Psychological Well-being in Terms of Parenting Self-efficacy and

Resilience in Mothers with Autistic Children in Jakarta, Bogor,

Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi

Asmadi Alsa, Rila Sovitriana and Agustina Ekasari

Universitas Persada Indonesia – YAI, Jl. Pangeran Diponegoro, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Psychological Wellbeing, Parental Self Efficacy, Resilience.

Abstract: The psychological dynamics that arise on mothers with autistic children indicate a low psychological well-

being. Parental self efficacy and resilience are the factors that can increase psychological well-being, as a

result mothers with autistic children can have self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose of life,

environmental mastery, autonomy and having positive interpersonal relationships. This study aims to

examine the theoretical model of parental self efficacy effect to psychological well-being with resilience as

mediator among mothers with autistic children in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. In this

study, 184 were drawn by purposive sampling and data were collected with psychology scale. SEM

(Structural Equation Modelling) techniques from AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) v.24 were used

for data analyzing. This study concluded that theoretical model of parental self efficacy effect to

psychological well-being with resilience as mediator were fit with the empiric data. Mother who faced many

adversities for rearing her autistic child have to build resilience thru confidence with their competence as

parents so that mother can achieve an optimal psychological well-being.

1 PRELIMINARY

Having a child was a beautiful give form god for

parents. Children become source of happiness and

giving a purpose to life. Most of the parents hoping

for a healthy child, unfortunately not all children

were born with normal condition, some blessed with

unique conditions such as autistic spectrum disorder

(ASD).

Berkell (Hanapi, 2017) explained that autism is a

highly complex pervasive development disorder

(PDDs). Symptoms and characteristics shown might

be vary with the degree that associated with

cognitive impairment, this evolving pattern can

make diagnostic process difficult in some cases.

Tunrkington (Hanapi, 2017) stated that autism

disorder is a severe development disorder that can

affected communication skill, interaction with

others, and giving appropriate respond to stimuli

from the environment. Furthermore, children with

autistic were obsessed with uniformity and repetitive

behaviour (Safaria, 2005).

As a development disorder, symptoms can

appear during the first three years of childhood and

last throughout life. This condition made some ASD

child couldn’t get along with normal lifestyle, but

children with ASD can achieve good social

functioning if they done some therapy. In Indonesia,

therapy for children with ASD were limited. Most of

those therapy clinics can be access on urban area

such as Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and

Bekasi (Jabodetabek). Based on demographical

survey from 184 respondents on Jabodetabek area,

we found that 130 mothers with autistic child under

go therapy on clinic or hospital, school for special

needs children, calling therapist to home and mixed

of clinic therapy and calling therapist to home.

This survey indicated that easy accesses to

therapy doesn’t mean parents with autistic child will

go for therapy. Even though this survey didn’t

explore family social economic, we predict that high

price of autistic treatment become obstacle for

parents to giving their child proper (Pradana and

Kustanti, 2018). When children with autism not

having proper treatment symptom could be worse

and become burden for parents, especially mothers.

Mothers as the main caregivers often deal

directly with many difficulties that arise from her

228

Alsa, A., Sovitriana, R. and Ekasari, A.

Psychological Well-being in Terms of Parenting Self-efﬁcacy and Resilience in Mothers with Autistic Children in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi.

DOI: 10.5220/0010810900003347

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche 2021), pages 228-237

ISBN: 978-989-758-580-7

autistic child condition. Some pervious researched

stated that mother with autistic children prone to

stress (Lewis et al., 2006; Nikmat, et al., 2008;

Muniroh, 2010). Those difficulties not only came

from her child behaviour, but also challenges that

came from family relationship, marriage or lack of

knowledge (Pradana and Kustanti, 2018).

Eventually, this prolonged condition may threaten

mother’s psychological well-being.

Mother could overcome this stressful condition if

she had good psychological well-being (2010).

Psychological well-being helped mother to

understand her role as caregiver, creating warm

relationship with her children and others and also

mother can develop her ability continuously. This

modality could be increased by several factors, such

as parental self-efficacy, resilience, religiosity and

spouse social support.

2 THEORETICAL MODEL

Having autistic child giving mother extraordinary

challenge. Many adjustments should be made from

daily routine through family expenses. After her

child got diagnose with autism disorder some

mothers still feel guilty because of her child

condition and that kind of remorse can lead mother

to greater stress (Muniroh, 2010). When mother

thinks she causing her child autism disorder, can

lead mother into desperation and neglecting her

autistic child. Mothers also facing some problems

from society, such as negative label that society gave

to autistic child and effort from raising her autistic

child heavier than mother with normal child. In

general, mothers with autistic child are more

depressed, anxious and stressed due to financial

constraints, lack of facilities, lack of professional

staff, also social and family pressures (Pradana and

Kustanti, 2018).

Nikmat et al. (2008) find that mother with

autistic child has higher tendency to experience

psychological disorder by 90,4% and clinical

disorder on psychological well-being aspect by

50,3%. This study also reports that mother

psychological well-being more affected than father.

