Study on Dynamic Evaluation of River Health based on Theme

Service

Xu Zhang

, Xiao Zhang

1,*

, Jianhong Yang

, Jiancang Xie

, Wentao Shi

and Dan Yuan

State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048,

Shaanxi, China

Shaanxi Provincial Water Resources and River Bank Dispatch Center, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi, China

Keywords: Dynamic evaluation, River health, Theme service

Abstract: In view of the shortcomings of traditional river health evaluation, such as fixed indexes and poor adaptability,

the information technology was applied to the evaluation, and a dynamic evaluation mode of river health

based on theme service was proposed. First, determine the evaluation themes which based on river health

issues. Second, establish the river health dynamic evaluation process which based on the theme service. Third,

construct the evaluation index database and componentize the evaluation method. Finally, draw the

knowledge map of the evaluation theme on the synthesis integrated platform and build the river health

dynamic evaluation system. A case study was carried out to evaluate the river health in the Xianyang-Xi'an

section of the main stream of Weihe River from two themes: river ecological environment quality and river

social service function capacity. The results show that the dynamic evaluation of river health based on the

theme service can be achieved quickly and from multiple angles, and the results are more credible, which can

better meet the needs of decision makers compared with the traditional evaluation methods. The results are

of great significance for promoting the construction of river ecological civilization and have practicability and

popularization value.

1 INTRODUCTION

River health evaluation is a description and

assessment of the current situation of the river. It is of

great significance to propose effective river

protection measures and scientific water resources

allocation schemes for the sustainable development

of the river, the ecological environment construction

of the basin and the rational utilization of water

resources (Pinto & Maheshwari, 2014). Many

scholars at home and abroad have carried out study

on river health and achieved many beneficial results.

In the early stage of research, biological monitoring

methods such as Australian River evaluation Plan,

South Africa's scoring system and Fish Aggregate

Integrity Index (FAII) were widely used to evaluate

the health of rivers (Chen et al., 2014). However, river

not only have biological integrity but also their

specific physical structure integrity, and the overall

situation of rivers cannot be comprehensively

evaluated only by the damage of river organisms

(Wang et al., 2019). After that, comprehensive index

methods such as River Habitat Survey (RHS) (Raven

et al., 1998), RCE score (Petersen, 1992) and Index

of Stream Condition (ISC) in Australia (Anthony et

al., 1999) have become a new research direction.

China also put forward the indexes, standards, and

methods of river health evaluation (for pilot projects)

in 2010 to guide the pilot projects of national river

health evaluation and provide an important reference

for river health evaluation in China. Li et al. (2016)

established the river ecosystem health evaluation

index system of Huaihe River Basin (Henan Section)

based on four indexes: hydrological characteristics,

water quality, biological conditions, and geomorphic

characteristics. Gu et al. (2018) established the North

Canal River ecosystem health evaluation index

system based on four indexes: hydrology, water

quality, aquatic organisms, and habitat status. Chen et

al. (2019) comprehensively considered the feasibility

condition of Lhasa River, established a multi-level

and multi-index evaluation system based on the

characteristics of ecological environment, social and

economic development of Lhasa River, to provide

reference for the management and protection of Lhasa

River Basin. Previous studies on river health

Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Yang, J., Xie, J., Shi, W. and Yuan, D.

Study on Dynamic Evaluation of River Health based on Theme Service.

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021), pages 341-350

ISBN: 978-989-758-560-9; ISSN: 1755-1315

341

evaluation mainly focus on the construction of index

system or the selection of evaluation model, but there

are some problems such as the fixed evaluation index

system, and the evaluation model is difficultly to

adapt to dynamic changes.

Aiming at the complex river health problems, this

paper proposes a dynamic evaluation mode of river

health based on Theme Service (Xie et al., 2015) to

carry out dynamic evaluation of river health, the

purpose is to solve the problems of fixed indexes and

weak adaptability in traditional river health

evaluation. By constructing the evaluation index

database, the deviation of traditional evaluation

caused by less evaluation indexes are avoided. By

componentizing the evaluation method, the rapid and

accurate river health evaluation service is provided.

The evaluation process is visualized based on the

synthesis integrated platform, which improves the

credibility of the evaluation, can quickly modify the

evaluation indexes and methods, and provide

dynamic and feedback correction evaluation services.

Taking the Xianyang-Xi'an section of the main

stream of Weihe River as an example, based on field

research, two evaluation themes were finally

determined, a river health dynamic evaluation system

based on theme service was established, and dynamic

evaluation was carried out for each theme. The

research results of this paper are of great significance

to reasonably formulate the health protection

measures, maintain the normal natural and social

functions and promote the construction of ecological

civilization of Weihe River.

