Resilience Intervention in Improving Well-Being among Young

Effender: Systematic Literature Review

Ayu Kurnia S.

, Dian Veronika Sakti Kaloeti

and Hastaning Sakti

Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

Family Empowerment Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

Keywords: Resilience Intervention, Wellbeing, Young Offender.

Abstract: The prevalence of young offender was increase in various countries in the world accompanied by various

problem regarding low welfare. Several studies have found that resilience interventions can improve the

welfare of young offender. This research method is Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In addition, the

research design uses Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)

guidelines with the process of searching and filtering articles using the help of POP 7 and Rayyan search

applications. The literature study used articles published in Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect,

Scimago, and EBSCO. The characteristics of the articles reviewed are uses experimental research methods,

has a purpose to find out the effect of resilience interventions on the well-being of young offender, and

publish in the range of 2011- 2022. The study results showed that there were 8 relevant main articles out of

976 articles in the early stages of the study. The results showed that the resilience intervention was proven

to be effective in increasing the well-being of young offender. However, the implementation of the

intervention still focuses on seeing the short-term effects of the treatment, so that further research can

examine the long-term effects of the treatment. In addition, the lack of discipline of participants was

reported to be an obstacle to the implementation of the intervention program. Further research needs to

develop an intervention strategy by involving parents or prison officials in the program mentoring process.

1 INTRODUCTION

Goldson (2020) reported that the number of young

offender per 100,000 population in the world

reached 3,130. An international survey conducted by

The International Self-Report Delinquency Study

(ISRD) reported in 27 countries in the world

showing that acts of robbery, assault and theft were

committed by 62,168 of 230,552 teenagers or 27.3%

of teenagers in the world (Enzmann et al., 2018). in

Indonesia, every year there are more than 4,000

cases of law violations committed by juveniles who

are submitted to courts and 83% of them experience

a decision to be imprisoned (Badan Pusat Statistik,

2020). Furthermore, based on the 2021 correctional

database system among 33 LPKA throughout

Indonesia, there are 1613 juveniles who have

received decisions as inmates in correctional

institutions (Direktorat Jenderal Pemasyarakatan,

2021).

Young offender was in the adolescent age range,

namely 10-21 years (Child Right International

Network, 2021). Hurlock (2010) explains the

various characteristics of adolescent development.

The first period of adolescence as an important

period. Rapid physical development is accompanied

by rapid mental development, especially in early

adolescence. All these developments raise the need

for mental adjustment and the need to form new

attitudes, values, and interests (Hurlock, 2010).

Second, adolescence is a transitional period that

gives teens time to try different lifestyles and

determine the most appropriate behavior patterns,

values, and traits for themselves (Hurlock, 2010).

Third, adolescence is a period of change, when

physical changes occur rapidly, changes in behavior

and attitudes also take place rapidly. Fourth,

adolescence as a troubled age and the search for

identity. In the early years of adolescence,

adjustment to the group is still important for boys

and girls. Gradually, teenagers begin to yearn for

identity and are no longer satisfied with being the

same as their friends in everything, as before. This

ambiguous status of adolescents creates a dilemma

274

S., A., Kaloeti, D. and Sakti, H.

Resilience Intervention in Improving Well-Being among Young Effender: Systematic Literature Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0010811300003347

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche 2021), pages 274-282

ISBN: 978-989-758-580-7

that causes adolescents to experience identity crises

or ego- identity problems in adolescents. Fifth,

adolescence is an age that creates fear with various

things including the future, friendships and views

from society. Sixth, adolescence is an unrealistic

period, not only for himself but also for his family

and friends, which causes high emotions from early

adolescence.

Young offender encounter various dynamics of

problems that different by teenagers in general

(Goldson, 2020). Adjusting to a new life in prison is

a challenge that is not easy to overcome, especially

regard to physical activity and psychosocial life

(Cartwright, Fraser, Edmunds, Wilkinson, & Jacobs,

2014). Another problem related to the limited social

relations with the outside world, both in school

activities and playing activities (Maslihah, 2017).

The impact of imprisonment on adolescents also

causes adolescents to be far from their parents,

peers, and their environment (Hilman & Indrawati,

2017). Furthermore, Lambie dan Randell (2013)

conveyed in their research that young offender

encounter various mental health problems including

anxiety and depression. Underwood and Washington

(2016) added that mental health problems

experienced by children inmates are important issues

that need to be addressed immediately. In addition to

having a negative impact on young offender, the

mental health problems experienced can present

problems in the surrounding environment (Dyer &

Gregory, 2014). The unique dynamics of young

offender that have been described, along with the

need for special treatment as well (Rodríguez et al.,

2010).