Presence of children with autism in family caused

greater challenge compared with other disorder.

Lewis et al. (2006) stated that mother with autistic

children experience more pressure compared to

mother with down syndrome child, this caused by

mother feels worry about her child future and facing

lots of family conflicts. This caused by autistic

children won’t make eye contact and refuse to

socialize with others, have a special attachment to an

object, have difficulty communicating in two

directions, tantrums, aphasia, the possibility of

aggressive or hyperactive actions and even self-

harm, and loss of emotional response (Safaria,

2005).

Moreover, mother with autistic children

experiencing high social isolation and low marital

intimacy. This caused by rearing an autistic child

takes up a lot of mother's times, not to mention if the

mother has to keep working so there is only little

time to rest or have social interactions that are used

for recreation.

Study form Ilias et al. (2016) revealed the

psychological dynamics experienced by parents with

autistic children from before the diagnosis was

established until the experience when raising

children with autism. Most of the subjects has a long

and tiring journey. Limited knowledge about autism

and the influence of culture in the surrounding

environment that gives negative labels to children

with autism, make the diagnostic process and

treating autism hampered.

Even after the child got diagnosed with autism,

family facing great impact from raising their child.

Conflict arose between parents some of them caused

by lack of father participation on rearing their

autistic child, mother as primary caregiver feels

lonely and isolated because there is no time to

socialize with her friends or others and feels

overwhelmed when raising their child because of

daily challenges related to behavioural disorders in

autistic children. In this study, some parents reported

they have been transformed to a better person. They

become more proactive in finding solutions, more

resilient in facing difficulties, flexible and able to

adjust expectations for their autistic children and

also have a better spiritual life (Ilias et al., 2016).

Kiani and Nami (2017) found that mother with

autistic children has high psychological well-being

on meaning of life, compared to mother with normal

or blind children. The presence of special need child

in mother life can promote their psychological well-

being, especially meaning of life aspect. Nurturing

and providing children needs made some mother.

According to a study conducted by Sa’diyah

(2016), mothers with autistic children who has high

psychological well-being are able to reduce

parenting stress, because they can accept child's

condition, didn’t feel pressured or burdened in

rearing their child. Mothers with high psychological

well-being has good interpersonal relationship with

their children and others (Sa’diyah, 2016; Ilias,

2017; Hermawati, 2018). High psychological well-

Psychological Well-being in Terms of Parenting Self-efﬁcacy and Resilience in Mothers with Autistic Children in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,

Tangerang and Bekasi

229

being on mother tend to giving warm parenting style

and more emotionally engage with their children, as

a result mothers can establish strong emotional bond

with their autistic child and can fully functioning as

herself. Mother with high psychological well-being

also can manage their thoughts and feelings to deal

with challenges that arise on nurturing journey. With

this modality, mother can solve any obstacle that

occur in her life and also enjoying her life as a

being.

On the other hand, parents with low

psychological well-being tend to feel they have

failed in their life and viewed that raising children

with autism is burdensome (Larson, 2010). Low

psychological well-being of mother with autistic

child can also cause by fear for their child’s future

after mothers passed away (Cox et al., 2015). They

afraid that no one will understand their child

condition or accept them as they are. This thing

made mother in constant worry for their child future

(Hastie and Stephens, 2019). This kind of fear

presumably common among mother with special

needs child. According to Hewett and Frenk

(Riandita, 2017) mother from special needs child

carry many different roles such as being an advocate

for their children needs on society, as a main

caregiver that help on child therapy process, and as a

teacher and as a therapist out of school hour. With

this roles mother tend to be more understand their

child behavior, what kind of treatment suitable for

them and what they need. Having low psychological

well-being tend to make mother feel hopeless and

pessimist of their child condition, mother also do not

dare to face the problems occur while rearing their

child. Mother can leave their role as mother of

special needs child and in some cases, mother will

be neglecting her special needs child when she

cannot find purpose of nurturing her autistic child.

When mother become resilience, she can carry on

her tasks and solve some problems as well (Reivich &

Shatte, 2002). In order to promote mother

psychological well-being, resilience is the key to

build sense of optimism for a better and sustainable

life. Mother who highly resilience may find this

challenging situation as a momentum to develop their

ability on many aspects such as. character

development, coping strategies, communication skill

as an advocate for their children needs and how

mother articulate their needs to spouse or others.

Based on Muniroh (2010) research, mother who

had resilience more accepting their child condition

and had broader minded that can help mother to

determine which treatment can support child

development. With this modality, mother will be less

burden with their children behaviour. Same result

also discovered by Yahya (2017), he stated that 52%

parents with autistic children had got accept their

child condition. This acceptance shown by parents

become more enthusiast to treat their autistic

children, supressing their trauma of having another

child, and anticipating many problems that will

occur. The presence of resilience on mother with

autistic children can help them giving meaning on

hardship she faced, more optimistic, openness and

appreciate little things in life and other positive

character mother had (Bayat, 2007).

The difficulty of raising an autistic children

make resilience as a key to survive to nurturing

them. In a study conducted by Mardiawan et al.

