Construction of Content Repository based on Water Saving

Knowledge

Shaofei Zhang

, Na Wei

, Ligang Liu

, Kang Jing

, Shuni He

and Jiancang Xie

State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048,

Shaanxi, China

Shaanxi Provincial Water Resources and River Bank Dispatch Center, Xi

’

an 710004, Shaanxi, China

Sichuan Academy of Water Conservancy, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China

Keywords: Water Saving Knowledge, Knowledge Base, Management System, Visualization

Abstract: With the continuous development of social economy, water resources have been difficult to meet the water

demand of social and economic development. To alleviate the water crisis, saving water is the first step, so

that water saving can be implemented in every link of all walks of life and carried out for a long time. Over

the years, the whole society water-saving work propaganda is much, but the effect is poor. The existing water-

saving policies, systems and technologies are still far from being fully implemented. Advanced technologies

and concepts are urgently needed, supported by information technology means, to achieve water-saving

socialized services. This paper collects and classifies water-saving technologies, water-saving related laws

and regulations and water-saving common sense by industry and classification. The water-saving knowledge

is visually described on the visualization platform based on Java EE and SOA architecture. Taking the

industrial circulating cooling water system as an example, the knowledge visualization process of related

water-saving technology is introduced. According to the expression of water-saving knowledge, the module

of water-saving knowledge base is constructed based on the granularity of water-saving knowledge. Using

web development technology based on Java language and FTP server, a water-saving knowledge management

system is developed and implemented. These findings can greatly improve the efficiency of water-saving

work and make the water-saving work visible, feasible and credible. At the same time, the construction of

water-saving knowledge base also has great reference significance for other industries to establish knowledge

base.

1 INTRODUCTION

Water is not only the source of life for human survival,

but also the essential basic element to maintain social

development, and also the irreplaceable natural

resource (Zhang, 2010). With the continuous

expansion of global population and the tension of

water resources, water resources have been difficult

to meet the needs of social and economic

development. Water resources’ problems of different

degrees have appeared all over the world, and water

security has seriously affected many aspects of life,

production, and ecology. To alleviate the water crisis,

we must first start with water saving. It is particularly

important to implement water saving in every link of

all walks of life and implement it for a long time.

Supported by information technology means and

relying on advanced water-saving technologies and

concepts, integrate the current water-saving policies,

systems, and technologies of various industries, so as

to make these contents serve the socialization of

water-saving and thus improve the water-saving

awareness of the whole society. It is of great practical

significance to involve all walks of life in water-

saving work, gradually achieve water-saving self-

discipline, and study water-saving socialized services

and their applications.

Scholars and institutions at home and abroad have

carried out a lot of research and Practice on water

saving and made considerable research progress. It

mainly focuses on water-saving technology and

water-saving socialized services. In terms of water-

saving technology, Schuck et al. (2005) studied the

relationship between drought and water-saving

irrigation technology in Colorado, and inferred those

farmers will take more effective irrigation measures

Zhang, S., Wei, N., Liu, L., Jing, K., He, S. and Xie, J.

Construction of Content Repository based on Water Saving Knowledge.

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2021), pages 359-368

ISBN: 978-989-758-560-9; ISSN: 1755-1315

359

with the aggravation of drought. Ali et al. (2021)

analyzed the impact of rainfall change on rainwater

control and water saving performance of rainwater

collection system. Su et al. (2021) used structural

equation model to evaluate and analyze the factors

affecting farmers' water-saving behavior in loess hilly

area. Surendran et al. (2021) studied the application

of high-efficiency water-saving technology in Indian

rice production under the scenario of climate change.

Liu et al. (2021) studied the impact of expanding the

scale of agricultural water-saving facilities on the

carrying capacity of Tarim River Resources Based on

the system dynamic model. Chen et al. (2021)

proposed the optimization method of sleep to

irrigation mode for effective utilization of rainfall, so

as to make full use of rainfall and tap water-saving

potential. At present, water-saving socialized service

at home and abroad is mainly carried out from the

perspective of water-saving publicity, public

participation and knowledge service. In terms of

water-saving publicity, in order to do a good job in

water-saving publicity, the United States invited more

than 100 experts to make a water-saving publicity

report and organized students to participate in the

water-saving publicity system (Sahin & Manioglu,

2018). In order to solve the problem of lack of water

resources, Japan has established a complete set of

water-saving publicity system (Schein et al., 2019). In

terms of public participation in water conservation,

Wali et al. (2005) elaborated on Hungary's legislation

on public participation in water resources

management. Based on the research of public

participation in water pollution prevention and

control, Li (2014) analyzed the problems and

solutions in public participation in water pollution

prevention and control supervision. In terms of

knowledge service, Huang and Diao (2007)