2 DYNAMIC EVALUATION OF

RIVER HEALTH

2.1 Support of Dynamic Evaluation

Theme Service

The synthesis integrated platform is an information

platform to realize component customization and call,

evaluation model integration, knowledge map

drawing and editing, knowledge accumulation and

retrieval, and decision-making discussion (Lian et al.,

2019). The platform system framework is designed

based on Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). The

biggest difference from the traditional evaluation

system is that there is no specific business function.

All applications are built through knowledge map and

components, and specific decision evaluation

application systems can be gradually built through

application combinations (Xie & Luo, 2010). It

makes the application system have strong flexibility.

It is the foundation and support for the realization of

dynamic evaluation theme service. The synthesis

integrated platform can establish and improve the

feedback mechanism for the participation of decision

makers and experts in the decision-making process

and give full play to their experience and wisdom.

2.2 Process of Dynamic Evaluation

Theme Service

The theme service of dynamic evaluation should start

from defining the theme. Under the guidance of

evaluation objectives, evaluators refer to the

experience and knowledge of experts and themselves

and divide complex evaluation problems into

multiple core themes. Under the strong guidance of

theme driven, through qualitative discussion, with

professional theoretical knowledge as the master line,

clarify the relevant concepts and relationships, and

initially formulate the structure of evaluation

knowledge map. In the evaluation process, select the

evaluation indexes and method components related to

the theme, combine the pre-developed indexes and

method components with the knowledge map,

quickly build the evaluation model suitable for

different themes, and realize the dynamic evaluation

of visible and credible with online rapid response and

flexible correction of evaluation methods. The

process of dynamic evaluation of theme services is

shown in Figure 1. With the needs of management

and decision-making, the continuous changes of

evaluation objectives and the continuous

development of evaluation work, themes can be

constantly updated and accumulated to form a

comprehensive and rich evaluation theme database,

which can provide guidance for future evaluation and

make effective use of knowledge.

Figure 1: The basic process of dynamic evaluation

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342

2.3 Construction of Evaluation Index

Database

Indexes usually do not exist independently, and there

are often related and inclusive relationships among

indexes. It is easy to generate disputes in the process

of description, production and use. The reliability of

index data itself and the processing process of data

are very important. Only on the open and

interoperable data-based platform, can indexes

realize their potential (Wilsdon et al., 2015). In this

paper, the definition and evaluation standard of the

index are given. According to the index calculation

method, the production process of the index is

component-based, and the index is processed in the

form of knowledge map, which can reduce

misunderstanding as much as possible and give full

play to the potential of the index. The index database

is a complete set of indexes that may be involved in

the evaluation of a certain field. It can be established

by consulting relevant experts, querying scientific

research literature and other ways. By

componentizing these indexes, an evaluation index

component database for this field is formed.

Evaluators can find valuable indexes from the index

database according to their needs.

2.4 Componentization of Evaluation

Method

The evaluation method is component-based, that is,

the evaluator develops and designs the weight

calculation method components and evaluation

method components according to the purpose of

decision and evaluation. After testing, they are

uploaded to the Web server, and finally the evaluation

method component library is built. The use of

component library is simple and low-cost. Evaluators

only need to know the service objects and computing

properties of all components in the component

library, obtain the corresponding components through

personalized customization and evaluation theme,

and add them to the corresponding nodes of the

knowledge map to calculate the weight of each

evaluation index and the evaluation results.

Weight calculation component library: There are

many methods to calculate the weight of each index

in evaluation. In addition to AHP, there are principal

component analysis, Delphi, mean square error,

membership frequency, entropy determination and so

on. Each method has its own advantages and

disadvantages and application. If these weight

calculation methods are packaged into components,

the evaluators can use them on demand, or use a

variety of weight determination methods for

comparative analysis.

Evaluation method component library: The

starting point, evaluation mechanism and applicable

objects of different comprehensive evaluation

methods are different, and each method has its

advantages and disadvantages. The evaluation

conclusions of different methods for the same object

may not be consistent. The evaluation method is

packaged as a component, and the evaluation method

component library is constructed. The advantages and

disadvantages of these methods and the applicable

objects are compared and summarized. The evaluator

can customize different methods components at any

time, dynamically get the evaluation results of

different methods and support decision-making. Due

to the limited space, the paper takes the compound

fuzzy matter element method as an example to

analyze how to make the evaluation method

component based.