(2010), found that parents resilience influenced by

internal factor such as personal competence,

tolerance for negative influences, positive self-

acceptance, self-control, religiosity and self-efficacy.

Resilience also influenced by external factor like

social support from spouse, family and friends.

Ardel and Eccles (Irawati, 2012) define parental

self-efficacy as parents' belief in their ability to

influence children and the environment that will

provide success and child development. According

to Schwarzer dan Warner (2013) self-efficacy is an

ability to controlling and shaping oneself to achieve

the desired goal. For mothers with autistic children

their main goal is help children to be able to function

socially and independently.

Sari dan Ayriza (2018) stated that parents with

special needed child must have good parental self-

efficacy to be able to adapt with all eventualities that

occur. Low parental self-efficacy has been shown to

be associated with behavioural conditions that are

more prone to giving up, feeling anxious, depressed,

frustrated, and reporting feelings of lack of social

support, partner support, feeling hopeless and

experiencing higher levels of stress (Shumow dan

Lomax, 2002). Beside that, low parental self-

efficacy on mother with autistic children can be

affecting child therapy process (Smart, 2016). The

difficulty of rearing autistic child force mother to

have positive mental state, some of it are ability to

regulate their thoughts, believing on themselves and

ability to bounce back. Mother who doesn’t trust her

ability on nurturing their autistic child tend to think

therapy just wasting their time and can be controlled

by negative feeling. The hardship of rearing an

autistic child force mother to have an ability to

bounce back, this ability can help mother to adapting

positive and warm parenting style and also can help

her autistic child to become another fully

functioning human being

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

230

2.1 Psychological Well Being

Psychological well-being is a condition when

individuals can fully functioning on psychological

aspect and continuously in their life cycle, can

maximize their full potential, have maturity, and

have positive mental health. Wellness on Ryff's

perspective not only feels happy or free from

negative feelings, but the extent to which individuals

accept themselves, their environmental mastery,

self-autonomy, positive relationships with other

individuals, clarity of purpose and feelings of self-

growth (Ryff dan Keyes, 1995). According to Ryff

dan Keyes (1995) the foundation of psychological

well-being is individuals who are able to positive

psychological functioning. There are six dimensions

that fully functioning person has: wellness which

includes a positive appraisement of oneself and one's

past life (self-acceptance), the desire to have good

relationships with others (positive relations with

others), a feeling of being independent (autonomy),

the capacity to control one's life and effectiveness of

environment (environmental mastery), a belief that

individual life has purpose and meaning (purpose in

life), and self-development (personal growth).

2.2 Parental Self-efficacy

According to Hess et al. (2004) parental self-

efficacy is a belief or appraisement about individual

ability to be successful parent. García-López, et al.

(2016) found relationship between parental self-

efficacy and psychological well-being on mothers

with autism childern in Spain. Same result also

found by Hassan and Roslan (2017) where self-

efficacy is the most significat predictor for

resilience. The results of this study revealed that

individuals with good parental self-efficacy showed

higher levels of psychological well-being. Mother

with good parental self-efficacy will try to provide

their child needs and the same time they become

more aware of their role as a mother of autistic child.

Sarwar et al. (2019) found that high parental self-

efficacy was strong predictor for life satisfaction on

mother with autistic children. Solihati (2021) stated

that parental self-efficacy reduce affect of stress om

mothers with autistic child. Mothers who confidence

whit their parenting ability and seeing positive result

of their action tend to promote positive parenting

style, as a result mothers do not feel pressured by

their child's condition and are able to act as

caregivers really well.

Kuhn dan Carter (2006) stated that mother of

autistic children who had high parental self-efficacy

didn’t feel guilty for their children condition,

because of that mother can actively involve in

various activities that can support their child

development. Parents who believe in their ability for

raising their child will be more optimistic, because

of that parents will optimize their efforts to involve

on children’s therapy. Same thing also found by

Fitriyah and Rachmahana (2018) on 72 mothers with

children with special needs, where parents who have

high parental self-efficacy have an optimistic view

of their children's future. This shows that parental

self-efficacy helps mothers to evaluate their past

experiences, so that mothers know which aspect

needs to be improved in the future. With this

development, mothers will be able to prepare

themselves and creating their environment to

support the their children . On the other hand,

Irawati (2012) study found that mother who have

hard hearing children and have high parental self-

efficacy become advocate for their children by

approaching certain parties to make improvements

in order to provide conducive stimuli for her child.

2.3 Resilience

Siebert (Setyaningrum and Nur’aeni, 2019) defined

resilience as an individual's ability to cope well with

life changes at a high level, maintain health under

stressful conditions, rise from adversity, overcome

adversity, change the ways of life when old ways are

no longer suitable to existing conditions, and face

problems without resorting into violence. Research

conducted by Guo (2017) and Sastaviana (2020)

found a significant relationship between resilience

and individual quality of life.