proposed

that the core technology of knowledge service is

semantic association, which has guiding significance

on how to associate knowledge points and build

knowledge base through semantics. Kao and Wu

(2012) studied the characteristics of knowledge

service objects and divided knowledge services into

personalized theme services and personalized

customization services.

At this stage, while seeing the achievements of

water-saving work, it is not difficult to find that there

are still some outstanding problems to be solved. (1)

Emphasis on technical water-saving, so the

investment in the operation process is large and the

effect is not necessarily obvious. Moreover, due to the

influence of economic factors, a considerable number

of water-saving technologies or appliances have not

been well applied. Although some enterprises have

installed water-saving and pollution reduction

facilities, the utilization rate of facilities is not high

due to cost reasons. (2) Systems and policies are

frequently introduced, but lack of operability. Since

2016, various ministries and commissions of the

Chinese government have issued a large number of

laws and regulations and formed a large number of

relevant documents, which were finally shelved

because they were unable to operate in practice. (3) It

emphasizes the leading role of the government in

water-saving work, ignoring the contribution of

individual psychological cognition, subjective

attitude and behavior mode to water-saving. (4) A lot

of water-saving publicity has been done, but the effect

is not good. The whole society has a unified

understanding of water-saving, but the participation

in water-saving is still not high. In fact, the current

water-saving work in all aspects seems to be a whole,

but in fact it is still separate, and there is not much

linkage between each other. To change the concept of

the whole society, change passive water-saving into

active water-saving, and improve water-saving

awareness, it is impossible to truly serve the water-

saving activities of the whole society without the

landing of a perfect water-saving socialized service

application.

In view of the above problems, based on the

collection of water-saving system, technology,

experience and other information, this paper builds a

visual platform based on Java EE and SOA

architecture, which turns the complex water-saving

process into simple and easy visual information to

understand, and uses Java Web technology to build a

water-saving knowledge base, which can save water

in industry, agriculture, life, etc. Unconventional

water resources utilization and other water-saving

business are packaged into knowledge map and stored

in water-saving knowledge base in order to solve the

problems of unclear water-saving process and low

efficiency in traditional water-saving work.

2 WATER-SAVING KNOWLEDGE

COLLECTION

Industry, agriculture, life and other different

industries have accumulated a lot of data in water-

saving techniques, processes, policies, systems,

knowledge and other aspects, but these industry data

have not been fully utilized, not fully knowledgeable

and systematic. The first step to build a water-saving

knowledge base is to collect this knowledge. In this

paper, water-saving knowledge is divided into three

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categories: water-saving technology, water-saving

knowledge, water-saving policies, regulations and

related systems. On this basis, on this basis,

knowledge collection is carried out.

2.1 Water-saving Technology

Water-saving technology comes from all kinds of

water-saving knowledge obtained in production and

life. According to different ways of water use, it can

be divided into industrial water-saving technology,

agricultural water-saving technology, domestic

water-saving technology and utilization of

unconventional water resources (Tang & He, 2005).

2.1.1 Industrial Water-saving

Industrial water-saving can be divided into technical

and management water-saving (Wolka et al., 2021).

The technical measures include two ways. One is to

establish and improve the circulating water system,

the other is to reform the production process and

water use process. There are two main technologies,

one is to adopt new water-saving process, the other is

to adopt non pollution or less pollution technology (Li

et al., 2015). Management measures include

measurement management and key water process

management.

2.1.2 Agricultural Water-saving

Agricultural water-saving can be divided into

engineering, technology and management.

Agricultural water-saving is a system engineering of

comprehensive development and utilization of water,

soil and crop resources (Zhang et al., 2021).