Step 1. the calculation steps of compound fuzzy

matter element (Du et al., 2021):

(1) Using m eigenvalues of n things to construct

m-dimensional composite fuzzy matter elements 𝑄



of n things:

𝑄



=

𝑞



⋯𝑞



⋮⋮

𝑞





⋯

𝑞





)

𝑞



is the corresponding index value.

(2) In fuzzy matter-element model, the fuzzy

value is usually the relative membership degree 𝑢(𝑞)

of each characteristic value. According to the

characteristics and functions of the index, it can be

divided into the larger the better type (Formula 2) and

the smaller the better type (Formula 3). The

calculation formulas are as follows:

𝑢



𝑞



𝑞



(2)

𝑢



𝑞



𝑞



(3)

Where 𝑢



is the normalized value of index 𝑞



;

𝑞



and 𝑞



is the maximum and minimum of

each index.

(3) The relative membership of each eigenvalue is

used to construct the fuzzy matter element with

superior membership 𝑄′



𝑄





=

𝑢



⋯𝑢



⋮⋮

𝑢





⋯𝑢





)

Study on Dynamic Evaluation of River Health based on Theme Service

343

(4) Using the constructed standard fuzzy matter

element 𝑄



and 𝑄′



to calculate the difference

square fuzzy matter element 𝑄



𝑄



=

𝛥



⋯𝛥



⋮⋮

𝛥





⋯𝛥





(5)

Where 𝛥



=𝑢



𝑢







(

𝑖=1,2,∙∙∙, 𝑚;𝑗=1,2,∙

∙∙,𝑛

)

The u in standard fuzzy matter element takes the

maximum value of the superior membership degree

of each evaluation index, which is generally 1.

(5) Substitute the weight and difference squared

fuzzy matter element 𝑄



into the calculation to get

the Euclid nearness ρ



, the ρ



is used to represent

the comprehensive index of river health. According

to the closeness degree, the river health status is

classified, and the evaluation grade is given.



=1



𝓌



𝛥







(6)

𝓌



is the weight value.

Step 2. According to the above steps, combined

with the component development process, the

compound fuzzy matter element method is divided

into five computing components: compound fuzzy

matter element construction component, relative

membership calculation component, fuzzy matter

element based on optimal membership degree

construction component, difference square fuzzy

matter element calculation component, Euclidean

approach degree calculation component. According

to the process in step 1, the logical relationship of the

five computing components is determined as shown

in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Composite fuzzy matter-element method calculation component module relationship map.

Step 3. Based on the synthesis integrated platform,

the component technology is used to develop the

computing components divided in step 2 and stored

in the method component library of the platform.

During the evaluation process, the relevant

components can be called from the method

component library for calculation.

2.5 Drawing of Evaluation Theme

Knowledge Map

After determining the evaluation theme, establishing

the relevant evaluation index database and

modularizing the evaluation method, draw the

knowledge map of the evaluation theme based on the

synthesis integrated platform. Firstly, open the

synthesis integrated platform, create a new

knowledge map, draw the knowledge map according

to the established evaluation process, retrieve the

components related to the required evaluation indexes

and methods from the component library, and add the

components to the corresponding nodes of the

knowledge map after customization; if the knowledge

package has been drawn and meets the requirements

of the evaluation theme, the existing knowledge map

results can be opened through the knowledge pack

management interface, and can be used directly or

after modification on the original knowledge map.

After the knowledge map is modified, it is packaged

and released to achieve the purpose of knowledge

accumulation and sharing. In the follow-up

evaluation or evaluation for other themes, we can

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344

make full use of the existing relevant achievements of

the theme database as a reference for solving similar

complex decision-making problems. The main work

of theme knowledge map includes drawing nodes,

designing component interfaces, customizing

components, etc. There are some connections

between these works, such as the data requirements

of front-end components flowing to subsequent

components in the evaluation process, or the

relationship between front-end nodes and back-end

nodes in the knowledge map. Based on the drawn

theme evaluation knowledge map, select and

customize the method components suitable for the

evaluation theme from the component library, quickly

get the evaluation results of different methods, and

realize dynamic evaluation.

3 APPLICATION EXAMPLES

3.1 Support of Dynamic Evaluation

Theme Service

Weihe River is the largest tributary of the Yellow

River, with a total length of 818 km and main stream

of 502km in Shaanxi. It flows through Baoji,

Xianyang, Yang ling agricultural demonstration area,

Xi'an and Weinan and across Guanzhong Plain. In

Shaanxi, the upstream section is above Baoji, the

midstream section is from Baoji Gorge to Xianyang,

and the downstream section is after Xianyang. The

elevation difference between the upstream and

downstream is nearly 3000m.