Study by Hermawati (2018) found that mothers

who have special need children and high resilience,

tend to maintain warm interpersonal relation with

their child or others. In addition, Ilias et al. (2017)

found that resilience transforms character of mothers

with autistic child to more assertive and proactive

and also mother have warmer relationship with their

children. In line with that result, Hasanah dan

Retnowati (2019) also found that resilience

strengthens mothers and child bond.

Bekhet, Johnson and Zauszniewski (2012) found

that resilience in mothers who have children with

autism helps mothers to manage the difficulties they

face when raising their children. Halstead et al.,

(2018) stated that resilience on mother with autistic

child help them to maintain family harmony and

reducing stress and loneliness level The existence of

resilience helps mothers to control the surrounding

environment to achieve their goals. As stated before,

Psychological Well-being in Terms of Parenting Self-efﬁcacy and Resilience in Mothers with Autistic Children in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,

Tangerang and Bekasi

231

mothers from special needs children became their

advocate to create desirable stimuli that can promote

their child needs or development.

On general, self-efficacy does promote well-

being. Some study had shown that resilience has

positive effect on psychological well-being

(Oktaviani, 2016; Digdyani and Kaloeti, 2018;

Winesa and Saleh, 2020). Resilience helping

individual to adapting with their environment,

prosocial acts and interconnection between a person

and their society. According to Ryff (2014)

resilience make person able to maintain or achieve

prosperity when individuals face difficulties.

3 METHOD

3.1 Design and Purpose

This study using quantitative design with model

method. This study aims to see linkages between

psychological well-being and other independent

variable such as spouse social support, religiosity,

parental self-efficacy and resilience. In this paper we

limited our discussion only two independent

variables that is resilience and parental self-efficacy.

With this model we want to see how psychological

well-being of mother with autistic children created.

This study purpose to examined:

1) Fitness of structural model of parental self-

efficacy influence on psychological well-

being through resilience with empirical data

2) Effect of resilience to psychological well-

being on mothers with autistic children in

Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and

Bekasi.

3) Effect of parental self-efficacy to

psychological well-being on mothers with

autistic children in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,

Tangerang and Bekasi.

4) Meditating effect of resilience on parental

self-efficacy to psychological well-being.

3.2 Participant

This study used 184 mothers with autistic child as

the subject. Participant were gathered by purposive

sampling with following characteristics: 1) mother

who have children with autism disorder or ASD

(Autism Spectrum Disorder); 2) Having a partner or

husband, this study originally were designed for

exploring mother’s psychological well-being from

many perspective and one of them was spouse social

support; 3) Domiciled on Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,

Tangerang, and Bekasi.

3.3 Data Collection and Analysis

3.3.1 Pyschological Well Being

Psychological well-being questionnaire build from

Ryff (Ryff and Keyes, 1995) theory of psychological

well-being. It consists six dimension there are:

positive relation with other, self acceptance,

autonomy, environmental mastery, life purpose and

personal growth. This questionnaire contains 36

number of statements that can be answered with six

options Liker Scale from strongly agree to strongly

disagree. This questionnaire had low convergent

validity (0,38 < 0,5) and good construct reliability

(0,74 > 0,7).

3.3.2 Resilience

Resilience questionnaire build from Connor and

Davidson (2003) theory. It consists five aspects

there are: personal competence, high standards, and

tenacity, trust in one’s instincts, tolerance of

negative affect, and strengthening effects of stress,

positive acceptance of change, and secure

relationships, control, spiritual influences. This

questionnaire contains

9 number of statements that can be answered with

five options of Liker Scale from strongly agree to

strongly disagree. This questionnaire had good

convergent validity (0,52 > 0,5) and good construct

reliability (0,84 > 0,7)

3.3.3 Parental Self-efficacy

Parental self-efficacy questionnaire build from

Bandura (1994) theory. It consists three aspect there

are level, generality, and strength. This questionnaire

contains 29 number of statements that can be

answered with five options of Liker Scale from

strongly agree to strongly disagree. This

questionnaire had low convergent validity (0,36 <

0,5) and low construct reliability (0,56 < 0,7).

3.3.4 Analysis

Data were analyzed with Structural Equation

Modeling (SEM) technique using AMOS for

processing the data. This technique use for measure

the theoretical model with data in the field whether it

is fit or not and to test the proposed hypothesis.

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

232

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Testing the first hypothesis or the major hypothesis

in this study is to prove the effect of parental self-

efficacy on psychological well-being through

resilience as a mediator is fit with empirical data.

The second hypothesis shown that resilience has

positive and significant effect on psychological well-

being, with weighted standardized regression of

resilience (RS) to psychological well-being (KP)

0.726 and p: 0.003. This showed that the resilience

on mothers with autistic child has a direct effect on

their true happiness, on self-acceptance, quality of

interpersonal relationships, life goals, self-

meaningfulness and the ability to control the

environment.