Young offender need wellbeing to meet these

various dynamics. Salam et al. (2016) define

wellbeing as the welfare of adolescents from various

aspects, namely physical aspects related to sexual or

reproductive health, nutrition, immunization, and

psychological aspects related to improving mental

health and handling accidents or injuries.

Adolescents who have good well- being are

considered to have a low level of stress as evidenced

by the decrease in negative actions that endanger

themselves (Sigfusdottir et al., 2017). In addition,

mental, physical, and psychological well-being is

considered to be able to help adolescents overcome

various developmental crises they experience and

provide skills for adolescents to survive (Cunsolo,

2017). Various psychological interventions have

been carried out to improve the well-being of young

offender. Sumargi and Giovanni (2021) and Buston

et al., (2012) tried to develop Strength-Based

Parenting to improve wellbeing in adolescents by

involving parents in handling it. In addition,

Williams et al. (2015) tried to develop a sports-based

intervention called Rugby Sport Intervention to

improve the physical and psychological well-being

of young offender.

Simpson et al. (2018) developed a Mindfulness-

Based Intervention which considered capable of

presenting emotional and behavioral management

skills to young offender. More specifically, Skinner-

osei et al. (2019) developed a series of psychological

interventions to overcome trauma in young offender

which further impacted the psychological well-being

experienced. However, Barretto et al. (2018)

revealed that the forms of handling in the juvenile

justice system at the penitentiary are currently still

focused on programs that are rehabilitative in nature

and are followed by actions that are more punitive.

Resilience intervention is an effort to be

considered. Resilience interventions are considered

to be able to bring welfare to young offender both

emotionally, cognitively, behaviorally, and

interpersonally (Hodgkinson et al., 2020). In

addition, the resilience capabilities built in young

offender can be preventive in nature, which can

reduce the risk of recidivist actions and can improve

long-term welfare (Fougere & Daffern, 2011) due to

the dynamic form of handling young offender is

needed in order to provide psychological well-being

(Underwood & Washington, 2016). Young people

value continuity and sufficient time to develop trust

in staff. Resilience interventions give young

offender attention and respect, gain insight into

themselves and how to change their behavior;

knowledge of employment and education

opportunities; and helping to have life skills that can

indirectly improve wellbeing (Campbell et al.,

2014). However, there has been no in-depth study

related to various forms of resilience interventions

that have existed, the effectiveness of resilience

interventions to improve wellbeing in young

offender and the extent of success of existing

resilience intervention practices. Existing studies are

still focused on developing each intervention carried

out by Hodgkinson et al. (2020), on the other hand,

there is a need for practitioners and policy makers

for a comprehensive study of an intervention in

young offender (Barretto et al., 2018).

Based on the explanation above, the objective of

this article are to examine various studies related

resilience interventions to improve wellbeing in

young offender throught literature review.

Resilience Intervention in Improving Well-Being among Young Effender: Systematic Literature Review

275

2 METHOD

2.1 Research Participants

Participants in this study were young offender

around the world. The inclusion criteria for the

participants in the study were (1) having a decision

as a young offender and (2) being a teenager in the

age range of 10-21 years. The determination of the

age limit for young offender varies in each country,

but based on a study from Child Right International

Network (2021) shows that the age of young

offender around the world is in the age range of 10-

21 years.

2.2 Article Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria in this research article are:

1. The research subjects are 10-21 years old,

2. The study uses experimental research methods,

3. The article focuses on looking at the effect of

resilience interventions on the well-being of young

offender,

4. The articles published are in the range of 2011-

2021.

2.3 Research Questions

The questions in this study are: What are the forms

of resilience intervention designs to improve

wellbeing in young offender? What are the

advantages and disadvantages of the interventions

that have been carried out? and What is the success

rate of the interventions carried out?

2.4 Research Design

This study uses systematic review steps from include

the development of research question, forming

criteria, search strategy, searching databases,

protocol registration, title, abstract, full-text

screening, manual searching, extracting data, quality

assessment, data checking, statistical analysis,

double data checking, and manuscript writing

(Tawfik et al., 2019).

2.5 Data Analyses Steps

The data found will be evaluated based on the

quality assessment criteria questions as follows: 1.