2.1.3 Domestic Water-saving

In a broad sense, domestic water-saving includes two

aspects, one is engineering technology, the other is

management means. Engineering technology is

mainly to carry out reasonable urban layout, promote

the transformation of urban water supply pipe

network, improve water supply efficiency and reduce

the leakage rate of pipe network. The management

means include strengthening water supply and water

management, promoting water-saving technology and

water-saving appliances.

Figure 1: Classification chart of unconventional water resources utilization

2.2 Unconventional Water Resources

Utilization

Unconventional water resources refer to

(conventional) water resources which are different

from surface water and groundwater in the traditional

sense, mainly including rainwater, reclaimed water

(reclaimed sewage and wastewater), seawater, air

water, mine water, brackish water, etc. The

characteristics of these water resource are that they

can be recycled after treatment. The development and

utilization of unconventional water resources can

replace conventional water resources to a certain

extent, accelerate and improve the circulation process

of natural water resources, and make the limited water

resources play a greater role (Qu et al., 2005; Xia &

Sun, 2015; Gao et al., 2018; Wang, 2017). The

categories of unconventional water resources

utilization are shown in Figure 1.

Construction of Content Repository based on Water Saving Knowledge

361

2.3 Common Sense of Water-saving

Different from water-saving technology, water-saving

common sense is a knowledge system formed in

people's daily life, which is basically unstructured

knowledge and tacit knowledge. This common sense

of water-saving can be transformed into useful

knowledge by using the idea of regulation to guide the

practice of individual water-saving behavior. This

method can attract more personal attention than other

water-saving technologies.

2.4 Water-saving Policies, Regulations

and Related Systems

Water-saving policies and regulations are not only the

major policy guiding water-saving work, but also the

reference basis for formulating water-saving work. In

principle, they define the basic rules that the whole

society must follow in water-saving work. At the

same time, policies and regulations can guide the

public's water use behavior and adjust individual

ideology to a certain extent. In this sense, policies and

regulations can also enhance the awareness of water

conservation of the whole society. Policies and

regulations can be divided into major central policies,

national policies and regulations, local policies and

regulations, and other policies and regulations

according to their levels. Water-saving technical

standards can be divided into national technical

standards, local technical standards or divided into

different industries according to the industries.

3 VISUALIZATION OF

WATER-SAVING KNOWLEDGE

Water-saving knowledge is different from other

knowledge which has formed a system. Relatively

speaking, it is more complex and has a wide range of

sources. The knowledge description methods and

structures of different sources are also different. In this

paper, through the visual platform built by Java EE and

SOA architecture, the water-saving knowledge is

displayed in the form of components on the platform.

Different modules can transmit data through arrows,

so as to enhance the recognition of knowledge and

realize the visualization of knowledge. Compared with

the traditional visualization, knowledge visualization

has the following characteristics: various forms,

continuous expansion; Fast build, easy to use; Easy to

understand and intuitive to show; it supports the

evaluation and decision-making.

3.1 The Connotation of Water-saving

Knowledge Visualization

The ultimate goal of water-saving is to open up

sources and reduce expenditure. Specifically, it is to

control the total amount of water resources and

expand available water sources. The whole process

management of water-saving business can be realized

by visualizing the knowledge of water-saving

technology and water-saving process through

knowledge graph, which makes the whole water-

saving process visible and credible. In the description

of visual process, we can find the irrationality of water

use process, find the water-saving potential, and

realize the integrated service of "water management

water-saving evaluation water-saving potential

mining". The integrated service can strengthen the

collection and processing ability of water-saving

information, thus greatly improving the efficiency of

water-saving work.

3.1.1 Water Management

In water-saving work, water management is the

premise of water-saving evaluation and water-saving

potential mining. Through water management, the

total amount of water supply, water demand and water

consumption in the process of water use is controlled.

The water-saving management based on knowledge

map can be more intuitive to show the water

management, and can also make a horizontal

comparison of water, water and consumption.

3.1.2 Water-saving Evaluation

On the basis of water management, the water-saving

technology is evaluated. Different from the previous

results evaluation, only the overall results of water use

can be evaluated. So, the results of the evaluation

cannot put forward targeted decision-making

suggestions for improving water use process, process

and water use technology. Therefore, process

evaluation is needed. Knowledge graph provides a

good representation for process evaluation. The

whole water-saving process can be represented by a

series of node units on the knowledge graph. The

process evaluation of water use and water-saving

process can analyze the water use efficiency of each

link, and quickly locate the links that need to be

improved.