Highly resilience person can overcome stress and

difficulties to achieve optimal functional levels of

life, against specific obstacle that only occur at

certain stages of life. From life span perspective,

resilience were formed by long process that

involving various protective and risk factor at each

stages of life. Person with high resiliency not free

from hardship, but a person who can get over the

traumatic event and have many ways to recover they

psychological condition (Hendriani, 2017). A

resilient person able to bounce back from every

hardship or adversity, they tend to be actively

involved in dealing with problems and pressures in

their lives.

Most of the respondents had high resilience

level, although psychological well-being in

moderate level. This difference probably influenced

by the uncertainty that occur during pandemic. A

resilience mother could be facing every obstacle on

her life because of her mature age and having

qualified academic degree that help them learn from

their experiences and build effective problem-

solving skills. This ability made mother facing her

obstacle on life, from nurturing her autistic child

through any emotional turmoil. With resilience

mother also can adapt in tough situation and

achieved true happiness regarding how much

obstacles she faced.

This true happiness come from mother

transformation during nurturing her autistic child.

Mother become more assertive, having warm

relationship with her children and others, also

because her ability to adapt on stressful situation

mother finding her sense of purpose on her life.

Based on data analyze, there is no significant

effect on parental self-efficacy to psychological

well-being with weighted standardized regression

parental self-efficacy (EDP) to psychological well-

Figure 1: SEQ Figure \*ARABIC 1: Model analysis.

being (KP) is -0.013 and p: 0.884. This study result

has similar result on some pervious research.

Nihayati et al. (2020) found inverse correlation

between self-efficacy with quality of life from

parents with schizophrenia child. Parents with high

self-efficacy tend to have sufficient knowledge

about how to take care schizophrenia patient, with

this modality parents constant paying attention to

every stimuli that can trigger their children anger.

The existence of this demands made parents loosing

their rest time or free time for doing some hobbies.

In addition, research from Al-Kandari (2017)

reported that mother who knew her child condition

or got her child diagnosed with ASD before 3 years

old have poor quality of life. The poor quality of life

is related to mothers who want to find out what kind

of problems that her child experience. This situation

also related to mother education degree, because

higher education degree associate with deeper

understanding impact of ASD on her children, so

that they experience dissatisfaction when this

problems arise.

In this study, most of the respondents had a

moderate level of parental self-efficacy, and

moderate level of psychological well-being. Most of

the subjects have 2 children and one of them is

autistic, of course, it does not mean mother become

an expert in caring, nurturing and accompanying

their autistic children. Having an autistic child is

mean there are always raises new challenges and

obstacles in every stage of its development. This

situation made mother to constant learning, because

of that mother felt that she didn’t have enough

Psychological Well-being in Terms of Parenting Self-efﬁcacy and Resilience in Mothers with Autistic Children in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,

Tangerang and Bekasi

233

confidence and competency in dealing with her

autistic children. As a developmental disorder,o n

every stage of development often raise new concerns

about the continuity of the treatment and new

obstacles that will be faced by the child. Beliefs

about their parenting competence are never

sufficient to influence their psychological well-

being.

In line with the opinion of Bandura (1994) where

self-observation related to self-efficacy only

provides little information as a basis for a person to

react. Where the process of giving meaning to

behavior (based on personal standards or other

standards that are important to the them) becomes

the basis for forming reactions. Then, after the

appraisal process becomes a behavior that already

filtered by some personal standards and then

becomes a framework for judging their behavior as a

successful or unsuccessful reaction. These filters are

influenced by cultural norms and values, and the

social context in which the behavior occurs. The

final component is self-reaction, which is a response

to others behavior, which is based on internal

standards. Thus, a person will take actions that

produce positive self-reactions and avoid behaviors

that lead to poor self-assessment (self censure).

According to Krok and Zarzycka (2020) based

on the Meaning Making Model and the Broaden-

and-Build Theory it was found that the effect of self-

efficacy on psychological well-being is mediated

and moderated by giving meaning and perceived

affect to coronary heart patients. In line with this, the

results of this study also show the effect of resilience

as a mediator in the effect of parental self-efficacy

on the psychological well-being of mothers who

have children with autism.

Parents who have children with autism should

have high resilience, so that they will be able to face

various difficulties faced from the time they get a

diagnosis and while accompanying their children

through a series of therapeutic processes and other

treatments. Resilient parents will be able to respond

positively to unexpected events, focus and think

clearly to find the right treatment and steadfast in the

face of difficult parenting dynamics.

The fourth hypothesis shown that there was

positive and significant effect on parental self-

efficacy to resilience on mother with autistic child

weighted standardized regression EDP to RS is

0.446 and p: 0.000. Parents with high self-efficacy

show a high level of resilience. Therefore, parents

can respond and face the challenges or pressures

they experienced, and are able to adapt to various

situations. Mother with autistic children who feel

quite competent and skilled as parents will have

various alternative solutions when facing problems

related to their autistic children. Every obstacle that

exists will not make her fall into hopelessness and

make her giving up on herself or for her autistic

child.

Mother with good parental self-efficacy have

broad understanding of what kind of situation she

being faced—especially those related to her autistic

children—her belief about her own ability using an

effective parenting style on rearing got increase too.