Are the research subjects in the age range of 10-21

years?, 2. Is the method used in the study using

experimental research methods?, 3. Does the article

focus on seeing the effect or the effectiveness of

family resilience interventions on the well-being of

young offender? 4. Are the articles published in the

2011-2021 range?. From each paper, two answers

will be given, namely a score of 1 for Y (Yes) and a

score of 2 for T (No). The data analysis techniques

in study consist of five stage namely constant

comparison analysis, domain analysis, taxonomic

analysis, componential analysis, and theme analysis

(Onwuegbuzie et al., 2012).

The method used in this study is the Systematic

Literature Review (SLR), with the research design

using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic

Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines

which go through the process of searching and

filtering articles using the help of the POP 7 search

application (Harzing, 2017) and Rayyan (Ouzzani et

al., 2016).

The data collected in this study are primary and

secondary data from journals originating from

search engines with the site addresses of Scopus,

Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scimago, APA

PsycNet and EBSCO. This is because Scopus

Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scimago, and

EBSCO provide complete facilities, the data found

is easy to search, and displays the year of

publication that can be tailored to events based on

the needs of researchers.

Data collection in the study was obtained

through several stages, including observation

(observation), literature study to conduct data

assessment studies related to the SLR Method in

journals obtained from Scopus, Google Scholar,

ScienceDirect, Scimago, APA PsycNet and EBSCO,

literature search methods in research This method

uses keywords, while the keywords used use the

Boolen search technique (Muhammad, 2017) which

can be seen in the list of keywords in table 1.

Table 1: Research keyword list.

Main Keywords

Alternative Supporting

Keywords

Resilience intervention

Psychosocial-Based

Resilience Intervention,

Family Resilience

Intervention, Resilience

Treatment

Wellbeing

Psychological Wellbeing,

Emotional Wellbeing,

Physical Wellbeing

Young Offender

Youth Justice Population,

Incarcerated youth,

incarcerated young men

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

276

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The results of the search for research articles were

carried out from April 20, 2021 - June 27, 2021 and

obtained 976 articles. The articles found are stored

and checked using the Rayyan application. Then the

articles were selected based on a duplication check

and it was found that 15 articles were deleted

because they could not be accessed thoroughly by

researchers and as many as 107 articles had

duplicates. The next check was checking based on

keywords, titles and access of each journal. A total

of 853 articles did not meet the inclusion criteria

namely519 articles do not used an experimental

research design, 104 articles had research subjects

outside of their teens, 102 articles was not articles

with a resilience intervention approach, and 128

articles had an article published before 2011. Based

on this, 7 articles were obtained that met the

inclusion criteria of this study. The process of

searching for articles in this study is shown in

Figure 1.

Figure 1: Stages of Searching Research Articles.

Resilience Intervention in Improving Well-Being among Young Effender: Systematic Literature Review

277

The first source of literature from Kelley et al.,

(2014) which developed an intervention using three

principles, namely the principle of mind by

combining various experiences experienced, the

principle of mind related to all feelings, beliefs, and

perceptions that are felt, and the principle of

awareness. by diverting the perceptions that arose in

the mind to the visible physical aspects (Kelley et

al., 2014). The participants in this study were young

offender and this study found that the three

principles of resilience that were developed

effectively could increase the well-being of young

offender and reduce the past trauma experienced

(Kelley et al., 2014). However, the extent of the

effectiveness of the developed interventions had not

been clearly described in this study.

The second source of literature from Lo et al.

(2020) which tries to develop an experimental

psychological skill program based on three main

variables, namely positive psychology which

involved the principles of resilience, cognitive–

behavioral therapy, and mindfulness-based

activities. The implementation of the intervention

was carried out by developing 11 thinking skills

which were implemented through various activities

in weekly sessions which were flexibly scheduled to

adjust the activities in the related prison. The scale

used in this study were the wellbeing scale and

psychological distress scale. This study participants

were 24 correctional students at Adelaide. The

results showed that the intervention developed was

proven to be effective in increasing wellbeing.

Participants in this study conveyed various benefits

obtained from this training including reduced

intensity of physical aggressiveness, paying more

attention to others, learning to treat others as they

would like to be treated, paying attention when

others speak, being able to think when facing

problems, and being able to recognize strengths in

self (Lo et al., 2020). Several participants mentioned

that they would use the acquired skills to help avoid

negative influences from the environment, and this

was helped by the contextually relevant examples

that were presented. However, this study aims to

investigated the short-term effect of the intervention

that has been carried out by looking at the

acceptance of the overall intervention that has been

carried out and the increase in perceived

psychological well-being. In future research, it is

necessary to developed it by looking at the long-

term effects of the implementation of the

interventions carried out.

