based

instruments were given informed consent beforehand

and committed to filling out the questionnaire in

earnest until the end.

2.2 Measure

Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOS)

The Indonesian version of FoMOS (Przybylski,

Murayama, DeHann, 2013), includes ten questions

regarding concerns that other people have more

pleasant experiences or a desire to stay connected

others are doing (Cronbach's alpha =.826).

Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS)

The Indonesian version of CIUS includes six

subscales that describe internet usage patterns such as

loss of control, preoccupation, withdrawal symptoms,

coping/mood modification, conflict, and tolerance

(Meerkerk et al., 2009) (Cronbach's alpha = .932).

The scale consist of 14-items with 5 likert scale from

0 scale for “never” to 4 scale for “very often”.

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

Supplementary Data

In this study, the supplementary data including

developmental cohort, gender, the intensity of

internet use, activities carried on the internet, and

reasons for desiring to connect to the internet. For

data analysis, we used developmental cohort and

internet usage intensity as part of supplementary data.

We assume that there may be diverse calls for the

internet at varying stages of development of the

Millennials generation to prognosticate compulsive

internet use aside from FoMO.

2.3 Data Analysis

The administered instruments used in the study, the

Indonesia version of fear of missing out scale

(FoMOS) and the compulsive internet use scale

(CIUS), were inspected by using Cronbach's alpha

reliability coefficient. Hypothesis testing is

performed by using the ANCOVA (Analysis of

Covariance) test. ANCOVA testing involves the

FoMO variable, developmental cohort, and internet

usage intensity as the independent variable and CIU

as the dependent variable.

RESULT

The main aim of the present study is to investigate the

effect of FoMO on CIU. Further, we also examine

age-group categorization as we specify the millennial

generation as inclusion criteria and internet usage

intensity that might affect CIU. Table 1 describe

FoMO and CIU categorization by age group and

intensity of internet usage. In this study, the

millennial generation involved three age groups

(adolescent, early adult, and middle adult), and three

levels of internet usage intensity range from light user

to heavy user.

Based on the table, the adolescent group had a

higher FoMO average than the early and middle adult

groups. Likewise, the mean CIU of the adolescent age

group was also the highest among the early and

middle adult groups. Depending on the severity of the

internet's use, it can be seen that the average FoMO

and CIU of heavy users is higher than other users. The

table 1 also explicates that the lower the intensity of

internet use as indicated by the duration of use, the

lower the average FoMO and CIU measurement

results. The highest average score on FoMO and CIU

in adolescent mean that this age group experience

greater FoMO and tends to have more engagement on

the internet.

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of the variable study.

Variables Categories Mean SD

FoMO Adolescent 16,15 7,663

Early Adult 11,54 7,664

Middle Adult 6,57 5,236

CIU Adolescent 45,99 11,336

Early Adult 40,41 13,087

Middle Adult 31,11 8,329

FoMO Light User 8,33 6,351

Medium User 11,50 8,738

Heavy User 14,14 7,639

CIU Light User 29,62 10,052

Medium User 37,76 11,716

Heavy User 44,87 12,156

Note : Light user (<2 hours/day): 7%; Medium users (2-4

hours/day): 29.30%; heavy users (>4hours/day): 63.67%

Figure 1: Activity of internet use.

Out of the ten activities, respondents have three

various peak activities while connected to the

internet. First, browsing or surfing the internet. As

many as 79% of respondents search for the

information it needs to connect to the internet.

Second, building friendships/relationships through

social media. Of the 300 respondents, 75.7% use

social media to connect with others. Furthermore, as

much as 61.7% of respondents use the internet to

download files/data. The respondents will need the

internet with various significant purposes from the

whole variety of Internet users' activities.

Trapped to Stay Connected: Fear of Missing out (FoMO) and Internet Use in Millennials

Figure 2: The reason for using the internet.

This chart describes the various reasons regarding

internet usage. As many as 90.7% of the 300

respondents stated that the internet provides easy

access to information. The second most common

reason as many 54.3% of respondents chose the ease

of getting new relations. The most significant

percentage of using the internet explained that

respondents felt tremendous benefits from using the

internet.

Table 2: Analysis of Covariance.

Dependent

Variable: CIU

F Sig.

Partial Eta

Square

FoMO 99.98 0.000 0.256

Developmenta l

cohor

2.833 0.060 0.019

Internet Usage

Intensit

7.714 0.000 0.051

FoMO*

Developmenta l

cohort

*Intensit

23.743 0.000 0.424

Developmenta l

cohort

*Intensit

0.880 0.476 0.012

Note: *p<.01

Hypothesis testing in this study was to test the

relationship of FoMO to CIU. In this study, the

variables of the developmental cohort and internet

usage intensity were also measured whether they

were associated with CIU. The result spired to

determine whether FoMO affected CIU. The

hypothesis testing results show that FoMO predict

CIU significantly. Additionally, FoMO,

developmental cohort, and internet usage intensity

unitedly affected CIU. Independently, FoMO and

internet usage intensity were significantly influenced

CIU, but not the developmental cohort.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this study was to discover the

benefaction of FoMO to CIU among internet users.