Eventually, mother of autistic child who have this

kind of belief, will ultimately builds the resilience of

her selves.

Coleman and Karraker (2000) stated that parental

self-efficacy of mothers with autistic children refer

to their ability to carry out role as caregivers. In

addition, high parental self-efficacy is strongly

associated with the capacity of parents to provide an

adaptive, stimulating and protective environment for

children. If parents have difficulty to carrying out

this process, it will be causing a negative impact on

parents, such as: high stress, defensive and

controlling parenting behavior, passive and negative

stress coping styles, feelings of helplessness and

frustration

Resilience has an important role for fostering

psychological well-being in parent with an

intellectual disability child. Positive attitudes such as

optimism, empathy, acceptance, positive

relationships with others are shown by parents in

seeing the reality of life they are currently

experiencing. Then a positive psychological

condition is formed that brings psychological well-

being to parents (Lestari & Mariyati, 2015).

Based on the results of the analysis using Sobel

test, the results were 4.171 and p: 0.000, which

means that RS significantly mediates EDP on KP.

The results of this study indicate that there is a

positive and significant effect of parental self-

efficacy on resilience, but parental self-efficacy does

not directly affect psychological well-being. This is

because of parental self-efficacy is significantly

mediated by resilience to affect psychological well-

being.

This shows that feeling competent as a parent in

parenting will make parents feel strong and able to

face various obstacles and difficulties in the rearing

process, which in turn affects their true happiness or

psychological well-being. To help writer understand

more situation of subjects, writer conducted

interviews and counseling with several mothers who

have autistic children

The results of interviews and counseling with

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

234

several mothers with autistic children during the

pandemic, show that most mothers do experience

more challenging conditions than before the

pandemic. The increasing number of domestic tasks

due to the process of studying and working from

home, plus nurturing and rearing their autistic child

who cannot undergo their regular therapy, has

potential to reduce quality of mother's psychological

well-being. Some mothers complained that it was

difficult to allocate time to do these tasks, while

some others felt increasingly worried about the

condition of their autistic children who did not

receive proper therapy, which often increased the

symptoms of the disorder. While her partner,

husband, who was expected to be able to help, often

become source of new problems since having to

work from home. Support from therapists and

doctors who have been treating their autistic children

has also been hampered and not optimal during the

pandemic.

All those various conditions that they have been

experienced by mothers who have children with

autism, have acknowledge those condition affecting

their mental state. However, when external parties

are considered no longer able to help and support as

usual, it is recognized that internal aspects such as

the level of submission to God's provisions and the

belief that he is able to face everything, turn out to

be the main aspects that play a role in maintaining

his psychological well-being and happiness.

5 CONCLUSION

This study conclude that: structural model of

parental self-efficacy influence psychological well-

being through resilience as a mediator is fit with

empirical data; there is a direct, positive and

significant effect on resilience to psychological well-

being of mothers with autistic children; there is no

direct, positive and significant effect on parental

self-efficacy to psychological well-being of mothers

with autistic children; and resilience significantly

mediates the effect on parental self-efficacy to

psychological well-being.

This study result cannot be generalized to the

whole population because of the sampling technique

used in this study and limited number of

respondents. Furthermore, this study using online

questionnaire made us cannot monitoring respondent

directly.

REFERENCES

Al-Kandari, S., Alsalem, A., Al-Mutairi, S., Al-Lumai, D.,

Dawoud, A., & Moussa, M. (2017). Association

between sleep hygiene awareness and practice with

sleep quality among Kuwait University students. Sleep

health, 3(5), 342-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.sleh.2017.06.004

Bandura, A. (1994). Self-Efficacy Defined. Encyclopedia

of Human Behavior.

Bayat, M. (2007). Evidence of resilience in families of

children with autism. Journal of intellectual disability

Research, 51(9), 702-714. https://doi.org/10.1111/

j.1365-2788.2007.00960.x

Bekhet, A. K., Johnson, N. L., & Zauszniewski, J. A.

(2012). Resilience in family members of persons with

autism spectrum disorder: A review of the literature.

Issues in mental health nursing, 33(10), 650-656.

https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2012.671441

Coleman, P.K., & Karraker, K.H. (2000). Parenting self

efficacy among mothers of school age children:

Conceptualization, measurement, and correlates.

Family relations, 49(1),13-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/

j.1741-3729.2000.00013.x

Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J.R. (2003). Development Of

A New Resilience Scale: The Connor Davidson

Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression And

Anxiety-Wiley Online Library. Retrieved From

https:/Onlinelibrary.Wiley.Com/Doi/Abs/10.1002/D

a.10113.

Cox, C. R., Eaton, S., Ekas, N. V., & Van Enkevort, E. A.

(2015). Death concerns and psychological well-being

in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Research in Developmental Disabilities, 45,229-238.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.07.029

Digdyani, N., & Kaloeti, D. V. S. (2020). Hubungan

Antara Regulasi Diri Dan Resiliensi Dengan Kualitas

Hidup Pada Perawat Rumah Sakit Swasta X Di Kota

Semarang. Empati, 7(3), 1013-1019.