The third source of literature from Raymond et al.

(2019) which tries to developed Positive psychology

interventions (PPIs). This study comprehensively

described a logical model that focuses on individual

growth among young offender. The Resilient Futures

program, developed by The Resilient Futures

program, developed by the South Australian Health

and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Wellbeing

and Resilience Center was used as a reference in the

intervention. The results of this study indicated that

the modeling offered was proven to be effective in

improving the well-being of young offenders, in

addition to offering flexible and easy-to-access

methods for program designers, facilitators, and

researchers to implement in the future.

The fourth source of literature from Cesana et al.

(2018). The purpose of implementing the

intervention was to help prisoners identify resources

and risk factors that exist in individuals, in addition,

this study aims to test the feasibility of resilience

interventions on the subject of young offenders. The

intervention implementation process was carried out

with 8 workshop sessions, including presenting a

special session to practice drawing and involving the

process of group activities to build interaction

between individuals. The results of this study

indicated that the implementation of the intervention

was proven to be effective in increasing the well-

being of individuals. The limitation in this study was

the number of participants who died in the middle of

the intervention.

The fifth literature source from (Daykin et al.,

2017). Each program was facilitated by two or three

young professional musicians who typically provide

weekly sessions of ninety minutes to three hours

over a six-week period. Musicians was drawn from

seven groups, mostly duos and trios, and in some

sessions the program includes guest solo artists.

Music genres featured include jazz, folk, world,

classical and pop. Participants was trained to work

with vulnerable participants, including correctional

protégés, and they was supervised by the research

partner institution's senior project manager. In this

study, there were more male musicians than female,

while the researcher served as an observer and was

always present during the session. The facilitator

was tasked with implementing active learning

techniques for working in small groups, introducing

participants to a variety of instruments, including

strings, percussion, keyboard, and electronics. The

implementation of this intervention was proven to be

effective in increasing the well-being of young

offender. However, studies on other psychological

impacts need to be considered due to the merging of

vulnerable groups with groups that have good

wellbeing.

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The sixth literature from Rashid et al (2014). The

experiment was carried out in the form of Strength-

based Resilience (SBR) which discussed more

deeply about risk factors and protective factors in

correctional students. The intervention was carried

out for 14 sessions, namely 8 weeks with a duration

of 60 minutes for young offender. The results of the

intervention had been proven to be effective in

increasing holistic wellbeing in individuals, both in

physical, mental and psychological health.

The seventh literature from Byrne (2017). The

process of implementing the intervention was

mindfulness-based intervention combined with a

resilient approach. This study participants were

young offender and. the implementation of the

intervention was proven to be effective in increasing

resilience and well- being in young offender, but the

implementation of the intervention was considered

not optimal because the participation rate of research

subjects was very low. In the implementation of

follow-up research, many of the participants did not

continue the program.

The eighth source of literature from Barnert et al.

(2014). The intervention was carried out for 10

weeks using three evaluation scales, namely

Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, Adolescent

version, Healthy Self-Regulation Scale, Teen

Conflict Survey- Impulsiveness Subscale, Perceived

Stress Scale 10. This study participants were 29

correctional students at California. In addition, a

qualitative study was also conducted to see the

extent of the process. well-being felt by the

participants. The implementation of the intervention

in this study was considered effective for improving

the well-being of the inmates.

The Effectivity of Resilience Intervention on

Wellbeing of Young Offender

The results of 8 article’s literature review in this

study indicate that resilience interventions were

proven to be effective in increasing wellbeing in

young offender. However, the whole article has not

revealed the effectiveness of the implementation of

the given intervention. In several articles, it was

complemented by the results of qualitative research

studies through interview methods on research

subjects, one of which was Lo et al. (2020) who

reported that participants in the study conveyed

various benefits obtained from training including

reduced intensity of physical aggressiveness, paying

more attention to others, learning to treat others the

way they want to be treated, paying attention when

other people talk, being able to think when facing

problems, and be able to recognize one's own

strengths.