Based on the research results, FoMO contributes

significantly to CIU. Engaging in any online

activity, especially social media, makes social

affordances encouraging, highlighting

opportunities and connecting people. This need

prompts the millennial generation to suffice their

psychological needs to attach with other people by

constantly connecting the internet, divine the

higher FoMO phenomenon in this age group

(Przybylski et al., 2013b). These findings align

with previous research that explains that FoMO

strongly correlates with the problematic

smartphone and social media use, which led to

excessively utilizing the internet (Casale et al.,

2018; Fang et al., 2020; Fabris et al., 2020).

FoMO is a feeling of deep anxiety that other

people will have enjoyable activities in their

absence (Przybylski, Murayama, DeHann, 2013)

In other words, FoMO is an individual's tendency

to feel anxiety because they feel 'left behind' from

interactions, events, or social relationships.

Przybylski et al. (2013a) proposed that FoMO can

also be deciphered as a form of negative emotion

that accompanies a decrease in longing for social

contact (Appel et al., 2019). This worry provokes a

person to continue to yearn to be connected to what

other people are doing. FoMO increases the desire

to use the internet or social media as a chance for

social interaction (Alt & Boniel-Nissim, 2018).

The study finding also explores the many

activities undertaken by the millennial generation

when connected to the internet. Browsing

predominated overall internet- related activity

reflected the Millennial's eagerness to find more

because of high curiosity about what happened

throughout their interest. According to a model of

the information search process, when someone

feels anxious about being left out, they tend to feel

uncertainty and seek clarity to satisfy their

insufficiency for information through browsing

(Rather & Ganaie, 2017). Browsing begins with

unintended or non-intentional searching, making

the user preoccupied and more engaged with the

information stimulation given from the internet.

Aside from FoMO, the internet usage intensity

variable also has a significant contribution to CIU.

Data regarding the activities that encourage the

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

enthusiasm carried out by respondents while

connected to the internet implied the enormous

gain from using the internet makes more than half

of the participants are heavy users. Being the

"always connected" generation, the feeling of

online exclusion makes adolescents, the young,

and middle adults failed to control the intention of

internet use and triggered to the extent online time

(Ryan & Deci, 2020). Millennials need to feel that

they are connected through Internet. They need to

share their experiences through this medium—a

platform for personalization and instant

gratification and also feeling satisfaction with

personal relationships: continuous understanding

of what others do. Some studies called the

avoidance of feeling disconnected due to

continuous responsiveness is compulsive.

Furthermore, the balance between the benefits

and the risk of using the internet compulsively

should be assessed as potential harm associated

with excessive internet use among Millennials as

the at-risk population (Yatan Pal Singh et al.,

2020). As previously investigated, FoMO triggers

social media fatigue, resulting in raised anxiety,

depression, sleep quality, which lower

psychological well- being and life satisfaction

(Dhir et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020; Tandon et al.,

2020). Nevertheless, there is a collided impact

regarding the result of this study. Online

interaction is regarded as a rewarding experience to

alleviate worry due to negative emotion induced by

FoMO that accompanies longing for social contact

(Freire & Santos, 2021). Moreover, FoMO may

initiate the Millennials' eagerness to acquire new

knowledge and skills while browsing.

This study also discovered that diverse

developmental age groups did not significantly

affect CIU. This result aligns with the study

conducted by Jorgenson et al., (2016) and Qutishat

(2020); adolescents, young adults, and even middle

adults have experienced increased internet overuse.

However, this result slightly contrary with the

study by Karadal & Abubakar (2021) and Butkovic

et al. (2020) regarding the differences satisfaction

of basic psychological needs especially need for

autonomy and relatedness between the

developmental cohort.

The variability of the participants' limits this

study. The participants are either college students

or workers with minimum high school graduates

may impact the result of the study to non-college

or workers internet users. As the implication of the

study is it would be propitious to consider

redefining and distinguish healthy users, engaging

users, and compulsive users of the internet in the

Millennials generation based on the purpose of

daily internet use and the requirement of given

tasks as students or workers so we can make better

judgement regarding the Millennials’ context on

internet use. Recognize the causal processes are

essential where the use of the Internet is ubiquitous

may indicate underlying psychosociaL

Predicaments.

CONCLUSIONS

This study proves that FoMO and time spent online

prognosticate CIU in the millennial generation. This

research implies that internet users of various

development age groups apprehend the reasons for

using the internet. Research's findings also explore

the millennials' decisions and reasons behind their

daily internet use, and behaviors which give the

insight to promote positive outcomes of internet use.

These reasons will be an initial recognition to

consider the essence of internet use and user

perceptions of the notion of excessive internet use.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are very grateful to PNBP UNP for funding this

research.

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Trapped to Stay Connected: Fear of Missing out (FoMO) and Internet Use in Millennials