Fahmy, M. I. (2017). Hubungan Antara Efikasi Diri

Pengasuhan Dengan Psychological Well-Being Ibu

Yang Memiliki Anak Dengan Disabilitas Intelektual di

SLBN Kota Batu. Thesis Malang: Universitas

Muhammadiyah.

Fitriyah, R. A., & Rachmahana, R. S. A. (2020).

Hubungan Antara Parenting Self-Efficacy Dengan

Future Time Perspective Pada Ibu Yang Memiliki

Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. Jurnal Psikologi

TALENTA, 6(1),58-64. https://doi.org/10.26858/

talenta.v6i1.15062

García-López, C., Sarriá, E., & Pozo, P. (2016). Parental

self-efficacy and positive contributions regarding

autism spectrum condition: An actor–partner

interdependence model. Journal of autism and

developmental disorders, 46(7), 2385-2398. DOI

10.1007/s10803-016-2771-z

Guo, Y. (2017). Relationship between Social Support and

Life Satisfaction of College Students: Resilience As a

Mediator and Moderator. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/

eip.2017.2.3

Psychological Well-being in Terms of Parenting Self-efﬁcacy and Resilience in Mothers with Autistic Children in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,

Tangerang and Bekasi

235

Halstead, E., Ekas, N., Hastings, R. P., & Griffith, G. M.

(2018). Associations Between Resilience And The

Well-Being Of Mothers Of Children With Autism

Spectrum Disorder And Other Developmental

Disabilities. Journal Of Autism And Developmental

Disorders, 48(4), 1108-1121. https://doi.org/10.1007/

s10803-017-3447-z

Hanapi, T. N. (2017). Hubungan antara perceived spouse

support dan resiliensi ibu dari anak dengan autism

spectrum disorder. Skripsi. Makassar: Universitas

Hasanuddin.

Hasanah, U., & Retnowati, S. (2019). Dinamika Resiliensi

Ibu Single parent dengan Anak Tuna Ganda. Gadjah

Mada Journal of Psychology (GamaJoP), 3(3), 151-

161. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajop.44106

Hastie, J. L., & Stephens, C. (2019). Vicarious futurity:

Parents' perspectives on locating strengths in

adolescents with autism. Aotearoa New Zealand

Social Work, 31(1), 89-100. doi/10.3316/infor

mit.385745475803843

Hendriani, W. (2017). Resiliensi Psikologis Sebuah

Pengantar. Jakarta: PrenadaMediagrup.

Hermawati, N. (2018). Resiliensi Orang Tua Sunda yang

Memiliki Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. Jurnal

Psikologi Islam dan Budaya, 1(1), 67-74.

https://doi.org/10.15575/jpib.v1i1.2345

Hess, C.,Teti, D., & Hussey, Gardner, B. (2004). Self

Effycacy and parenting of high risk infant: the

moderating role of parent knowledge of infant

development. Applied Developmental Psychology, 25,

423-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2004.06.002

Heward, W.L. (2003). Exceptional Children, An

Introduction to Special Education. New Jersey:

Merrill, Prentice Hall.

Ilias, K., Liaw, J. H. J., Cornish, K., Park, M. S. A., &

Golden, K. J. (2017). Wellbeing of mothers of

children with “AUTISM” in Malaysia: An

interpretative phenomenological analysis study.

Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability,

42(1), 74-89. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2016.

1196657

Irawati, I. (2012). Hubungan antara parenting self-efficacy

dengan psychological well-being ibu dari anak usia

kanak-kanak madya dengan gangguan pendengaran.

Thesis. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.

Kiani, B., & Nami, M. (2017). A comparative analysis on

psychological well-being in mothers of autistic, blind,

and normal-functioning children. Psychology &

Neuroscience, 10(1), 83.https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/

10.1037/pne0000079

Krok, D., & Zarzycka, B. (2020). Self-Efficacy and

Psychological Well-Being in Cardiac Patients:

Moderated Mediation by Affect and Meaning-Making.

The Journal of Psychology, 154(6),411-425.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2020.1772702

Kuhn, J. C., & Carter, A. S. (2006). Maternal self‐efficacy

and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of

children with autism. American Journal of

Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564-575. https://doi.org/10.10

37/0002-9432.76.4.564

Larson, E. (2010). Psychological wellbeing and meaning

making when caregiver for children with disabilities:

Growth through difficult time or sinking inward.

Occupation, Participation, and health, 30(2), 78-87.

https://doi.org/10.3928%2F15394492-20100325-03

Lestari, F. A., & Mariyati, L. I. (2015). Resiliensi ibu yang

memiliki anak down syndrome di Sidoarjo.

Psikologia: Jurnal Psikologi, 3(1), 141-155.

http://doi.org/10.21070/psikologia.v3i1.118

Lewis, P., Abbeduto, L., Murphy, M., Richmond, E.,

Giles, N., Bruno, L., & Schroeder, S. (2006).