In line with this reserach, a qualitative study

conducted by Konaszewski et al. (2021) revealed

that the resilience skills possessed by individuals are

significantly able to improve individual mental

health, which in a sustainable manner can improve

wellbeing. In addition, Hodgkinson et al. (2020)

revealed that resilience interventions were able to

reduce the risk of recidivism due to perceived

psychological changes including an increased sense

of coherence, increased emotional recognition, more

positive decision making and decreased acts of

defiance.

Based on the results of the literature review in

this study, there were various kinds of existing

resilience interventions that are fully focused on the

dimensions of resilience, namely research conducted

by Kelley et al., (2014); Raymond et al. (2019); dan

Rashid et al (2014) as well as various integrations of

resilience approaches with other approaches

including the mindfulness approach (Byrne, 2017),

cognitive behavioral therapy (Lo et al., 2020), and

meditation (Barnert et al., 2014). The integrated

approach is considered very effective in increasing

the well-being of young offender, especially by

involving the closest people from the participants,

both parents and program assistants in prison.

Moreover, Indonesia has distinctive characteristics,

especially related to the strong influence of the role

of parents and family on the development of

children, both social, physical, psychological, and

financial needs (Riasmini & Sahar, 2013). Parents

are judged to be able to sensitively understand the

needs of their children, so that they can be taken into

consideration and material in providing interventions

(Buston et al., 2012). Based on this, it can be a

recommendation for further researchers to involve

parents and or families in the process of

implementing resilience interventions.

In the COVID-19 pandemic, an effective

approach is needed to be carried out at LPKA while

still paying attention to program safety and the

health of training participants (Soklaridis et al.,

2020). The results of this study can be a source of

literature regarding various variations of resilience

intervention implementation techniques, including

by integrating them with online methods carried out

by (Lo et al., 2020) and combining them with

various approaches, namely mindfulness (Byrne,

2017), cognitive behavioral therapy (Lo et al., 2020),

and meditation (Barnert et al., 2014).

Resilience Intervention in Improving Well-Being among Young Effender: Systematic Literature Review

279

The Limitations of the Implementation of

Resilience Interventions

The implementation of resilience interventions that

were carried out in all studies in this study, still

focused on seeing the short-term effects of the given

intervention, not yet seeing the long-term effects of

treatment. Thus, further research can be developed

to see the long-term effects of the given intervention.

The limitations of implementing resilience

interventions carried out in several existing studies

are mainly related to the lack of participants' level of

discipline during the program. Byrne (2017)

reported that the number of participants at the

beginning of the intervention compared to the end of

the intervention program decreased significantly.

Resilience interventions need to involve various

elements in young offenderincluding the

involvement of parents, counselors, and the

government.

This is because the involvement of parents in

providing assistance to children is considered very

effective in overcoming various psychological

problems in the future and the complexity of the

problems being experienced (Buston et al., 2012).

Parents are judged to be able to sensitively

understand the needs of their children, so that they

can be taken into consideration and material in

providing interventions (Buston et al., 2012). In

addition, further research can develop resilience

interventions by integrating them through various

intervention approaches including Mindfulness-

Based Intervention (Simpson et al., 2018) in the

form of presenting emotional and behavioral

management skills to young offender, Strength-

Based Parenting Intervention (Sumargi & Giovanni,

2021), Rugby Sport Intervention (Williams et al.,

2015) by incorporating sports activities into a series

of activities.

4 CONCLUSION

Resilience interventions were proven to be effective

in increasing well-being, so it can be concluded that

resilience interventions can be an alternative to

improve well-being in the young offender. In

addition, four studies showed that the

implementation of the intervention had evolved by

integrating it with various approaches. Furthermore,

participants reported many perceived benefits,

including reducing intensity of physical aggression,

paying more attention to others, learning to treat

others as they would like to be treated, paying

attention when others speak, being able to think

when facing problems, and being able to recognize

one's strengths.

The implementation of resilience interventions

carried out in all studies in this study still focused on

seeing the short-term effects of the given

intervention. Thus, further research can be develop

to see the long- term impact of the intervention. In

addition, the limitations of implementing resilience

interventions carried out in several existing studies

were mainly related to the lack of discipline of

participants during the intervention program,

especially programs that do not involve the closest

individuals to the participants, namely parents and

prison officials. Therefore, further research needs to

develop an intervention strategy involving parents

and prison officials in the implementation process.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was supported by Institute for

Research and Community Services Universitas

Diponegoro under International Publication

Research's scheme (Grant No: 185-

76/UN7.6.1/PP/2021).

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