In this study, the watershed controlled by

Xianyang hydrological station to Lintong

hydrological station of Weihe River is selected as the

study area. The Xianyang-Xi'an section of the main

stream of Weihe River is about 63.48km long and the

watershed area is about 11600km

.This area is

located in the downstream area of Weihe River,

belonging to the impact plain, with gentle terrain and

many tributaries. The total population of Xi'an and

Xianyang is large, and the industry is relatively

developed. Therefore, the main stream of Weihe

River in this area is the direct receiving water body of

industrial wastewater and domestic sewage on both

banks of Weihe River, and this area is a relatively

serious area of the whole main stream of Weihe

River.

The data used in this paper come from Shaanxi

water resources bulletin, Shaanxi Provincial monthly

report on water environment and so on.

3.2 Establish the Themes and Methods

of River Health Evaluation

According to the previous investigation on the

Xianyang-Xi'an section of the main stream of Weihe

River, considering the concerns of the management

department and the actual situation of the river, and

combined with the opinions of relevant experts, two

types of themes for river health evaluation are

determined. The themes determined in this paper

mainly consider the river ecosystem structure and

social service function, including the theme of river

ecological environment quality and the theme of river

social service function capacity. After determining

the evaluation theme, the evaluation method is

modularized according to Section 2.4. For the above

two themes, by reviewing literature and consulting

experts, this paper decides to use analytic hierarchy

process, principal component analysis, fuzzy

comprehensive evaluation, composite fuzzy matter-

element method, and comprehensive index method to

optimize and evaluate the indexes under different

themes. Above methods are detailed in the literatures

(Du et al., 2021; Zeng et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2007;

Liu et al., 2018; Shen, 2008) and are not repeated in

the paper due to space constraints.

3.3 Construction of Evaluation Index

System under Different Themes

Due to the complexity of river health status and the

differences of health problems in different rivers,

there is no fixed index system that can be applied to

the health evaluation of any river. It is necessary to

update the theme and modify the index system

according to the actual situation of the river. Through

the early investigation and analysis of the health

status of the Xianyang-Xi'an section of the main

stream of Weihe River, combined with expert

opinions, the evaluation indexes corresponding to

each theme are selected from the 42 evaluation

indexes (omitted) in the evaluation index database

constructed in Section 2.3, the initial evaluation index

system is established, and then the indexes are

optimized in combination with subjective experience

and expert opinions. The evaluation indexes are

optimized by fusing multi-source data (Yang et al.,

2015). The methods mainly include: using the

calculation results of analytic hierarchy process to

eliminate the indexes with small weight, using

common diagnosis and correlation analysis to

eliminate the indexes with high correlation degree,

using sensitivity analysis to eliminate the indexes

with low discrimination, and using principal

Study on Dynamic Evaluation of River Health based on Theme Service

345

component analysis to calculate the load matrix of

each initial index. Extract the indexes with high load,

and finally construct the evaluation index system

suitable for each theme. Through the screening and

sensitivity analysis of the initial evaluation index

system. 19 evaluation indexes are finally determined

in Figure 3, including 13 indexes of river ecological

environment quality and 6 indexes of river social

service function capacity.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Evaluation index system of different themes of river health in the Xianyang-Xi'an section of the main stream of

Weihe River.

3.4 Dynamic Evaluation based on the

Synthesis Integrated Platform

Based on the synthesis integrated platform, the

evaluation index systems corresponding to different

themes constructed above are described and

visualized, and the evaluation knowledge maps

corresponding to different indexes are drawn, as

shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. According to the

knowledge map, call the weight calculation method

component developed in Section 2.4 to calculate the

weight of each theme of evaluation indexes. After

calculating the weight of each evaluation index,

obtain the statistical data of each evaluation index

from the database, and call the evaluation method

component developed in Section 2.4 to calculate the

evaluation results of the theme. Considering the

complexity and dynamism of the actual situation of

different rivers, when the river needs to increase the

evaluation theme or supplementary evaluation index

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when the great change takes place, based on the

synthesis integrated platform, the knowledge map can

be modified rapidly, and the new evaluation index

weight and evaluation results can be calculated from

the component library, and the dynamic process of

evaluation is realized.

Figure 4: Theme evaluation knowledge map of river ecological environment quality in the Xianyang-Xi'an section of the

main stream of Weihe River.

Figure 5: Theme evaluation knowledge map of river social service function capacity in the Xianyang-Xi'an section of the

main stream of Weihe River.