Cognitive, language and social‐cognitive skills of

individuals with fragile X syndrome with and without

autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,

50(7), 532-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-

2788.2006.00803.x

Mardiawan, O., Sari, Y., dan Prakoso, H. (2010). Program

peningkatan resiliensi pada ibu yang memiliki anak

autis di Bandung. Prosiding SnaPP 2010 Universitas

Islam bandung

Muniroh, S. M. (2010). Dinamika resiliensi orang tua anak

autis. Jurnal penelitian, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.28918/

jupe.v7i2.112

Nihayati, H. E., Isyuniarsasi, I., & Tristiana, R. D. (2020).

The Relationship of Self-Efficacy Between Resilience

and Life Quality of Caregivers Toward

Schizophrenics. education, 65, 30-1.

Nikmat, A. W., Ahmad, M., Oon, N. L., & Razali, S.

(2008). Stress and psychological wellbeing among

parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 9(2), 65-72.

Oktaviani, Asri N. (2018). Pengaruh Resiliensi Terhadap

Kesejahteraan Psikologis Guru Sekolah Luar Biasa.

Thesis. Jakarta: Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Pradana, A. P., & Kustanti, E. R. (2018). Hubungan

Antara Dukungan Sosial Suami Dengan Psychological

Well-being Pada Ibu Yang Memiliki Anak Autisme.

Empati, 6(2), 83-90. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/

index.php/empati/articl e/view/19734

Reivich, K., Shatte, A. (2002). The resilience factor. New

York: Broadway Books.

Riandita, A. A. (2018). Tingkat stres ibu yang memiliki

anak berkebutuhan khusus. Thesis. Malang:,

University of Muhammadiyah Malang).

Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited:

Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia.

Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263

Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of

psychology well-being revisited. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727.

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.7

Sa’diyah, S. (2016). Gambaran psychological well-being

dan stres pengasuhan ibu dengan anak autis. Seminar

ASEAN Psychology & Humanity, 394-399.

Sabouripour, F., Hassan, C. N., & Roslan, S. (2017).

Predictors Of Resilience Among Iranian Graduate

Students In University Putra Malaysia. International

Journal Of Academic Research In Business And Social

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

236

Sciences, 7, 996-1011. DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-

i14/3756

Safaria, T. (2005). Autisme : Pemahaman Baru Untuk

Hidup Bermakna Bagi Orang Tua. Yogyakarta : Graha

Ilmu.

Sari, P. P., Ayriza, Y. (2019). The Relationship of

parenting self-efficacy as a predictor of resilience to

parents of children with special needs in inclusive

schools. Advances in Social Science, Education and

Humanities Research, 296. 29-32. https://dx.doi.org/

10.2991/icsie-18.2019.6

Sarwar, F., Panatik, S. A., Rajab, A., & Nordin, N. (2019).

Social Support, Optimism, Parental Self-efficacy and

Wellbeing in Mothers of Children with Autism

Spectrum Disorder. Indian Journal of Public Health

Research & Development, 10(9), 1824-1829.DOI:

10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02719.0

Sastaviana, D. (2020). Hubungan antara Psychological

Capital dengan Kesejahteraan Psikologis Karyawan di

PT. X. Jurnal Psikologi TALENTA, 6(1), 30-36.

Schwarzer, R., & Warner, L. M. (2013). Perceived self-

efficacy and its relationship to resilience. In Resilience

in children, adolescents, and adults (pp. 139-150).

Springer, New York, NY.

Setyaningrum, L., Nur’aeni. (2019). Resiliensi dan

kesejahteraan psikologis pada orangtua yang memiliki

anak disabilitas intelektual. Prosiding Seminar

Nasional Prodi PAI UMP, 147-154.

Shumow, L., & Lomax, R. (2002). Parental efficacy:

[predictor of parenting behavior and adolescent

outcome. Parenting science and Practice, 2, 127-151.

https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327922PAR0202_03

Smart, L. K. (2016). Parenting Self-Efficacy In Parents Of

Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. All Theses

And Disertation. Paper 5842.

Solihati, Y. M. (2021). Hubungan Efikasi Diri Pengasuhan

Terhadap Kecemasan Orangtua Anak Dengan

Autisme. Psyche 165 Journal, 14(1), 40-44.

Winesa, S. A., & Saleh, A. Y. (2020). Resiliensi Sebagai

Prediktor Teacher Well-Being. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi

MIND SET, 11(02), 116-128.

Yahya.,Y. A. (2017). Resiliensi orang tua yang memiliki

anak autis. (Studi fenomenologis orang tua yang

memiliki anak autistik yang memenmpuh pendidikan

di sekolah inklusi). Thesis. Universitas Islam Negeri

Sunan Kalijaga. Jogjakarta.

Yuksel, A., & Bayrakci, H. (2019). Self-efficacy,

psychological well-being and perceived social support

levels in pregnant women. International Journal of

Caring Sciences, 12(2), 1-10.

Psychological Well-being in Terms of Parenting Self-efﬁcacy and Resilience in Mothers with Autistic Children in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,

Tangerang and Bekasi

237