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3.1.3 Tap Water-saving Potential

After the water-saving evaluation, the water-saving

potential is calculated. On the basis of the process

evaluation, the water-saving potential of each water

use link and water use process is excavated. According

to the water-saving potential, reasonable suggestions

for water-saving transformation are put forward.

3.2 Visualization Process of

Water-saving Knowledge

In the process of knowledge visualization, determine

the theme as “water-saving”. According to the theme

of water-saving, analyze the business processes and

functions that you want to achieve, draw the

knowledge graph on the platform, complete the

service customization and component development

according to the business requirements, and add the

completed components to the drawn knowledge graph

to realize the specific business functions. This paper

takes the industrial circulating cooling water system

as an example to illustrate the visualization process of

water-saving knowledge.

The water use process of industrial circulating

cooling water includes three links: Firstly, part of the

return water through the circulating water is injected

into the cooling tower and the pool under the tower,

and then flows into the suction pool. The other part is

filtered through the filter, and the filtered produced

water is injected into the suction pool, and the

backwashing drainage is injected into the waste pool.

Secondly, various water purification substances, such

as corrosion inhibitor and sulfuric acid, are added to

the suction tank to supplement the purified water to

the circulating water supply pipeline through the

pump. Lastly, the water in the wastewater tank is

pumped into the reuse water treatment station. The

process can be displayed in the form of flow chart, but

this method cannot display the data of each process

and process, and there is a certain gap between the

performance effect and the knowledge chart. The

above process flow diagram is reconstructed in the

form of knowledge diagram. The visual knowledge

diagram of industrial circulating water system is

shown in Figure 2

Figure 2: The visualization knowledge map of industrial circulating water system.

In Figure 2, each process unit is made into a

component, which can not only explain the process

of the industrial circulating water system, but also

provide detailed data display for the operation of

different time scales, so that users can master the

operation status of the industrial circulating water

system, and provide decision-making services for the

later system upgrading and transformation according

to the data and information. Each process unit is

connected by an arrow. The flow direction of the

arrow represents the flow direction of the data. Each

process unit corresponds to the corresponding

process method. After the data is transferred by the

arrow, the calculation data of the current node can be

transferred to the next node for display or calculation.

Click the time selection box icon to pop up the time

selection box. After selection, click OK to transfer

the data of the selected date into the knowledge

diagram, and click to view the basic data information

of each sub process on the selected date. The results

are shown in Figure 3.

Construction of Content Repository based on Water Saving Knowledge

363

Figure 3: Basic data information of water quantity in each process link.

Figure 4: Graph of knowledge granularity.

4 CONSTRUCTION OF

KNOWLEDGE BASE

In a broad sense, knowledge management refers to the

process in which the managers of an organization

manage and utilize the acquisition, storage,

transmission and application activities of internal and

external knowledge in order to improve the ability of

knowledge and value creation. Due to the form of

knowledge representation will affect the form of

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knowledge management, the knowledge management

studied in this paper mainly focuses on knowledge

storage and management (Iyengar et al., 2021).

Effective knowledge management can improve the

utilization of knowledge, which is an important basis

to build knowledge services. The existing knowledge

base is often aimed at the storage of knowledge, just

to classify and store the knowledge, and ignore the

effective management of knowledge, cannot combine

knowledge with practical work closely, cannot

produce the effect of knowledge service. The

construction of water-saving knowledge base needs to

consider the characteristics of water-saving

knowledge and the objects of water-saving

knowledge service, and must meet the characteristics

of practicality, integration, scalability and openness.

4.1 Construction Ideas and Steps

The core of water-saving knowledge base

construction is to adopt different management

methods for different granularity knowledge. The

knowledge constructed in this way can be divided into

knowledge package, knowledge map, component

package and component according to the granularity.

According to the granularity of knowledge, file

storage can effectively ensure the organization and

query of knowledge. In the aspect of file storage,

knowledge graph and components have the unity of

file format, so it is convenient to store and use. Figure

4 is the knowledge granularity partition of knowledge

graph.