3.5 Analysis and Discussion on

Evaluation Results of Different

Indexes

According to the relevant data collected, the river

health evaluation years of different themes are unified

to four years from 2015 to 2018. Due to the different

emphasis and evaluation indexes of different

evaluation themes, different evaluation methods are

used to evaluate different themes in this paper. Due to

the componentization of the corresponding evaluation

methods in Section 2.4, the corresponding evaluation

method components can be quickly called for

calculation based on the synthesis integrated platform.

When applied to the health evaluation of other rivers

in China, the evaluation model adopted in this paper is

also applicable.

Study on Dynamic Evaluation of River Health based on Theme Service

347

Figure 6: Theme evaluation results of river ecological environment quality in the Xianyang-Xi'an section of the main stream

of Weihe River.

3.5.1 Theme Evaluation Results and

Analysis of River Ecological

Environment Quality

AHP is used to determine the weight of the evaluation

index of the river ecological environment quality

theme in the Xianyang-Xi’an section of the main

stream of Weihe River. Fuzzy comprehensive

evaluation method is used to comprehensively

evaluate the river ecological environment quality

theme in 2015 and 2018. The results are shown in

Figure 6. According to the calculated membership

values, the results of the theme evaluation of river

ecological environment quality in 2015 and 2018

were 3.4625 and 3.6280 respectively by weighted

calculation with the score of the evaluation grade.

Among them, the membership of the corresponding

grade "general" was the largest, which was 0.3583

and 0.4221 respectively. The river ecological

environment quality in 2015 and 2018 was between

"good" and “general”, and the situation in 2018 was

improved compared with that in 2015. Through

statistical data analysis and practical investigation, it

is found that the evaluation results are basically in line

with the actual situation.

3.5.2 Theme Evaluation Results and

Analysis of River Social Service

Function Capacity

Principal component analysis was used to determine

the evaluation index weight of the theme of social

service functional capacity. Due to the deep-seated

interaction among the evaluation indexes of the theme

of social service functional capacity, such as the

substandard water functional area, the poor flood

control capacity of the river and the low degree of river

bank landscaping will reduce public satisfaction; The

low utilization of river water resources will also affect

the economic benefits of the river. Therefore, the

composite fuzzy matter-element method and the

comprehensive index method are used to conduct a

comprehensive evaluation on the four years of 2015,

2016, 2017 and 2018, and the granularity analysis is

used to judge the consistency of the evaluation results

of the two methods, and the results are shown in

Figure 7. It can be seen from the evaluation results that

the evaluation ranking of the two methods is

consistent. From 2015 to 2018, the social service

function capacity has improved year by year, and each

evaluation index has developed healthily year by year.

The evaluation results are consistent with the actual

situation that Xi'an and Xianyang have carried out

Weihe River control measures in recent years to

ensure the safety of river flood discharge, so that there

are beautiful green forest belts, landscape parks and

ecological wetlands on the bank side of Weihe River,

and the public satisfaction has been greatly improved.

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348

Figure 7: Theme evaluation results of river social service function capacity in the Xianyang-Xi'an section of the main stream

of Weihe River.

4 CONCLUSIONS

This paper puts forward the dynamic evaluation mode

of river health based on theme service, builds the

dynamic evaluation system of river health based on

theme service through the synthesis integrated

platform, and draws different theme knowledge maps

to make the whole evaluation process visible and

credible. By developing components and drawing

theme knowledge map, complex evaluation problems

are simplified with the help of information

technology. The component technology is used to

establish the evaluation index weight calculation

component library and evaluation method component

library. For the same or different evaluation themes,

the method components can be quickly extracted, and

the evaluation system can be quickly built to obtain

the evaluation results of different index systems and

multiple evaluation methods. Based on the synthesis

integrated platform, the evaluation index system can

be updated quickly, the knowledge map can be

modified dynamically, and dynamic evaluation can

be realized.

The application example of the Xianyang-Xi'an

section of the main stream of Weihe River shows that:

Based on theme service mode can realize river health

evaluation quickly and from multiple angles, which

has more advantages than traditional evaluation

methods. The results show that: In 2015 and 2018, the

river ecological environment quality was between

"good" and "general", and the situation in 2018 was

improved compared with that in 2015. From 2015 to

2018, the social service function capacity and

evaluation indexes of rivers have been improved year

by year. The evaluation results of different themes are

consistent with the field research and previous

research results, which shows that the dynamic

evaluation results based on theme services proposed

in this paper are credible, practical and worth

popularizing.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by Natural Science Basic

Research Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant No.

2019JLZ-16, 2019JLZ-15) and Science and

Technology Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant

No.2019slkj-13, 2020slkj-16, 2018slkj-4). The

authors thank the editor for their comments and

suggestions.

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