The construction steps of knowledge base are as

follows: (1) All kinds of analysis methods involved in

water-saving business are split according to their

functions, and then the independent components with

standard input and output are packaged successfully,

and various business functions are realized through

customized components (Yang et al., 2020). (2) All

kinds of components of water-saving business are

encapsulated into standard web service components,

and the registration and publishing platform of web

service is built by using UDDI, so that the

components can be published through web service to

provide services to users (

Mitrovic et al., 2016). (3)

The specific water-saving business is generalized as a

process unit, and drawn in the form of knowledge

graph on the visual platform based on SOA and Java

EE architecture, and the packaged functional

components are added to the knowledge graph.

Through the drawing of knowledge graph, the water-

saving business process, logic and calculation process

can be clearly expressed, and the water-saving

business simulation system can be built (Li et al.,

2020; Xie et al., 2010). (4) The paper uses Java Web

technology to build web management system, stores

knowledge map files of different granularity in FTP

server. Java provides commons-net package to

provide FTP tools and file server to connect, and

realizes the management of knowledge map of

different granularity (Jing, 2019).

4.2 Module Division and Construction

Based on the representation method of water-saving

knowledge, water-saving knowledge is divided

according to knowledge granularity. Based on this

method, water-saving knowledge base includes two

modules: component package management module

and knowledge map (package) management module.

4.2.1 Management Module of Component

Package

Management module of component package can be

divided into two forms for management. One is to

organize components according to the theme of

knowledge graph to form component package. The

other is to organize components according to specific

business functions to form component packages.

When users need a theme based component package,

they can download the corresponding theme based

component package. When users need a function

based component package, they can download the

corresponding function based component package.

When drawing the knowledge map, they can flexibly

customize the required services and components.

4.2.2 Knowledge Map (Package)

Management Module

The knowledge map (package) management module

stores the knowledge map in different topics

according to the theme, draws the knowledge unit into

the knowledge map, and stores the file in. KGZ

format in the water-saving knowledge base. Similarly,

the knowledge graph is stored according to the topic,

and the version of the same knowledge graph will be

iterated correspondingly during the development and

use of the same knowledge graph, so as to facilitate

the reuse of sub knowledge graphs or components by

different knowledge graphs. The management

interface of the knowledge map (package)

management module is shown in Figure 5.

Construction of Content Repository based on Water Saving Knowledge

365

Figure 5: Interface of knowledge package management module.

According to the specific needs of water-saving

services, the corresponding knowledge package can

be downloaded by selecting the corresponding

knowledge package in the knowledge package

management interface. The downloaded knowledge

package in .KGZ format can be opened on the built

visualization platform. According to the specific

business needs, the specific business functions can be

deleted by adding and deleting the corresponding

node units in the knowledge map. On the knowledge

map management interface, click "water-saving

technology and efficient water management of iron

and steel enterprises" to download the knowledge

map, which can be opened on the integrated platform,

as shown in Figure 6. According to the new demand

of water-saving, the knowledge map can be modified.

Figure 6: Water-saving technology and efficient water management in iron and steel enterprises.

5 CONCLUSION

In this paper, the use of information technology, based

on water-saving knowledge of different industries to

build water-saving knowledge base, and to cycle

cooling water process for case analysis, found that the

following conclusions: compared with the traditional

water-saving services, the establishment of water-

saving knowledge base has great advantages. In the

practical work, users only need to download the

corresponding knowledge map (package) from the

water-saving knowledge base according to the

specific business needs, then they can carry out the

research on the related water-saving business. After

modifying the knowledge map according to the

business needs, they can carry out the application of

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the corresponding water-saving business, which

greatly simplifies the operation process and improves

the efficiency of water-saving work.

The construction of water-saving knowledge base

can greatly improve the efficiency of water-saving

work, and make the water-saving knowledge service

visible, feasible and credible. At the same time, based

on the integrated platform, different business needs

can customize different components, draw different

knowledge maps, and build a knowledge base on the

basis of collecting industry knowledge. Therefore, the

research results of water-saving knowledge base

construction in this paper also have great reference

significance for other industries to establish

knowledge base.

ACKONWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the Natural and Science

Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant

No. 2017JQ5076 and 2019JLZ-16), the Scientific

Research Plan Program of Educational Department

Shaanxi Province (Grant No.17JK0558) and Science

and Technology Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant

No.2019slkj-13 and 2020slkj-16). The authors thank

the editors for their comments and suggestions.

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